Computer-aided Engineering System Research Articles

Implementation of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems for Improved Design and Manufacturing Processes in Industrial Organizations

Abstract The industrial sector rapidly integrates CAD (computer-aided design), CAE (computer-aided engineering) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) systems that have changed how firms advance their design and manufacturing processes. Imagine technology spreading like wildfire—this is what our latest study maps out. It details the perks these innovations bring along and weighs them against the hiccups experienced in age-old setups. Highlighted within our findings are impressive improvements concerning efficiency and reliability which boost productivity immensely—if correctly adjusted for optimal use. Specifically, through an extensive literature review it examines application of CAD/CAM/CAE systems within various industrial settings. Better operational results are definitely on the horizon with this strategy. Imagine cutting down on time without sacrificing quality; this is exactly what recent developments contribute to our project workflows—enhanced productivity coupled with pinpoint accuracy. Reviewing case studies across various sectors shows how successfully technology upgrades have been embraced during industrialization. The learning curve may be steep but costs can be recovered quickly if properly managed is the key inference from examining these examples.

A Review of Generative Models for 3D Vehicle Wheel Generation and Synthesis

Integrating deep learning methodologies is pivotal in shaping the continuous evolution of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems. This review explores the integration of deep learning in CAD and CAE, particularly focusing on generative models for simulating 3D vehicle wheels. It highlights the challenges of traditional CAD/CAE, such as manual design and simulation limitations, and proposes deep learning, especially generative models, as a solution. The study aims to automate and enhance 3D vehicle wheel design, improve CAE simulations, predict mechanical characteristics, and optimize performance metrics. It employs deep learning architectures like variational autoencoders (VAEs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs) to learn from diverse 3D wheel designs and generate optimized solutions. The anticipated outcomes include more efficient design processes, improved simulation accuracy, and adaptable design solutions, facilitating the integration of deep learning models into existing CAD/CAE systems. This integration is expected to transform design and engineering practices by offering insights into the potential of these technologies.

Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency through Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Integration: A Systematic Review

With the ever-increasing population and historic highest energy demand, the energy efficiency of buildings is becoming crucial. Architectural firms are moving from traditional Computer-Aided Design (CAD) to BIM. However, nearly 40% of the energy consumption is due to buildings. Therefore, there is a need to integrate BIM with Building Energy Modeling (BEM), which presents an innovative opportunity to demonstrate the potential of BIM to minimize energy consumption by integrating building information software with data from existing energy-efficient building automation systems (EBAS). BEM is a form of computational analysis that can be used in conjunction with BIM or Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) systems. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the existing literature on BIM and BEM and identify the effect of the integration of BEM in BIM in the design phase of the project. A recent survey from the last ten years (2012 to 2023) was carried out on Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, and papers were scrutinized. From the results, it can be observed that the convergence of BIM and BEM is found to be useful in practical applications; however, projects with short life cycles might not be suitable for this solution. Challenges exist in the interoperability tools which have restrictions on data exchange. Binary translation is found to be the most suitable candidate for data exchange. The analysis further showed that the most used program for integrating BIM/BEM is Green Building Studio developed by Autodesk to improve construction and operational efficiencies.

THE USAGE OF COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING SYSTEM “SOLIDWORKS MOTION” TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

The paper is dedicated to the problems of engineering analysis of technical systems by means of computer modeling, in particular the calculation of kinematic and dynamic characteristics of mechanisms and machines using the Computer-Aided Engineering system – SOLIDWORKS Motion, that allows to conduct numerical experiments to check the working capacity of mechanisms and machines, determine their main kinematical and dynamical characteristics, including for the purpose of further optimization according to various criteria. The paper shows results of the performed calculations of various types of mechanisms using examples used in the academic process within the course “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”, which can be also successfully used within the design process, and includes examples of kinematic and dynamic analysis of linkage mechanisms, cam mechanisms, gear trains. In particular, the paper includes the simulation of the work process of the robot-manipulator using SOLIDWORKS Motion. It is shown that the usage of modern Computer-Aided Engineering systems (like SOLIDWORKS Motion or similar) enables to simplify the design process, shorten the design time and give an ability to carry out multi-parametric optimization procedures using different criteria, such as displacement values, velocities, accelerations, the values of reaction forces, overall dimensions etc. Besides, the usage of CAE-technologies enables to transform the academic process and makes it much more interesting or the students, who can use such technologies in their professional work in the future and become more competitive in the job market.

SIMULATION OF THE PROCESS OF FORMING THE EDGE AND MIXING THE COMPONENTS OF THE COMPOST MIXTURE WITH A SINGLE-DRAMED AERATOR

The most widespread approach for implementing the technological process of organic compost production involves using mobile aerator-mixers of the rotary-drum type. Based on the analysis of various designs of mechanized composting equipment from previous theoretical and experimental studies conducted by renowned scientists, as well as our own research, it has been established that mechanized compost production requires further investigation. The analysis revealed that rotary drum-blade working elements are efficient. However, there is insufficient research on the dependencies of changes in the height of the pile during formation, indicators of homogeneity and structure of the mixture, energy consumption during the operation of drum-blade working elements in relation to the rotation frequency, working element's linear velocity, and geometric parameters of the blades. Additionally, changes in the bulk density, mixture structure, and temperature distribution within the pile under the influence of the working elements have not been investigated. This highlights the relevance of conducting research in the chosen direction. The analysis of developed models for the interaction of the working element with the compost mixture has shown that they cannot be used to assess the quality of mixing and pile formation, as it is necessary to consider the movement of discrete particles that make up the compost mixture. The mathematical description of the movement of discrete elements is achievable using modern CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) systems, and one such system is Simcenter Star-CCM+. Through numerical simulation of the technological process of pile formation and mixture mixing, an argumentation of the constructive and technological parameters of the working element of a single-drum aerator was conducted. To construct the physical-mathematical model of the compost mixing and pile formation processes, the following mesh and physical models were utilized: meshless DEM (Discrete Element Method), solution interpolation, Lagrangian multiphase, unsteady implicit, DEM, multiphase interaction, gravity force, and boundary forces of DEM. As a result of simulating the compost mixture mixing process using a single-drum blade working element, dependencies of the height (H') and width (L') of the formed pile on the rotation frequency (n), linear velocity of the working element (V), and the blade's inclination angle (ξ) were established. A mathematical expression in the form of second-order regression equations was derived, linking the coefficient of variation of mixing quality (δ) with the research factors. Solving the compromise problem using the Wolfram Cloud software package allowed us to determine the rational parameters for the working element: rotation frequency (n) of 237 rpm, linear velocity (V) of 0.15 m/s, and blade inclination angle (ξ) of 15.8°. Consequently, the coefficient of variation of mixing quality (δ) was found to be 0.51, and the width (L') and height (H') of the formed pile were 1.23 m and 1.54 m, respectively.

STATIC STRENGTH ESTIMATE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF IMPLANT SYSTEMS LIKO 4 × 10 OF VARIOUS DESIGNS

Introduction. The creation of effective, reliable, safe, technologically advanced and competitive products is the main task of medical device engineering. The most important requirement to modern medical devices is to guarantee patients’ safety during their lifetime. Today the use of modern computer-aided engineering analysis packages is the most effective calculation method for evaluating the strength and reliability of unique medical devices that can lead to serious consequences if their operation is disturbed. One of the most suitable and efficient systems for computer-aided engineering (CAE) system is the ANSYS software.The purpose of this study was the comparative assessment of the elastic and elastoplastic formation of 4x10 dental implants of different designs on the abutment-pin and screw-body interface, using the computer simulation of the stress-strain state.Materials and methods. Two kinds of dental implants were chosen for this study: a Liko-M 4 × 10 implant with the cylindrical body shape and a Liko-M DG 4 × 10 implant with a tapered body shape. The contact between the abutment and screw as well as the implant body and screw is frictional. The pre-tensioning of the screw from the initial tightening was 400 N. The load was applied to the cylindrical surface of the abutment at a percentage of its height.Results. Elastic and elasto-plastic calculations of the stress-strain state of Liko-M 4 × 10 and Liko-M DG 4 × 10 implants were performed. Besides the results of the main calculations of the stress-strain state of the implants Liko-M 4x10 and Liko-M DG 4 × 10, necessary to assess their static strength, we have also calculated the strength coefficients of implant bodies. Comparative analysis of the static strength of the Liko-M 4 × 10 and Liko-M DG 4 × 10 implants provides conclusions, which are significant for practical application of the implants.

Optimisation of the machining time required by insole orthotic shoes for patients with clubfoot using the Taguchi and response surface methodology approach

In this study, the application of the computer-aided reverse engineering system (CARE) to the novel design and manufacture of a comfortable insole for a clubfoot patient is presented. The Taguchi method (TM) and response surface methodology (RMS) were used to predict the machining time of the orthotic boot insole during both computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) simulation and computer numerical control (CNC) machining. Taguchi’s experimental design, presented as a matrix orthogonal array L2736, was acquired for controlling parameters, namely tool path strategy (A), spindle speed (B), step-down (C), step-over of the cutter (D), cutter diameter (E), and dimensional tolerance (F) of the insole size. In this method, the model generated by the RMS method evaluates the six parameters influencing the machining time. The objective of this study is to develop a regression model that demonstrates the relationship between the cutting parameters and insole machining time. The optimal parameters are A1B1C3D2E1F2, where A1 denotes raster finishing, B1 denotes a spindle speed of 10,000 rpm, C3 denotes a step-down of 850 mm, D2 denotes a step-over of 0.25 mm, E1 denotes a cutter diameter of 20–35 mm, and F2 deontes a tolerance of 0.75 mm. The experimental and calculated machining time (tm) results were 236 and 125.4 min, respectively. However, the real machining results were 334 and 152.25 min with error values of 46.86% and 54.42%, respectively. Meanwhile, with the tm RMS method, the simulated and calculated machining time results were 189.22 and 236.35 min, whereas the real tm values were 236.52 and 334.86 min with error values of 19.94% and 29.37%, respectively. This research obtains improvements of 19.82% (simulation time) and 29.19% (real-time).

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INSINERATOR SAMPAH PLASTIK LAYAK BAKAR RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DI KAMPUS UNIGAL CIAMIS

Good and efficient waste management with incineration technology is the conversion of combustible plastic waste materials into gaseous materials (exhaust gases), as well as hard-tocombustible solids, namely bottom ash and fly ash. One of the waste treatment systems uses open burning, and transporting it to public landfills is a separate problem. Certain types of plastic waste that should be burned to process waste have not been carried out yet because there is no waste combustion system in the form of an incinerator, so further discussion is needed. This research aims to provide enlightenment and gain knowledge about how to design an incinerator system that can be used in processing waste in the Ciamis University campus environment. The research target is the Galuh University campus environment and the community, especially those related to plastic waste decomposition systems. The research method uses CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) systems, namely system design, manufacture, modification, analysis, or design optimization using a computer (workstation) using CAD software. The output of this method is a technical drawing that has been analyzed by CAE.

BOARD-AI: A goal-aware modeling interface for systems engineering, combining machine learning and plan recognition

Paper and pens remain the most commonly used tools by systems engineers to capture system models. They improve productivity and foster collaboration and creativity as the users do not need to conform to formal notations commonly present in Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) tools for system modeling. However, digitizing models sketched on a whiteboard into CASE tools remains a difficult and error-prone activity that requires the knowledge of tool experts. Over the past decade, switching from symbolic reasoning to machine learning has been the natural choice in many domains to improve the performance of software applications. The field of natural sketching and online recognition is no exception to the rule and most of the existing sketch recognizers rely on pre-trained sets of symbols to increase the confidence in the outcome of the recognizers. However, that performance improvement comes at the cost of trust. The lack of trust directly stems from the lack of explainability of the outcomes of the neural networks, which hinders its acceptance by systems engineering teams. A solution shall not only combine the performance and robustness but shall also earn unreserved support and trust from human users. While most of the works in the literature tip the scale in favor of performance, there is a need to better include studies on human perception into the equation to restore balance. This study presents an approach and a Human-machine interface for natural sketching that allows engineers to capture system models using interactive whiteboards. The approach combines techniques from symbolic AI and machine learning to improve performance while not compromising explainability. The key concept of the approach is to use a trained neural network to separate, upstream from the global recognition process, handwritten text from geometrical symbols, and to use the suitable technique (OCR or automated planning) to recognize text and symbols individually. Key advantages of the approach are that it does not resort to any other interaction modalities (e.g., virtual keyboards) to annotate model elements with textual properties and that the explainability of the outcomes of the modeling assistant is preserved. A user experiment validates the usability of the interface.

Potential of Computer-Aided Engineering in the Design of Ground-Improvement Technologies

The progress status of jet-grouting construction during the construction phase is difficult to verify and even after the completion of construction, it can be verified only by empirical methods. This study attempted to recreate a realistic simulation result of the middle-pressure jet-grouting method by establishing a computer-aided engineering (CAE) system from the planning/design stage of the ground model and verifying the validity of the construction process after the model was analyzed by the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method. The governing parameters for the ground were determined by the MPS simulation of the unconfined compression test. The construction simulation was analyzed and the results were validated by visual confirmation of the related phenomena, such as the soil-improved body formation and mud discharge. To verify the accuracy of the mud discharge phenomenon, three different probe regions were set above the model ground and the amount of mud discharge generated in each region was computed before drawing an overall conclusion of the study. A soil-improvement body of approximately 0.38 m3 was observed to have formed at the end of the study and the highest mud discharge particle number measured, for instance, was 896. This study is expected to serve as a guideline for further studies on simulation-based research.

Identification of Swift Law Parameters Using FEMU by a Synthetic Image DIC-Based Approach

Computer-aided engineering systems rely on constitutive models and their parameters to describe the material behaviour. The calibration of more elaborated material models with a larger number of parameters becomes very time and cost consuming. The development of image-based technology has enhanced the interest in inverse identification methods, which, when coupled with full-field measurements, have the potential to reduce the number of experimental tests required to accurately identify material properties. This work aims to identify the Swift hardening law parameters of a dual-phase steel using a tensile test on a heterogeneous dogbone specimen under uniaxial and quasi-static loading conditions using the finite element model updating (FEMU) technique. The numerical results were used to generate synthetic images, which were then processed by digital image correlation (DIC) and used as the reference in the identification procedure. Two different approaches were tested: (i) directly comparing the numerical results to the reference; (ii) using DIC-levelled numerical data by iteratively generating synthetic images and using the DIC filter with the same settings as were used on the reference (virtual experiment). The identification results obtained from both approaches are compared and discussed.

Assessment of thrust chamber stability margins to high-frequency oscillations based on mathematical modeling of coupled ‘injector – rocket combustion chamber’ dynamic system

High-frequency instability of a liquid-propellant rocket engine (LRE) during static firing tests is often accompanied by a significant increase in dynamic loads on the combustion chamber structure, often leading to a chamber destruction. This dynamic phenomenon can also be extremely dangerous for the dynamic strength of a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The calculation of acoustic combustion product oscillation parameters is important in the design and static firing tests of such rocket engines. The determination of the oscillation parameters (natural frequencies and stability margins such as oscillation decrement) is one of the problems solved in the LRE design period as part of the development of measures to ensure the engine stability. The main aim of the paper is to develop a numerical approach to determining the parameters of acoustic oscillations of combustion products in liquid-propellant rocket engines combustion chambers taking into account the features of combustion space configuration and the variability of gaseous medium physical properties depending on the axial length of the chamber, acoustic impedance in critical throat and dissipation effects (damping experimental values) in the shell structure and the gas media in the chamber. The approach is based on mathematical modeling of the coupled ‘chamber shell structure – gas’ dynamic system by using the finite element method and the CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) system. The developed approach testing and further analysis of the results for the RD 253 engine using nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine as a propellant pair were carried out. The dynamic system shapes and frequencies of longitudinal, tangential and radial modes are determined. The results of mathematical modeling of the dynamic system indicate a satisfactory agreement of the calculated decrements of the first longitudinal oscillation mode and third tangential oscillation mode with the experimental decrements obtained by hot-fire tests data. From system harmonic analysis of the thrust chamber, it follows that the dynamic pressure gain factor of the gas media in the chamber at the first longitudinal mode frequency is 1.6 times greater than the system dynamic gain in the tangential mode. At the same time, the oscillation decrement for the system tangential mode is 2 times smaller than that of the first longitudinal mode. This means that the thrust chamber tangential mode is more dangerous and can lead to rocket engine combustion instability. The effect of the injector on the high-frequency stability of the combustion chamber and the possibility of partial suppression of combustion chamber thermoacoustic oscillations by adjusting the high-frequency dynamics of the injector are shown theoretically.

Identification of orthotropic elastic properties of wood by digital image correlation and finite element model updating techniques

Computer-aided engineering systems rely on constitutive models and their parameters to describe the material behaviour. The identification process, however, grows in complexity for more elaborated material models, increasing the number of experimental tests needed, therefore time and cost consuming. Recently, with the development of digital image technology, there has been a growing interest in the use of full-field deformation measurements. This advancement has highlighted a new methodology on inverse identification techniques such as the finite element model updating method. This work aims to identify orthotropic linear elastic constitutive parameters of Pinus pinaster Ait. wood based on a single uniaxial compressive experimental test. Clear wood specimens oriented in the radial-tangential plane were used and tested under quasi-static loading condition. Full-field displacement and strain maps were obtained using digital image correlation and used to simultaneously identify the whole set of elastic properties through finite element model updating methodology.

Knowledge-Based Adaptation of Product and Process Design in Blisk Manufacturing

Abstract Early and efficient harmonization between product design and manufacturing represents one of the most challenging tasks in engineering. Concepts such as simultaneous engineering aim for a product creation process, which addresses both, functional requirements as well as requirements from production. However, existing concepts mostly focus on organizational tasks and heavily rely on the human factor for the exchange of complex information across different domains, organizations, or systems. Nowadays product and process design make use of advanced software tools such as computer-aided design, manufacturing, and engineering systems (CAD/CAM/CAE). Modern systems already provide seamless integration of both worlds in a single digital environment to ensure a continuous workflow. Yet, for the holistic harmonization between product and process design, the following aspects are missing: (i) the digital environment does not provide a complete and data consistent digital twin of the component; this applies especially to the process design and analysis environment, (ii) due to the lack of process and part condition data in the manufacturing environment, an adaptation of product and process design for a balanced functionality and manufacturability is hindered, and (iii) systematic long-term data analytics across different product and process designs with the ultimate goal to transfer knowledge from one product to the next and to accelerate the entire product development process is not considered. This paper presents an exploration concept which couples product design (CAD), process design (CAM), process simulation (CAE), and process adaptation in a single software system. The approach provides insights into correlations and dependencies between input parameters of product/process design and the process output. The insights potentially allow for a knowledge-based adaptation, tackling well-known optimization issues such as parameter choice or operation sequencing. First results are demonstrated using the example of a blade integrated disk (blisk) .

Numerical investigation into cleanability of support structures produced by powder bed fusion technology

PurposeSupport structures used in laser powder bed fusion are often difficult to clean from unsintered powder at the end of the process. This issue can be significantly reduced through a proper design of these auxiliary structures. This paper aims to investigate preliminary the airflow within differently oriented support structures and to provide design guidelines to enhance their cleanability, especially the depowdering of them.Design/methodology/approachThis study investigates the cleanability of support structures in powder bed fusion technology. Digital models of cleaning operations were designed through computer-aided engineering systems. Simulations of the airflow running into the powder entrapped within the thin walls of auxiliary supports were implemented by computational fluid dynamics. This approach was applied to a set of randomly generated geometrical configurations to determine the air turbulence intensity depending on their design.FindingsThe results, which are based on the assumption that a relationship exists between turbulence and powder removal effectiveness, demonstrated that the maximum cleanability is obtainable through specific relative rotations between consecutive support structures. Furthermore, it was possible to highlight the considerable influence of the auxiliary structures next to the fluid inlet. These relevant findings establish optimal design rules for the cleanability of parts manufactured by powder bed fusion processes.Originality/valueThis study presents a preliminary investigation into the cleanability of support structures in laser powder bed fusion, which has not been addressed by previous literature. The results allow for a better understanding of the fluid dynamics during cleaning operations. New guidelines to enhance the cleanability of support structures are provided based on the results of simulations.

Numerical Analysis on Performance of the Middle-Pressure Jet Grouting Method for Ground Improvement

This study focused on the middle-pressure jet grouting method, which has a complicated development mechanism for the columnar soil-improved body, with the aim of establishing a computer-aided engineering (CAE) system that can simulate the performance on a computer. Furthermore, in order to confirm the effect of middle-pressure jet grouting with mechanical agitation and mixing, a comparative analysis was performed with different jet pressures, the development situation was visualized, and the performance of this method was evaluated. The results of MPS-CAE as one of the CAE systems showed that the cement slurry jet ratio in the planned improvement range, including the periphery of the mixing blade, by the middle-pressure jet grouting together with the mechanical agitation and mixing was increased and a high quality columnar soil-improved body was obtained. It is expected that the introduction of CAE will contribute to the visualization of the ground, and that CAE will be an effective tool for the visual management of construction for ground improvement and the maintenance of improved grounds during the life cycle of the ground-improvement method.

Application of Computer-Aided Reverse Engineering System in the Design of Orthotic Boots for Clubfoot Patients

Clubfoot is an abnormal foot as a congenital disability in which one or both feet appear rotated inward and downward. In some cases, the foot and leg sizes may be smaller compared to each other. Accordingly, there is a need for customized shoes designed for clubfoot patients who has difficulty in wearing regular shoes to carry out their daily activities. This study examines using computer-aided reverse engineering system technology to design and manufacture customized boots with specific sizes and shapes. Reverse engineering with a handy scan 3D scanning tool with a tolerance of 0.001 mm was implemented to obtain 3D mesh data of the patient’s clubfoot (male with 65 years). The Curve Base Surface Modeling method provided 3D-CAD drawings of the insole and shoe, the last models, precisely and following the size and shape of the patient’s foot. This CAD data could be appropriately transferred to CNC machines and PowerMill CAM software to obtain patterns of insole and shoe-last from EVA foam rubber and wood. Both ways were well fitted with leather by a shoemaker into a pair of customized clubfoot boots. The field boot-wearing test used feedback from the clubfoot patient wear-testers to assess the functionality and acceptability of the boot products. In this way, the club foot patient can able to perceive wearing comfortably and perfectly. In the field boot-wearing test, the patient could walk at a speed of 83.1% -91.7% faster (2 - 5 minutes/foot) than that when the patient wears the old boot design model. Significantly, the present approach may add knowledge theoretically and practically to use CARE system-based technology in treating clubfoot patients with the need for custom shoes.

Experimental & FEM Analysis of Orthodontic Mini-Implant Design on Primary Stability

The main objective of this research is to establish a connection between orthodontic mini-implant design, pull-out force and primary stability by comparing two commercial mini-implants or temporary anchorage devices, Tomas®-pin and Perfect Anchor. Mini-implant geometric analysis and quantification of bone characteristics are performed, whereupon experimental in vitro pull-out test is conducted. With the use of the CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) CAD (Computer Aided Design)/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)/CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) system, 3D (Three-dimensional) geometric models of mini-implants and bone segments are created. Afterwards, those same models are imported into Abaqus software, where finite element models are generated with a special focus on material properties, boundary conditions and interactions. FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis is used to simulate the pull-out test. Then, the results of the structural analysis are compared with the experimental results. The FEM analysis results contain information about maximum stresses on implant–bone system caused due to the pull-out force. It is determined that the core diameter of a screw thread and conicity are the main factors of the mini-implant design that have a direct impact on primary stability. Additionally, stresses generated on the Tomas®-pin model are lower than stresses on Perfect Anchor, even though Tomas®-pin endures greater pull-out forces, the implant system with implemented Tomas®-pin still represents a more stressed system due to the uniform distribution of stresses with bigger values.

Digital Development Process for the Drive System of a Balanced Two-Wheel Scooter

Graph-based design languages have received increasing attention in the research community, because they offer a promising approach to address several major issues in engineering, e.g., the frequent manual data transfer between computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems. Currently, these issues prevent the realization of machine executable digital design processes of complex systems such as vehicles. Promising scenarios for urban transportation include an interconnection of mass transportation systems such as buses and subways with individual vehicles for the so-called “last mile” transport. For several reasons, these vehicles should be as small and light as possible. A considerable reduction in weight and size can be achieved, if such vehicles are tailored to the individual size, weight and proportion of the individual user. However, tailoring vehicles for the individual characteristics of each user go beyond a simple building set and require a continuous digital design process. Consequently, the topic of this paper is a digital design process of a self-balanced scooter, which can be used as an individual last-mile means of transport. This process is based on graph-based design languages, because in these languages, a digital system model is generated, which contains all relevant information about a design and can be fed into any simulation tool which is needed to evaluate the impact of a possible design variation on the resulting product performance. As this process can be automated by digital compilers, it is possible to perform systematic design variations for an almost infinite amount of parameters and topological variants. Consequently, these kinds of graph-based languages are a powerful means to generate viable design alternatives and thus permit fast evaluations. The paper demonstrates the design process, focusing on the drive system of the respective balanced two-wheel scooter and highlights the advantages (data integration and possibility for machine execution).

Инженерные расчеты узлов и сборок изделий микроэлектронной техники с применением конечно-элементного моделирования

In the context of increasing the electronic components integration level, growing functionality and packaging density, as well as reducing the electronics weight and size, an integrated approach to engineering calculations of parts and assemblies of modern functionally and technically complex microelectronic products is required. Of particular importance are engineering calculations and structural modeling using computer-aided engineering systems, and also assessment of structural, technological and operational factors’ impact on the products reliability and performance. This work presents an approach to engineering calculations and microelectronic products modeling based on the finite-element method providing a comprehensive account of various factors (material properties, external loading, temperature fields, and other parameters) impact on the stress-strain state, mechanical strength, thermal condition, and other characteristics of products. On the example of parts and assemblies of products of microelectronic technology, the approximation of structures was shown and computer finite-element models were developed to study various structural and technological options of products and the effects on them. Engineering calculations and modeling of parts and assemblies were performed, taking into account the impact of material properties, design parameters and external influences on the products’ characteristics. Scientific and technical recommendations for structure optimization and design and technology solutions ensuring the products resistance to diverse effects were developed. It has been shown that an integrated approach to engineering calculations and microelectronic products modeling based on the finite-element method provides for the determination of optimal solutions taking into account structural, technological, and operational factors and allows the development of products with high tactical, technical and operational characteristics.