Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Results Research Articles

Bridging theory and practice: CFD simulation and interactive VR for conduction heat transfer learning

AbstractSoftware simulation programs and virtual reality (VR) have become powerful tools for several educational purposes, and recently, they were used in a wide range of applications. In cases of inaccessibility to labs, workshops, or industries, as happened before in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, these tools could be effectively integrated with practical lab experiments. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and a VR module were utilized to simulate heat transfer by conduction through various experimental cases. The CFD simulation results were obtained using ANSYS/FLUENT software. Meantime, the experimental data were obtained by carrying out three experiments of heat conduction with different heat transfer rates through simple, composite, and different cross‐sectional area bars. At last, the experimental procedure and devices used were virtually constructed using SolidWorks software as three‐dimensional models, which were then extruded into VR and augmented reality models. It was found that the simulation results closely align with the experimental ones, and the temperature profile in both cases has the same behavior with small differences, which indicates the validity of the developed module to be used as a simulation of the actual experiments. In addition to improving knowledge of heat transfer principles, this combination of simulation and VR technology advances many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including advancing quality education (SDG 4) and innovation in higher education (SDG 9). Additionally, this method assists in achieving the course learning objectives by mimicking real‐world lab experiments, guaranteeing that students graduate from the course with the required information and abilities.

Numerical investigation of inlet-pipe configurations on fluid dynamics and flow-field characteristics inside filling valve

The filling valve requires high efficiency and stability in the working process, which is closely related to the distribution of the flow characteristics inside the valve. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were present to analyse the pressure, velocity, and other characteristics of the filling valve under different inlet pipe angles and valve openings. The flow characteristics, which are experimentally measured, are consistent with CFD simulation results. Research shows that the increase in the angle of the inlet pipe can improve the uniformity of the flow field inside the valve, produce a better core flow pattern at the valve outlet, and have better fluid stability. Based on the flow characteristics of the valve, to obtain good filling efficiency and stability, a moderate valve opening of 9 mm should be selected, and the flow coefficient can reach 1.08, which is 1.6 times higher than that of 3 mm, and the angle of the inlet pipe should be appropriately increased. This study provides a reference for the use and optimization of filling valves.

Aerodynamic characteristic analysis of blast wave lateral sweeping aircraft based on CFD transient numerical simulation method

Blast wave overpressure and dynamic pressure significantly change the surface pressure distribution of the aircraft and resulting in transient aerodynamic forces when the blast wave sweeps the aircraft laterally. These transient aerodynamic forces will pose a serious threat to flight safety. In this paper, the aerodynamic parameters of aircraft components under lateral sweep of blast waves are studied by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation method, and the waveform characteristics of the dominant aerodynamic parameters of the aircraft key components are analyzed according to the CFD simulation results. The research method can provide reference and guidance for the study of aircraft flight safety under blast wave sweeping.

Refining computer tomography data with super-resolution networks to increase the accuracy of respiratory flow simulations

Accurately computing the flow in the nasal cavity with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations requires highly resolved computational meshes based on anatomically realistic geometries. Such geometries can only be obtained from computer tomography (CT) data with high spatial resolution, i.e., featuring a ≤1mm slice thickness. In practice, CTs are, however, recorded at a lower resolution to not expose patients to high radiation and to reduce the overall costs. To overcome this problem and to provide patients with a detailed physics-based diagnosis, e.g., for surgery planning, the potential of super-resolution networks (SRNs) to increase the CT resolution is analyzed. Therefore, an SRN is developed and trained on CT data. Its predictive performance is improved by an automated hyperparameter optimization technique. The training time is further reduced without predictive accuracy degradation by oversampling images with challenging regions. The performance of the SRN is assessed by an analysis of the reconstructed 3D surfaces of the human upper airway and by comparing results of CFD simulations. That is, surfaces and simulation results based on SRN-generated CT data at 1mm resolution are compared to those obtained from unmodified CT data-sets at low (3mm) and high (1mm) resolution, as well as from CT data interpolated to a 1mm resolution from coarse data. The findings reveal the SRN-based approach to have the lowest deviations in the physics-based CFD results when compared to those based on the original high-resolution data. The pressure loss between the inflow (nostrils) and outflow (pharynx) regions averaged for three test patients differs by only 1.3%, compared to 8.7% and 8.8% in the coarse and interpolated cases. It is concluded that the SRN-based method is a promising tool to enhance underresolved CT data to yield reliable numerical results of respiratory flows.

CFD simulation and experimental study of CO2 absorption in a rotating packed bed

The rotating packed bed (RPB), a process intensification equipment, has been widely studied and applied to chemical engineering processes such as gas absorption, nanomaterial preparation, and polymer devolatilization. In this study, we presented a typical RPB model to study the intensification mechanism of high gravity on gas-liquid mass transfer. Based on this, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experiments of CO2 physical absorption were conducted to investigate the gas-liquid mass transfer characteristics in the RPB. The predicted and experimental values of CO2 saturation rates of the liquid phase showed good agreement, and the errors were within ± 15 % under various operating conditions. Moreover, detailed flow field and mass transfer information that are difficult to measure experimentally, such as the distribution of CO2 mass fraction in the liquid, liquid holdup, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, and gas-liquid interfacial area, were analyzed by CFD simulation results. These results provide a solid foundation for the further development and application of RPB.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Validation and Investigation the Effect of Piston Bowl Geometries Performance on Port Fuel Injection-Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (PFI-HCCI) Engines

Design of an axial hydrocyclone for preliminary water separation using CFD, RSM, and SUS

Preliminary water separators can effectively solve the problem of high-water-cut produced fluids in oil wells. In this study, we propose a co-design method for the serialization of an axial inlet preliminary water separator based on the combination of cyclone separation theory, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, response surface method (RSM) optimization, experimental verification, and a scale-up strategy (SUS). For an inlet water cut ≥ 70%, the water separation rate was ≥ 50% and the oil concentration of heavy phase outlet (HPO) was ≤ 1000 mg/L. The indoor experimental results indicated that the performance of the preliminary water separator could achieve better results obtained through the CFD simulation results were taken as sample points and the optimal structural size was found by machine learning method (MLM). The field pilot test results showed that the Hy similarity criterion based SUS did not affect the separation effect. For water cut in the range of 85.0–92.7%, the water separation rate was ≥ 50% and the HPO oil concentration was < 1321.6 mg/L. Our results can provide reference and guidance for the design and optimization of hydrocyclones for preliminary water separation of oilfield produced fluids.

Comparison of pressure-loss evaluation fidelity in turbulent energy dissipation models of poppet check valves using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software

Check valves are critical components of fluid systems and have various applications, including house appliances. This article presents a methodology for mapping geometry-specific constriction pressure loss as a function of flow and turbulence in a check valve. This study aimed to gain insight on which Ansys Fluent available turbulent energy dissipation model should be used for further design optimization. This methodology consists of a statistical comparison of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results obtained using the turbulent energy dissipation models. The key components of the simulation process are discussed. The study’s main results are a comparison of empirical results among flow models’ estimated pressure loss, shown as a function of flow rate in specific geometry and identification of the most suitable model for the considered application. This study concludes that the K-Epsilon (Standard) model best represents the empirically measured behavior of naturally occurring flow energy losses in the considered geometry.

Droplet deposition of agrochemical spraying: Comparison of results from a random‐walk model and CFD simulations

AbstractThe effectiveness of agricultural spraying processes depends considerably on the ability of the atomized droplets to reach the target site in the desired amount. In this work, two mathematical models to study the trajectories and deposition of atomized droplets are implemented and compared. On the one hand, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with discrete phase model (DPM) is implemented to calculate the trajectories of atomized droplets and determine distances at which the droplets are deposited. The continuous phase (atmospheric air) is modelled by continuity, momentum, and energy equations. On the other hand, a Lagrangian random‐walk (LRW) model based on force and energy balances to predict the pulverization process of a nozzle is formulated and implemented in Python. Both models take into account the effects of drag, gravity, buoyancy, and evaporation on individual droplets, as well as the impact of atmospheric stability and dispersion. By tracking a large number of trajectories, meaningful estimates of dispersal statistics can be obtained. The LRW model accurately replicated the trajectories, deposition distances, and final diameters of atomized droplets for three atmospheric stability cases, compared with CFD simulation results. The results of both models agreed that 100 μm droplets were most susceptible to wind‐induced spray drift, depositing at the furthest distances from the nozzle. In addition, 50 μm droplets exhibited a significant tendency to evaporate entirely before reaching the ground. The LRW model is found to be a cost‐effective alternative for estimating spray drift compared to the computationally intensive CFD approach.

Data-driven identification and pressure fields prediction for parallel twin cylinders based on POD and DMD method

The mode analysis of parallel twin cylinders is conducted in this paper using two data-driven methods: proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). First, a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of parallel twin cylinders is established, and numerical simulations of the model are carried out. Subsequently, the fundamental principles of the POD and DMD algorithms are systematically introduced. Utilizing snapshots obtained from the high-fidelity CFD model, the POD and DMD methods are employed to extract the dominant flow structures. Furthermore, a comparison between the two data-driven methods is conducted by analyzing modal frequencies, pressure distribution, and the reconstruction errors of pressure fields. Finally, the pressure fields of non-sample points are predicted based on the POD–backpropagation neural network (BPNN) surrogate model and the DMD method, and the predicted results are compared with the CFD simulation results. It found that (i) the DMD method is capable of extracting the main coherent structures of the pressure fields, directly obtaining flow modes and their corresponding frequencies, and assessing the stability of flow modes; (ii) the DMD method can capture the main flow features of the pressure fields in both spatial and temporal dimensions, while the POD method is primarily efficient at capturing the spatial features of the pressure fields; (iii) in contrast to the frequency-ranked DMD method, the energy-ranked POD method can reconstruct the pressure fields using a smaller number of modes, indicating that the POD method has an advantage in terms of mode reduction; (iv) in contrast to the energy-ranked POD method, the frequency-ranked DMD method has a wider applicability to the range of flow types and has more advantages in stability analysis of complex dynamic systems; (v) the predicted pressure fields around the cylinder using the first five-order POD modes or DMD modes closely align with CFD calculation results. Additionally, the evolution of pressure fields predicted by the POD–BPNN surrogate model with the first five-order POD modes or the DMD method with the first 200-order DMD modes significantly agrees with CFD simulation results; (vi) the combined use of the POD–BPNN surrogate model and DMD methods allows efficient interpolation and extrapolation of samples, delivering exceptional predictive performance. This study offers insight into the coherent structures in parallel twin cylinders.

Optimizing H-Darrieus Wind Turbine Performance with Double-Deflector Design

This study aims to improve an H-Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) by imposing a novel double-deflector design. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was implemented to examine the aerodynamic characteristics of the VAWT with double deflectors. Geometrics factors related to the locations of the two deflectors were considered, and the orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method was constructed for CFD simulation. The CFD results were further provided as the training data for the artificial neural network (ANN) to forecast the optimal configuration. The results indicate that the performance of a VAWT with a double-deflector design could exceed that of a bare VAWT or that of one using a single deflector. The mean power coefficient for a bare VAWT is 0.37, although it could be much higher with a proper setup using double deflectors. The prediction of ANN analysis is consistent with the result of CFD simulation, in which the difference between the ANN prediction and CFD simulation is generally less than 4.48%. The result confirms the accuracy of the prediction of the optimal VAWT performance with a double-deflector design.

Numerical analysis of inflow turbulence intensity impact on the stress and fatigue life of vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine

The present study aims to analyze the effect of upstream turbulence intensity on the hydrodynamic and structural performance of the straight-blade vertical axis turbine. To achieve this, a one-way fluid structure interaction analysis is conducted within the ANSYS workbench environment. Initially, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed at different values of upstream velocity values. Additionally, the impact of upstream turbulence intensity is also analyzed. The CFD simulation results were validated against published experimental work. Once CFD simulation is performed then computed fluid loads are transferred to the ANSYS mechanical structural module. Finite element modeling is performed to compute the stresses and the fatigue life. The study reveals that increasing the upstream turbulence intensity from 5% to 20% leads to 8.6% improvement in the turbine's power performance. However, turbulence intensity also results in 35.6% increase in Von-Mises stresses produced within the designed turbine. However, even with this increase, the Von-Mises stresses remain below a critical threshold, measuring at 173.34 MPa when the upstream water velocity is 1.4 m/s, and the inflow turbulence intensity is at 20%. This stress level is well within the material's yield strength, ensuring the turbine's structural integrity. Moreover, the simulation results emphasize that turbulence intensity has a significant impact on the turbine's fatigue life. Further, it is predicted that an increase in turbulence intensity from 5% to 20% leads to a significant 40% reduction in the turbine's fatigue life. The stress analysis results reveal that struts, strut–blade joints, and strut–shaft joints are the key stress concentration areas. The results suggested that an increase in upstream turbulence intensity has favorable impact on turbine performance, however, for highly turbulent flows turbine should have higher strength and key areas should be focused on designing turbine for such flow conditions.

A multiscale analytical-numerical method for the coupled heat and mass transfer in the extended meniscus region considering thin-film evaporation in microchannels

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework is established to investigate the microscale transport phenomena in the evaporating extended meniscus region formed in rectangular microchannels. A wide range of microchannel widths (W = 1 to 250 µm) and wall superheats (ΔT = 0.01 to 5.0 K) are considered. Prior to performing CFD simulations, it is first necessary to employ thin-film evaporation modeling based on an augmented Young–Laplace model and kinetic-theory based model for the evaporating mass flux across curved surfaces to find the exact shape of the liquid-vapor interface along with disjoining and capillary pressure distributions. Two widely-used methods for the determination of boundary conditions (BCs) at the beginning of the thin-film region (i.e., setting δ0″ = 0 and finding δ0′ by the far-field BC or setting δ0′ = 0 and finding δ0″ by the far-field BC), where δ is film thickness, are thoroughly examined and the first approach is recommended because of its better convergence and ease of implementation in the thin-film evaporation model. Then, the two-dimensional domain of the extended meniscus is generated and discretized to simulate the evaporating liquid flow through the UDF programming in ANSYS Fluent. The developed framework is shown to be a simple yet powerful and practical method for accurately predicting the evaporation mass and heat fluxes from extended menisci in microchannels. The CFD simulation results indicate that the previous one-dimensional models which represent the state of the art in the literature in the field are not able to predict the rate of evaporative heat transfer from the extended meniscus in microchannels with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Based on the CFD simulations results, a multiple regression analysis is employed to establish several simple thermal resistance correlations. The correlations can be straightforwardly integrated into macroscale mathematical models of micro and miniature heat pipes for analyzing their thermal characteristics.

CFD based design gas rotameters: Dynamic mesh transient simulation

Rotameters are variable-area flowmeters widely used in various industries. In this paper, a comprehensive discussion has been presented on simulation of transient behavior of a rotameter using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. Various methods of dynamic meshing and the reasons behind choosing the diffusion-based model have been discussed. 2D and 3D simulations were compared, and in the 2D simulation, triangular and quadratic meshes were compared, and their orthogonal quality changes due to dynamic mesh methods are shown. It was illustrated that triangular mesh cells preserve their orthogonal quality far more effectively. Moreover, the CFD simulation results were validated by comparing them with experimental data obtained from a real rotameter and it was found that the 3D simulation results are more consistent with experimental data than the 2D simulation results. A difference of less than 4% has been observed between the simulation and experimental results, indicating a reasonable agreement. The CFD solver configuration and simulation steps presented in this paper can be used to optimize rotameter designs and improve their performance. Additionally, the simulation results can provide valuable insights into the behavior of the rotameter, allowing designers to identify the potential areas for improvement and optimization of the design, accordingly.

Numerical and experimental investigation of an Archimedes screw turbine for open channel water flow application

AbstractLow‐head turbines are becoming an agricultural imperative due to their high efficiency, low cost, ability to operate at low flow rates and minimal environmental impact. Therefore, the Archimedes screw turbine (AST) can play a leading role for producing electric power, especially in Pakistan's rural areas where most of the places have less than 1 m head. In this research work, performance evaluation of AST was carried out at different flow velocities in terms of power coefficient and torque generated. Design parameters such as blade width, blade pitches, and blade rotational angles are also used for performance evaluation. For this purpose, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses of AST blades were conducted at different water flow velocities (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 m/s). ANSYS FLUENT was used for AST blade simulations using three different design parameters such as blade width, blade pitch, and blade rotational angles. Additionally, CFD simulations have inherent errors and uncertainties that may lead to findings and deviations from their exact or real values. To prevent these uncertainties and errors, an experimental study was also conducted to provide validation for the CFD simulation results. The results revealed from CFD simulations for optimized design parameters were then compared with experimental data. From the results, it was examined that the numerical findings were in good agreement with the experiment data. The highest power coefficient and power output values were obtained under optimized design parameters such as inner and outer diameter, blade pitch, blade width, blade rotation angles and shaft length (e.g., 40 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 2 mm, 60°, and 850 mm respectively). The findings can be useful to implement the AST unit for those places where the available water head is ranging from 1 to 6.5 m and a flow rate of 0.2–6.5 m3/s, especially for rural areas of Pakistan.

Tabulated Chemistry Combustion Model for Cost-Effective Numerical Simulation of Dual-Fuel Combustion Process

This study is dedicated to improving the efficiency of the flamelet-generated manifold (FGM) tabulated chemistry combustion modeling approach for predicting the combustion process in diesel-ignited internal combustion (IC) engines. The primary focus is on reducing table generation time and memory requirements. To accurately predict dual-fuel combustion processes, it is important to model both premixed and non-premixed combustion regimes. However, attempting to include both regimes in a single FGM lookup table leads to significant increases in the table size and generation time. In response, this work proposes a dual-table configuration, with each table dedicated to a specific regime. The solution is then interpolated from these tables based on the calculated combustion regime indicator during the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. This approach optimizes computational efficiency while ensuring an accurate representation of dual-fuel combustion. Additionally, to establish a cost-effective and accurate 3D CFD simulation workflow, the dual-table FGM methodology is coupled with the partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model. The feasibility of the proposed FGM methodology is tested utilizing six chemical kinetics mechanisms with different levels of detail. The results of this study demonstrated that the dual-table approach significantly accelerates table generation time and reduces memory requirements compared to a single table that includes both combustion regimes. Furthermore, 3D CFD simulation results of the dual-fuel combustion process are validated against available experimental data for three engine operating points. The in-cylinder pressure traces and rate of heat release obtained from the 3D CFD simulations employing the FGM PANS methodology show good agreement with experimental measurements, confirming the accuracy and reliability of this modeling approach.

Trajectory simulation of 3D-printed container models based on CFD

Subsea pipelines are a cost-effective and reliable way to transport hydrocarbons in offshore oil and gas development. However, dropped objects can pose a hazard and cause damage to the pipes. Among them, the container is a relatively common structure in maritime transportation, and its falling process is likely to cause potential danger. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to calculate the relevant hydrodynamic coefficients of the different container models at different drop angles. This study validates the CFD-derived results by comparing drop test results with CFD simulation results, including the total flow time, landing location, and number of spatial flips, etc. In addition, the consistency between the simulated added mass coefficient (Ca) & drag coefficient (Cd) and the reference values of DNV-RP-F107 (2010) also demonstrates the reliability and precision of the CFD technique. The results show that the agreement between CFD-simulated Ca and the values provided by DNV-RP-F107 (2010) as well as the theoretical values outlined by Clauss et al. (1992) validates the precision of CFD simulation.

Development of an accelerator-based neutron source to prototype Mo-99 production, part I: A liquid LBE windowless target

Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99)’s decay product, technetium-99 (Tc-99 m), is one of the most critical isotopes for medical diagnostics. To provide U.S. domestic supply of Mo-99 without using high-enriched uranium (HEU), a subcritical uranium target assembly (UTA) is irradiated by an accelerator-based neutron source to create Mo-99 through fission. This study discusses the development of the accelerator-based neutron source. The high-energy electrons from the accelerator irradiate a liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) target to produce neutrons. Part I of this work focuses on numerical and experimental analysis towards the development of a liquid LBE windowless target. Unlike the existing windowless targets in literature, the current design creates a vertical free surface for a beam to irradiate. First, a hydrodynamic analysis of the LBE windowless target is performed. Simplified analytical calculations are assisted by 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to design the target, with the focus on eliminating recirculation zones and avoiding cavitation. With the optimized geometry, the experimental study is performed to investigate the flow hydrodynamics using liquid LBE. The experiments (1) compare pressure drop in the system to correlation predictions; (2) visualize the free surface liquid LBE flow from the beam view; (3) validate the LBE flow profile using temperature sensitive paint from the side view; and (4) validate the liquid LBE film thickness using gamma densitometer measurements. Second, the power handling capability of the designed windowless target is investigated. The divider plate in the current design is susceptible to overheating due to the thin LBE film in front. As LBE erosion and corrosion is likely to occur at an LBE velocity of 2.0 m/s and temperature above 500 °C, a power limit of 10 kW of beam power was established to prevent this corrosion from occurring, which is calculated by a Nusselt number correlation. The divider plate surface temperature at 10 kW agrees well with the 3D CFD simulation results. Part I demonstrates the fundamental physics in liquid LBE windowless target design and associated testing. A companion paper, Part II will demonstrate how to couple this windowless target into the Mo-99 production system, including an accelerator system operating under an ultra-high vacuum and the UTA cooled by water at room temperature.

Numerical modeling and evaluation of solid-liquid extraction with pressurized hot water extraction applied to Robinia Pseudoacacia wood

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to study the solid-liquid extraction of Robinia Pseudoacacia wood by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). The proposed model couples momentum and mass transfer, including the extraction kinetics. The model is based on transport species and flow in a porous medium. The results show that the extraction of the two main flavonoids, Dihydrorobinetin (DHR) and Robinetin (Rob), increased with increasing temperature up to 120 °C, with values of 46.85±1.44 and 6.84±0.42 mg/gdB, respectively. However, at higher temperatures, these flavonoids degraded. Additionally, the exhaustive extraction cycle, ranging from 80 to 160 °C, was found to be less effective when compared to extraction at 120 °C.The kinetic parameters were included in the CFD simulation. As a result, a good agreement between the results of CFD simulation and experimental data was found with R2 > 0.97. The model predicts the temperature distribution inside the reactor during the pre-heating period, the evolution of the DHR and Rob concentrations at the reactor outlet, and the effect of degradation at high extraction temperatures.

Numerical investigation of the use of flexible blades for vertical axis wind turbines

This study proposes a novel vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) design with flexible blades aiming to improve their energy extraction capability. The blade deformation is achieved using Ansys Fluent dynamic mesh and user-defined functions to control the position of the blades nodes at specific azimuthal angles. An optimization study is carried out using computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and Design of Experiments (DOE) to get the optimal design parameters of the flexible blade at different Tip Speed Ratios (TSRs). In addition, a comparison between the DOE results of both 2D and 3D CFD simulations is achieved to assess the use of 2D simulations for optimization purposes. Also, a detailed numerical study of the aerodynamic performance of the turbine based on this new design is done to compare the rigid and flexible blade models' power coefficient and flow fields around the blades. Results of 2D and 3D CFD simulations show that the flexible blades are able to improve the power coefficient of the turbine by up to 66% and 32% respectively at low tip speed ratios diminishing gradually with increasing tip speed ratios. It is also noticeable that similar pattern in power coefficient results was obtained from the 2D and 3D simulations of both turbine models. This, in turn, demonstrates the efficacy of 2D simulations in accurately determining optimized design parameters while significantly reducing computational costs compared to 3D simulations.