Compulsive Buying Scale Research Articles

The relationship of consumers’ compulsive buying behavior with biological rhythm, impulsivity, and fear of missing out

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between compulsive buying (CB), biological rhythm, impulsivity, and fear of missing out (FoMO). The data in the research was collected from 493 university students using a package of psychological tools including the personal questionnaire, the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). One-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences in scales scores across chronotypes, and hierarchical regression analysis to understand the relationships of compulsive buying scores with socio-demographic characteristics and scales scores. Morning-typeindividuals reported lower scores on the CBS, impulsivity, FoMOs, anxiety, and stress than evening-types or neither-types. According to the hierarchical regression analyses, compulsive buyers reported significantly greater levels of impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and fear of missing out. The results showed that evening-type individuals were more likely to compulsive buying behaviors, impulsivity, and FoMO. In conclusion, this study revealed pioneering findings in terms of CB-related factors. It also showed the relationship between consumers’ compulsive buying behavior, and FoMO and the effect of circadian preferences in biological rhythms on this relationship.

Adaptation and validation of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in Chinese population.

Background and aimsCompulsive buying (CB) is a behavioral addiction that is conceptualized as an obsessive–compulsive and impulsive–control disorder. The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS), a six-item self-reporting instrument that has been validated worldwide, was developed based on this theoretical background. This study aimed to adapt RCBS to the Chinese population (RCBS-TC) to guide future national and international prevalence studies.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the forward and backward translation of RCBS, the content and face validation of the RCBS, and the evaluation of its translation adequacy. Phase 2 involved the psychometric testing of RCBS-TC for its internal consistency, stability, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).ResultsIn Phase 1, RCBS-TC obtained satisfactory item-level (I-CVI = 83.3%–100%) and scale-level content validity index (CVI/AVE = 97.2%), comprehensibility (100%), and translation adequacy [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.858]. In Phase 2, based on data collected from 821 adults, RCBS-TC demonstrated a satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .88; corrected item-total correlation coefficients = 0.61–0.78) 2-week test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.82 based on 61 university students). For construct validation, the CFA results indicated that the corrected first-order two-factor models were acceptable with the same goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 8.56, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98, IFI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.09). The 2-week test–retest reliability of RCBS-TC (n = 61) was also satisfactory (ICC = 0.82).Discussion and conclusionsThis methodological study adopted appropriate and stringent procedures to ensure that the translation and validation of RCBS-TC was of quality. The results indicate that this scale has a satisfactory reliability and validity for the Chinese population.

Pembelian Kompulsif Ditinjau dari Kontrol Diri Guru Sekolah Dasar

The purpose this research to view negative correlation between self-control and compulsive buying of teacher at State Elementary School (SDN) in Kab. Tangerang. This research was conducted at SDN A, B, and C in Kab. Tangerang and use technique total population sampling, mean all of teachers in SDN A, B, and C as population this research is 46 teachers. Method use this research is quantitative with correlation test pearson products moments. Pearson products moments used for view negative correlation between self-control with compulsive buying of teacher at State Elementary School (SDN) A, B, and C in Kab. Tangerang. This research use compulsive buying scale adaptation from Faber & O’Guinn (1992) α = 0.870 and self-control scale adaptation from Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone (2004) α = 0.890. Result correlation test indicated negative correlation between self-control and compulsive buying of teacher at State Elementary School (SDN) in Kab. Tangerang.

Compulsive buying in China: Measurement, prevalence, and online drivers

This research establishes the validity and reliability of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in the Chinese consumer market. Using two different Chinese samples, the scale is able to identify compulsive buyers in China. The prevalence of compulsive buyers in China is found to be 10.4% in a student sample and 29.1% in a general population. In addition to identifying compulsive buyers, six compulsive buyers' motivations to buy online are identified: immediate positive feelings, avoiding social interaction, buying anytime/anywhere, daydreaming, observed buying, and emotional response to receiving online purchases. The Chinese concept of face consciousness (mianzi) can be used to explain the high prevalence of compulsive buying among online buyers in China.

How Compulsive Buying Is Influenced by Time Perspective—Cross-Cultural Evidence from Germany, Ukraine, and China

Compulsive buying is an intensively studied phenomenon with different potential causes having been identified: materialistic values, personality deficiencies, factors of socialization, and the role of consumption culture. However, we challenge that these are the appropriate mechanisms for the underlying the responsible factors. Any new efficient approaches for therapeutic remedies will depend on identifying the most powerful psychological causes of compulsive buying. In the current study, time perspectives, measured by Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory—ZTPI (Zimbardo and Boyd 1999)—are tested to ascertain if they could be identified as essential factors of influence on buying behavior. It was hypothesized that a high Past-Negative, a high Present-Fatalistic, and a high Present Hedonistic Perspective will foster compulsive buying tendencies, measured by the German Compulsive Buying Scale (Raab et al. 2005), whereas a high Future and a high Past-Positive Perspective will inhibit such compulsive buying. The hypotheses were confirmed throughout three cultural settings (German, Ukrainian and a Chinese student-sample) for Past-Negative, Present-Fatalistic, and Present-Hedonistic. Some inconsistencies were found for Past Positive and Future. Mediation analysis revealed that deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) mediates partly or completely the influence of the factor “country” on proneness for compulsive buying tendencies in two out of three cross-cultural comparisons. Binary logistical regressions further identified DBTP as the essential factor in explaining the differences between the three countries in percentages of those being identified at high risk for compulsive buying.

A study of compulsive buying disorder comorbidity in psychiatric outpatients attending a foundation university outpatient clinic

The aim of this study was to screen for the comorbidity of compulsive buying disorder with psychiatric disorders and associated sociodemographic variables. One hundred and ninety-six volunteering psychiatric patients attending Uskudar University Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic formed the study sample. Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) was screened with Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS). CBD was found among 17 people (8.67%) in this sample of 196 patients (female n= 127, 67.4%; male n=69, 32.6%). Psychiatric diagnosis of patients with CBD were as follows: major depressive disorder (n=3,1.5%),cyclothymic disorder (n=2,1%), mood disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (n=2, 1%), bipolar disorder (n=2, 1%), anxiety disorder NOS (n=2, 1%), obsessive compulsive disorder (n=2,1%), substance dependence (n=1, 0.5%), Tourette disorder (n=1, 0.5%) and generalized anxiety disorder (n=1,0.5%). In this cross-sectional screening study there seems to be a remarkable comorbidity of CBD and mood disorders. CBD may not be an independent entity but a symptom of mood disorders. In all patients with a mood disorder buying behavior should be evaluated routinely. In those with a problematic buying behavior, any mood disorder should be examined

Effectiveness of a Selective Advising Program in Reducing the Degree of Compulsive Buying Behavior among Umm Al-Qura Female Students

The present study is an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of a selective advising program in reducing the degree of Compulsive Buying Behavior among female students, Faculty of Education at Umm al-Qura University. The sample consisted of (200) female students to verify the validity and reliability of the tool. The quasi-experimental method was utilized through two groups (experimental and control). The results indicated high rates of compulsive buying among the participants (18-30) years, where there was a great difference between the items of the scale and a great desire for buying for many reasons. The study results showed that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of experimental and control groups at the pre- and post-test in the compulsive buying scale, significant at (0.005) in favor of the pre- and post-test. There are also statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group at the pre- and post-test in the compulsive buying scale, significant at (0.005) in favor of the post-test, i.e. the selective advising program decreased the rate of Compulsive Buying Behavior. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences between the mean of the experimental group ranks in the post- and follow-up test, which reveals that the advising program is being effective.

New Assessment Tools for Buying Disorder

The purpose of this study is to summarize studies concerning the development and evaluation of assessment tools for buying disorder (BD) between 2000 and 2016. There is still a lack of formal diagnostic criteria and field-tested structured interviews for BD. With regard to questionnaires, the following psychometrically sound instruments assessing symptoms of BD have been developed within the last decade: (1) the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS), which conceptualizes BD as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder; (2) the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS), which regards BD as “shopping addiction;” and (3) the Pathological Buying Screener (PBS), which reflects addictive and impulse-control-disorder aspects of BD. Future studies should make use of the new questionnaires assessing symptoms of BD. Furthermore, diagnostic criteria for BD should be developed and validated in order to better establish the diagnosis of BD and to accomplish its recognition as a mental disorder.

Application of CBT in Coping with Compulsive Buying on Online Shopping by Young Adult Woman

The purpose of this study is want to know how the results of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) application in coping with compulsive buying on online shopping by young adult woman. Compulsive buying is defined as buying behavior done by individual repetitively, happens automatically as response toward inner state or certain events. The buying behavior which often done tend to be excessive until finally cause problem in life. CBT is a psychological intervention which handle the interaction among how people thinks, feels and behaves. Online shopping is a process of buying goods or services from someone who sell through internet. The number of samples in this study consist of 113 young women with age between 20 to 30 years old which obtained from online questionnaires. From 113 subjects, it is found that there are 5 people with high level of compulsive buying and doing online shopping several times a week. In the process, only 2 people remains who are willing to continue through until the intervention started. This study used one-group pretest-posttest design, which measure compulsive buying among participants by using compulsive buying scale (CBS). After the participants are given manipulation with CBT, then there will be remeasurement towards compulsive buying using CBS again. According to the results of intervention, it is known that CBT can reduce the frequency of online shopping both subjects and reduce the level of compulsive buying tendency according to CBS. Factors which supports change are good cooperation from the subjects and motivation to change. Key Words: CBT, compulsive buying, online shopping

Reliability and Validity of the Korean version of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale

Reliability and Validity of the Korean version of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale

Psychiatric and socioeconomic aspects as possible predictors of compulsive buying behavior.

Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible urge to buy various items. Compulsive buying disorder is a subject of growing interest to health professionals. It is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of compulsive buying in the Brazilian population, assessing possible relationships between compulsive buying, depression and anxiety. The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 359 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. Our study identified an interaction between female gender and compulsion to purchase. Furthermore, people's occupations also appear to have an influence on the problem. We found a correlation between depressive symptoms and oniomania. Our study has certain limitations, such as the difficulty in recruiting individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Since compulsive buying is a phenomenon that is seldom investigated, it therefore remains unidentified. However, this is nevertheless a pioneering paper on the Brazilian population.

Compulsive Buying: Prevalence, Irrational Beliefs and Purchasing

The aims of this study are to examine the characteristics of compulsive buying among college students at an American public university. More specifically we explored how irrational beliefs impact compulsive buying among this population; and, to investigate the types and frequency of consumer goods purchased by college students at an American public university. The study is based on data collected from a self-administered survey of 175 American college women. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of women are compulsive buyers was consistent with an earlier estimate using the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (27 %); irrational beliefs were associated with and predicted compulsive buying; and compulsive and non-compulsive buyers did not differ in the types of consumer goods purchased but in the frequency with which consumer goods are purchased. The study has significance by replicating the impact irrational beliefs have on compulsive buying. Such beliefs should be addressed in any preventative program targeting compulsive buying.

Borderline personality disorder and compulsive buying: A multivariate etiological model

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are highly comorbid. Accordingly, the theories concerning the etiological factors of CBD and BPD overlap. The present study aimed to test a multivariate etiological model of CBD in the presence of BPD. Our sample comprised shopping mall customers (N=1409, 63% female, mean age: 31.2 SD: 12.1). CBD was measured using the Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale Revised Version, and BPD was measured using the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD. Impulsivity, global self-esteem, contingent self-esteem, and psychiatric distress were also assessed. Overall, 8.5% (n=120) and 7.7% (n=109) of participants scored above the cut-off value on the CBD and BPD measures respectively. In total, 2.2% (n=31) had both BDP and CBD 26% of those with CBD also had BPD, corresponding to a risk ratio of 5.4. Path analysis revealed that contingent self-esteem (β=0.27 p<0.001) and impulsivity (β=0.27 p<0.001) exerted the strongest mediating effects, followed by psychiatric distress (β=0.15 p<0.15) and global self-esteem (β=0.12 p<0.001) after controlling for the effect of BPD. Distress had higher predictive value for men and contingent self-esteem had higher predictive value for women. The data suggest that impulsivity, contingent self-esteem, and distress (to a lesser extent) account for the high comorbidity between BPD and CBD and that etiological risk factors differ between men and women.

Five-year follow-up of people diagnosed with compulsive shopping disorder

BackgroundThe authors assessed clinical symptoms and self-reported shopping and spending behavior in people diagnosed with compulsive shopping (CS) at a 5-year follow-up interview. MethodsAll met the criteria of McElroy et al. for lifetime CS and had the disorder for >1year. Structured and semistructured instruments and self-report questionnaires were used to collect data. ResultsOf the original 26 subjects, 17 (65%) were interviewed and are the focus of this report. At follow-up, their ages ranged from 23 to 67years (mean=44years). Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity was common, but few had current psychiatric disorders at follow-up. Interest in shopping and spending decreased for eight (47%), stayed the same for five (29%), and increased for four (24%) subjects. Eleven subjects (65%) reported having attempted to quit their CS and three (18%) reported successfully doing so. Triggers for returning to CS included feelings of pressure/excitement/tension to shop; boredom; negative feelings such as sadness, depression, frustration, or anger; and the desire for positive feelings like happiness, power, or elation. Mean scores on the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the shopping version of the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale showed overall improvement in CS symptoms (d=1.16 and d=−1.19, respectively); subjects were also less impulsive (d=−0.48). At baseline and follow-up, those with a lifetime mood disorder tended to have greater CS severity. ConclusionsWhile the subjects showed overall improvement, most had ongoing symptoms of CS. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Compulsive buying and depressive symptoms among female citizens of the United Arab Emirates

Compulsive buying is particularly relevant in nations with high levels of consumer spending. Most previous studies have focused on European and North America populations. This study explores compulsive buying amongst citizens of the United Arab Emirates, an Arab nation with high retail outlet density, and high levels of consumer spending. Female college students (N=100) completed an English/Arabic version of the compulsive buying scale along with a measure of depression. Rates of compulsive buying were higher than those reported in any previously published study. Furthermore, in line with previous findings from other nations, compulsive buying was associated with elevated depressive symptomatology.

The Pathological Buying Screener: Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Screening Instrument for the Assessment of Pathological Buying Symptoms

The study was designed to develop a new screening instrument for pathological buying (PB), and to examine its psychometric properties in a large-scale sample. By using a facet theoretical approach and based on literature as well as on clinical experience, a 20-item Pathological Buying Screener (PBS) was developed and administered to a representative German sample (n = 2,539). Valid data were available from 2,403 participants who were subjects for three subsequent empirical studies. The first study explored the factor structure using exploratory factor analyses in a subsample of 498 participants. Based on factor loadings, a 13-item version with the two factors loss of control / consequences and excessive buying behavior was revealed. This two-factor model was confirmed in study 2 by confirmatory factor analysis performed on another subsample (n = 1,905). Study 3 investigated age and gender effects and convergent validity of the PBS using the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) in the full sample (N = 2,403). The total PBS score was adequately correlated with the CBS score. Hierarchical regression analyses with the CBS score as the dependent variable and the two PBS factors as the predictors indicated an own incremental validity of the two factors in participants ≤ 65 years. The reliability of the total score as well as of the two subscales was good to excellent. Overall, the PBS represents a useful measure for PB. Future studies are needed to replicate the two-factor structure in clinical samples and to define a valid cutoff for PB.

Pathological Buying Online as a Specific Form of Internet Addiction: A Model-Based Experimental Investigation.

The study aimed to investigate different factors of vulnerability for pathological buying in the online context and to determine whether online pathological buying has parallels to a specific Internet addiction. According to a model of specific Internet addiction by Brand and colleagues, potential vulnerability factors may consist of a predisposing excitability from shopping and as mediating variable, specific Internet use expectancies. Additionally, in line with models on addiction behavior, cue-induced craving should also constitute an important factor for online pathological buying. The theoretical model was tested in this study by investigating 240 female participants with a cue-reactivity paradigm, which was composed of online shopping pictures, to assess excitability from shopping. Craving (before and after the cue-reactivity paradigm) and online shopping expectancies were measured. The tendency for pathological buying and online pathological buying were screened with the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the Short Internet Addiction Test modified for shopping (s-IATshopping). The results demonstrated that the relationship between individual’s excitability from shopping and online pathological buying tendency was partially mediated by specific Internet use expectancies for online shopping (model’s R² = .742, p < .001). Furthermore, craving and online pathological buying tendencies were correlated (r = .556, p < .001), and an increase in craving after the cue presentation was observed solely in individuals scoring high for online pathological buying (t(28) = 2.98, p < .01, d = 0.44). Both screening instruments were correlated (r = .517, p < .001), and diagnostic concordances as well as divergences were indicated by applying the proposed cut-off criteria. In line with the model for specific Internet addiction, the study identified potential vulnerability factors for online pathological buying and suggests potential parallels. The presence of craving in individuals with a propensity for online pathological buying emphasizes that this behavior merits potential consideration within the non-substance/behavioral addictions.

Prevalence and construct validity of compulsive buying disorder in shopping mall visitors

Compulsive buying is a relatively new psychopathological concept and very few data are currently available regarding the prevalence and validity of compulsive buying disorder. In this cross-sectional study, we establish the prevalence of compulsive buying disorder in shopping mall visitors and explore the construct validity of the concept using the revised version of the Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale in 1441 shopping mall visitors looking at shopping habits, current substance use (smoking, alcohol and illicit drug) and various psychological characteristics. Overall, 8.7% (95% CI: 7.3–10.3) of our sample was classified as having a compulsive buying disorder. Compulsive buyers were younger, less educated and more likely to be female than non-compulsive buyers. They were also more likely to have used licit and illicit substances. Compulsive buyers also reported higher levels of impulsivity and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, lower levels of well-being and self-esteem and more psychological distress. Finally, compulsive buyers were five times more likely to meet criteria for borderline personality disorder than non-compulsive buyers. Compulsive buying is a frequent disorder in shopping mall visitors and is associated with important and robust indicators of psychopathology thus supporting the validity of the construct.

Co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and behavioral addictions: relevance of impulsivity and craving

PurposeThe aims of the study were to evaluate the occurrence of behavioral addictions (BAs) in alcohol use disorder (AUD) subjects and to investigate the role of impulsivity, personality dimensions and craving. Methods95 AUD outpatients (DSM-5) and 140 homogeneous controls were assessed with diagnostic criteria and specific tests for gambling disorder, compulsive buying, sexual, internet and physical exercise addictions, as well as with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Temperamental and Character Inventory–Revised (TCI-R). The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and Visual Analogue Scale for craving (VASc) were also administered to the AUD sample. Results28.4% (n=27) of AUD subjects had at least one BA, as compared to 15% (n=21) of controls (χ2=6.27; p=.014). In AUD subjects, direct correlations between BIS-11 and Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS), Internet Addiction Disorder test (IAD), Exercise Addiction Inventory-Short Form (EAI-SF) scores (p<.01), between OCDS obsessive and CBS and VASc and CBS, IAD scores (p<.003), were found. BIS-11 (t=−2.36; p=.020), OCDS obsessive (Z=−4.13; p<.001), OCDS compulsive (Z=−2.12; p=.034) and VASc (Z=−4.94; p<.001) scores were higher in AUD subjects with co-occurring BAs. The occurrence of BAs was associated with higher impulsivity traits (BIS-11 scores; OR=1.08; p=.012) and higher craving levels (VASc scores; OR=2.48; p<.001). ConclusionsOur findings emphasize a significant rate of co-occurrence of BAs in AUD. High levels of impulsivity and craving for alcohol seem to be associated with other addictive behaviors.

Measuring compulsive buying behaviour: Psychometric validity of three different scales and prevalence in the general population and in shopping centres

Due to the problems of measurement and the lack of nationally representative data, the extent of compulsive buying behaviour (CBB) is relatively unknown. The validity of three different instruments was tested: Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale (ECBS; Edwards, E.A., 1993. Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behaviour. Financial Counseling and Planning. 4, 67–85), Questionnaire About Buying Behavior (QABB; Lejoyeux, M., Ades, J., 1994. Les achats pathologiques: une addiction comportementale. Neuro-Psy. 9, 25–32.) and Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS; Ridgway, N.M., Kukar‐Kinney, M., Monroe, K.B., 2008. An expanded conceptualization and a new measure of compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research. 35, 622–639.) using two independent samples. One was nationally representative of the Hungarian population (N=2710) while the other comprised shopping mall customers (N=1447). As a result, a new, four-factor solution for the ECBS was developed (Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale Revised (ECBS-R)), and confirmed the other two measures. Additionally, cut-off scores were defined for all measures. Results showed that the prevalence of CBB is 1.85% (with QABB) in the general population but significantly higher in shopping mall customers (8.7% with ECBS-R, 13.3% with QABB and 2.5% with RCBS-R). Conclusively, due to the diversity of content, each measure identifies a somewhat different CBB group.