Compressive Behavior Research Articles

Bio-inspired 3D printing of strain-hardening cementitious composites reticulated shell roofs

Inspired by the diving bell structure of the water spider, this study presents an innovative 3D printed strain-hardening cementitious composite (3DP-SHCC) reticulated shell roof. The compressive behavior of the 3DP-SHCC reticulated shell roof is evaluated using a combination of experimental tests and numerical simulation approaches. The 3DP-SHCC reticulated shell roof features excellent mechanical properties and an aesthetically pleasing appearance. The specific energy absorption and ductility index of this structure are 0.065 J/g and 0.078, respectively. The feasibility of this concept is validated by constructing a complete building structure within just 16 min. This printing process has the potential to create complex designs with minimal labor, making it suitable for rapid construction in extreme environments.

Large Rupture Strain Cotton Ropes Hybridized with Affordable Fiberglass Chopped Strand Mat Sheets for Enhanced Compressive Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns

The hybrid confinement system combines various fiber types within a single matrix, allowing for the adjustment of volumetric ratios to optimize confinement performance. Synthetic FRPs are more expensive and have a higher carbon footprint due to significant CO2 emissions during production. In response, this study presents an innovative hybrid confinement approach using two natural materials: cotton ropes and FSMS (CFS) to improve concrete strength and ductility. Specimens, standardized at 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter with longitudinal steel bars and stirrups, were divided into two groups based on CFS configurations. The stress-strain response of CFS-confined concrete displayed distinctive behavior: an initial parabolic phase leading to peak compressive stress (ultimate strength), followed by a linearly degrading phase. Across all subgroups, CFS confinement significantly enhanced ultimate strength and corresponding compressive strains, with Subgroup 2A achieving the highest improvements of 246% in ultimate strength and 1477% in strain. Moreover, the ductility gain was reported as high as 20 for CFS-confined concrete. A non-proportional enhancement in the compressive behavior was observed with the increase in confinement ratio. Predictive models were developed for the idealized two-branch response of CFS-confined concrete, encompassing expressions based on nonlinear regression for ultimate strength, corresponding strain, ultimate strain, and elastic modulus. Two existing models were modified to trach each branch of the response. Integrating these two adjusted models closely replicated the experimental compressive curves.

Axial and eccentric compressive behavior of partially encased channel–concrete composite columns with bolted connections in modular buildings

This paper introduces a novel partially encased channel–concrete composite (PECC) column for modular buildings, aiming to eliminate the need for cast-in-place concrete and facilitate rapid assembly. The PECC column consists of two prefabricated modules connected by high-strength bolts. To evaluate the column's viability, six slender specimens—one bare steel column and five composite columns—were tested under axial and eccentric compression. Variables considered included the presence of concrete, the type of transverse connections, bolt spacing, and load eccentricity ratio. The compression performance of the PECC columns was analyzed by examining their failure patterns, load–deformation responses, initial stiffness, compressive capacity, and ductility. Test results revealed that the PECC columns failed due to global buckling, concrete spalling, and crushing. The bolted connections effectively prevented module separation, enabling the PECC columns to exhibit favorable compressive behavior. The reinforced concrete encased in the channel delayed the column's buckling failure, increasing its initial stiffness and compressive capacity by 98% and 198%, respectively. Using perforated steel plates instead of transverse links between the concrete and the channel enhanced the column's initial stiffness by 20% but had little effect on its compressive capacity. Reducing the bolt spacing improved the column's initial stiffness and compression resistance by 50% and 5%, respectively. Additionally, a finite element model for the PECC columns was developed and validated against test results. Finally, simplified formulas derived from Eurocode 4 were proposed to estimate the resistance of PECC columns under axial and eccentric compression.

Effect of super absorbent polymers on the self-healing capability of macrocracked ultra-high performance concrete under highly aggressive environments

In this study, the performance of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) as self-healing agents in macrocracked ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) was extensively evaluated, with a focus on compressive strength behavior in different aggressive environments. Three UHPC mixtures were designed: a control mixture, a UHPC with 0.3 % sodium polyacrylate (poly(AA)), and a UHPC with 0.3 % polyacrylate-co-acrylamide (poly(AA-co-AM)). Samples with macrocrack widths of 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm, as well as uncracked samples, were prepared. The samples underwent immersion in deionized water, chloride saltwater, and compound saltwater. The performance of self-healing was evaluated by measuring crack closure rates, recovered compressive strength, and stereomicroscopic inspections. Further, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) was performed to monitor mineral formation and the healing process. The results indicate that both poly(AA) and poly(AA-co-AM) SAPs significantly enhanced the self-healing capabilities of UHPC, with poly(AA) demonstrating superior performance. Self-healing was more pronounced in samples with cracks width of 0.3 mm, whereas samples with cracks widths of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm exhibited incomplete and negligible healing, respectively. The healed samples recovered a substantial portion of their compressive strength, regardless of the crack width. However, the presence of chloride and/or sulfate ions was found to impede the self-healing process. As observed from the SEM/EDX results, in addition to CaCO3 and C-S-H gel, undesirable healing products like Friedel’s salt and ettringite were also formed in chloride and compound saltwater environments which significantly affected self-healing durability.

Flexural & Compressive Strength Behaviour of Lowweight Engineered Timber Slab(ETS) composed of crack filler, wood adhesive & Saw dust

This study presents the Compressive & Flexural Strength performance of Low-weight Engineered Timber Slab(ETS) composed of wood adhesive, Saw dust, & crack filler. It provides empirical data on the flexural and compressive properties of engineered timber slab(ETS), which is an element of wood adhesive(WA), sawdust(SD), crack filler(CF). SD gave values of 562.3/m3, 0.67, 39.66%, 2.85, 1.2 and 2.98 for mean bulk density, mean specific gravity, mean water absorption, finess modulus, coefficient of curvature (Cc) and uniformity (Cu). Batching was done by volume by virtue of the low density of the component materials (SD & CF). The component materials were manually mixed. A total of twelve (12) cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150mm, were produced from mix ratios 0.5:0.5:2 & 0.5:0.75:2(WA : CF : SD) for compressive strength test. The above mix ratios were adopted based on the light-weight nature & high rate of water absorption of the component materials. A total of Twenty (20) slabs of size 300 x 300 x 100mm, 300 x 300 x 125mm, 300 x 300 x 150mm, 300 x 300 x 175mm and 300 x 300 x 200mm were cast for flexural strength of slab. Twenty(20) slabs were produced for with slab thickness of 100mm, 125mm, 150mm, 175mm and 200mm using the mix ratios 0.5:0.5:2 & 0.5:0.75:2(WA:CF:SD) respectively. the mean values of the compressive strength, flexural strength and deflection were 14.9MPa & 15.78MPa, 5.06MPa to 5.52MPa and 28.9mm to 86.5mm respectively

Acoustic Emission characteristics and damage evolution of Concrete-Encased CFST columns under compressive load

Concrete-Encased Concrete Filled Steel Tubular (CE-CFST) is usually served as a compression member in engineering structures due to its high performance. It is crucial to reveal its compressive failure mechanism and the damage evolution law. This study used Acoustic Emission (AE) technology to monitor the compressive failure behavior of seven groups of CE-CFST columns with different diameter-width ratio, slenderness ratio and eccentricity, and then the AE signal characteristics and structural damage evolution law were discussed. Results show that the curve of AE characteristics can be used for effectively identifying the damage stages of CE-CFST structures. The failure process can be divided into six stages: initial compaction, stable growth of micro cracks, unstable propagation of macro cracks, collapsing of the outer RC structure, bulging of the core CFST structure and overall failure. The AE characteristic parameters, RA-AF value and b value are closely related to stress and crack of structure, and can be used for early warning of structural failure during the stage of unstable crack propagation. Particularly, the failure of outer concrete can be judged as b value drops to the minimum. The current study is of great significance for understanding the damage evolution process and achieving damage assessment of CE-CFST structures.

Cyclic Tension–Compression Behaviors of Large-Dimensional Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy Buckling-Restrained Plates

Cyclic Tension–Compression Behaviors of Large-Dimensional Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy Buckling-Restrained Plates

Compressive behavior of yellow bamboo stalks (Phyllostachys aurea species) and their composites when filled with epoxy resin

Compressive behavior of yellow bamboo stalks (Phyllostachys aurea species) and their composites when filled with epoxy resin

Comparing the compression behavior of the antiperovskites CePt3Si, CePt3B, and YPt3B from combined X-ray diffraction experiments and density functional theory

In this study we report the synthesis three antiperovskites YPt3B, CePt3B, and CePt3Si as well a focused investigation of YPt3B, which all have the same P4mm symmetry with a large c∕a ratio at ambient conditions. The compounds are investigated under high-pressure using powder X-ray diffraction in diamond anvil cells. A structural transition is found to occur in the YPt3B compound at 23(2) GPa caused by the softening of a zone boundary phonon. Using a combination of symmetry analysis and structural prediction, the high-pressure phase is assigned to a structure described by the P2 (P121) space group. Calculation of the phonon dispersion confirms that this structure is dynamically stable with A = Ce, Y and Z = Si, B. It was found that the three APt3Z compounds behave differently with pressure. The bulk moduli for the three compounds are found to be 185(5) GPa, 155(3) GPa, and 128(2) GPa for YPt3B, CePt3B, and CePt3Si, respectively. We found that the Z atom moves away from the center with pressure for A = Ce along the c axis, whereas for A = Y, the Z atom stays in the approximately same position. This behavior is also reflected in their c∕a ratio which stays approximately constant in YPt3B. Overall we find that the Ce-bearing compounds are more compressible in the ab plane, reducing the tilting of the octahedra. As a result, in YPt3B and CePt3B the transition to the structure described by the P2 space group is likely to occur at higher pressures.

Impact of steel tube wall thickness on axial compression behavior of reinforced and recycled aggregate concrete-filled square steel tube short columns

Tests and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the impact of wall thickness of steel tube on the axial load performance of reinforced and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)-filled square steel tube short columns (R-RACFST). The test groups consisted of R-RACFST, concrete-filled square steel tube (CFST), and RAC-filled square steel tube (RACFST). Each group had five different wall thicknesses of the steel tube, and the RAC infill was made of 100 % recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). Two replicate specimens were prepared for each group and wall thickness. The tests were used to analyze the effect of steel ratio on failure mode, loading performance, and ductility. The analyses clarified that the reinforcement effectively enhanced the confinement effect on RAC, compensating for the inadequate confinement of the square tubes and the brittleness of the RAC with 100 % RCA. To further understand the acting role of reinforcement, numerical parametric studies were conducted. A novel numerical model for R-RACFSTs was established and verified with the tests. A total of 81 models were then simulated, considering the coupling effects between the wall thickness of the steel tube, the amount of reinforcement, and the strength of RAC. Based on the simulations, the coupling relationship between the steel tube and reinforcement, as well as the optimal range of steel ratio, were determined. Additionally, strength prediction equations were studied and proposed. The findings indicate that it is feasible to fill RAC with 100 % RCA in R-RACFSTs; when combined with appropriate reinforcement, R-RACFSTs with thinner tubes can achieve the same or better performance compared to RACFSTs with thicker tubes; the recommended reasonable range for the steel ratio and corresponding confinement coefficient in R-RACFSTs are 6.4 % to 13.7 % and 1.00 to 2.04, respectively; the predictions proposed are accurate and reliable.

Evaluation of compression behaviour of 316L SS Gyroid and Diamond structures using SLM process – Experimental programme under static and dynamic compression loadings

The relative comparison in terms of energy absorption efficiency for a set of 4 structures made of various Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) topologies is experimentally investigated. These TPMS structures are printed by Selective Laser Melting AM process using 316L SS. The study is carried out in consideration of the effect of parameters such as relative density, compressive loading directions and loading rates, number of unit cells for Diamond and Gyroids TPMS both declined for Sheet and Skeletal topologies. The objective is to quantify their structural responses in terms of apparent stress and strain, dynamic enhancement and Specific Energy Absorbed (SEA) and to evaluate their structural integrity in terms of collapse stability. The results reveal that the Sheet pattern of TPMS structures with its constant wall thickness and uniform geometry exhibits better energy absorption capabilities than the Skeletal pattern. The Diamond family shows greater interest rather than the Gyroid family only in the case of the Sheet pattern. The increase in relative density from 20 to 30% is characterized by improved manufacturing quality, an increase in energy absorption capacity and more homogeneous progressive deformations during compression. On the whole, the set of TPMS geometries exhibits energy absorption capacities prior to those of other conventional cellular materials currently used for impact engineering applications. Finally, in a first approach, an original design methodology using charts can be developed to establish a link between the energy absorption capabilities and the design geometric parameters of TPMS structures.

Axial compressive behavior of hybrid CFRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular columns

This paper investigates the axial compressive behavior of hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)-concrete-steel double-skin tubular columns (DSTCs) under core cross-section loading. A total of 18 DSTCs are tested, comprising 9 stub columns and 9 long columns. The thickness and fiber winding direction of the CFRP tube, hollow ratio, and slenderness ratio are compared. The impact of these factors is examined on failure modes, ultimate strength, and ductility of DSTCs. The tested results indicate that the failure modes of DSTCs are correlated with the fiber winding direction of the CFRP tube. Concrete confined by CFRP tubes with a fiber winding direction at 90° demonstrates minimal damage. The ultimate load of DSTCs is enhanced by increasing the thickness of CFRP tubes, whereas it is negatively influenced by both the hollow ratio and slenderness ratio. The ductility of DSTCs improves as the thickness of CFRP tubes and the hollow ratio increase. Additionally, the established FEA is utilized for stress analysis as well as parametric study of DSTC columns. The results show that the thickness of CFRP tubes, the modulus of elasticity in the circumferential direction of CFRP tubes, the slenderness ratio, and the hollow ratio have a greater effect on the axial compressive performance of DSTC long columns. The strength of concrete, the strength and thickness of steel tubes have less influence on the axial compressive performance of DSTC long columns. Typical FRP-confined concrete models are utilized to validate the axial ultimate strength. A new stability coefficient is recommended to improve the precision.

Moisture effects on the transverse compressive behaviour of single flax fibres

Studying the effects of moisture on the mechanical behaviour of single flax fibres, particularly in the transverse direction, is of key importance for the reliable use of biobased composites exposed to varying humidity levels. In this study, the apparent transverse Young’s modulus evolution of single flax fibres is recorded through repeated compressive load/unload cycles conducted at three Relative Humidity (RH) levels— 40%, 60%, and 80%. No significant changes in the apparent Young’s modulus, determined from the unloading, were observed during transverse compression cycling or under increasing humidity conditions. The absence of apparent softening with the rise in RH is attributed to the expression of two antagonistic mechanisms: wall softening due to plasticisation and structural stiffening linked to fibre compaction. Intriguingly, a noteworthy transverse stiffening is recorded at 40% RH following the humidification and drying of the fibre. This outcome is ascribed to a hornification phenomenon.

Dynamic compressive behavior of functionally graded triply periodic minimal surface meta-structures

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures have gained considerable attention because of their light weight, high strength, and excellent energy absorption capabilities. However, the effect of the amplitude that can control the topological morphology of a TPMS on the dynamic properties of the TPMS structure is not yet fully understood, as previous studies have focused on the relative density and size as well as their quasi-static mechanical properties. In this study, three types of uniform sheet-based TPMS structures with different amplitudes and three types of functionally graded sheet-based TPMS structures were proposed. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. Six types of TPMS lattice structures made of 316L stainless steel were manufactured via powder bed fusion. Quasi-static compression tests were performed at a strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹. The experimental results indicate that increasing the amplitude can increase the elastic modulus, plateau stress, and energy absorption capacity of a structure. Moreover, the functional gradient amplitude structure has a higher energy absorption capacity, and the structures with line and log gradient strategies improved by 17.38% and 35.43%, respectively, compared to the uniform structure with an amplitude of 1. Additionally, an idealized rigid-linear plastic hardening (R-LPH) model was proposed to predict the mechanical response of the structures. The finite element method (FEM) was used to construct dynamic compression numerical models, and their validity was verified through split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests at a strain rate of 695 s⁻¹. The mechanical response, deformation modes, and stress enhancement effects of the structures under dynamic compression were systematically studied. The results show that the mechanical performance and energy absorption capacity of the structures under dynamic impact loading increase with increasing strain rate. The critical velocity for the transition from the quasi-static mode to the impact mode increases with amplitude. For strain rates below 6000 s⁻¹, the strain rate effect is the main factor influencing the dynamic stress enhancement. As the strain rate continues to increase, the dynamic stress enhancement results from the combined effects of inertia and strain rate, with inertia effects gradually becoming the dominant factor. This study shows that functional gradient TPMS meta-structures have excellent mechanical and energy absorbing properties under quasi-static compression and dynamic compression, with potential applications in passive safety protection.

Failure Behavior and Mechanism of Vat Photopolymerization Additively Manufactured Al2O3 Ceramic Lattice Structures

Vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing produces lightweight load-bearing ceramic lattice structures that have flexibility, time-efficiency, and high precision, compared to conventional technology. However, understanding the compression behavior and failure mechanism of such structures under loading remains a challenge. In this study, considering the correlation between the strut angle and bearing capacity, body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice structures with varying angles are designed based on a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. BCT Al2O3 ceramic lattice structures with varying angles are fabricated by vat photopolymerization. The mechanical properties, deformation process, and failure mechanism of the Al2O3 ceramic lattice structures are characterized through a combination of ex- and in-situ X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) compression testing and analyzed using a finite element method (FEM) at macro- and micro-levels. The results demonstrate that as the angle increases, the stress concentration gradually expands from the node to the strut, resulting in an increased load-bearing capacity. Additionally, the failure mode of the Al2O3 ceramic lattice structures is identified as diagonal slip shear failure. These findings provide a greater understanding of ceramic lattice structure failures and design optimization approaches.

Compression behavior of ex-situ PVC foam-filled tubes

Abstract The present work investigates the mechanical characteristics of tubes filled with Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam. The tubes used are made of aluminum and were filled ex-situ. Static compression tests were performed on both axially (AL) and laterally (LL) loaded tubes. Comparisons between foam-filled (FFT) and empty (ET) tubes are presented, highlighting the foam-tube interaction effect. The emphasis is on elastic, strength and strain properties, but energy absorption performances are not neglected. Discussions regarding the failure mechanisms of ETs and FFTs are also presented. It was obtained that, regardless of the loading direction, FFTs show clearly superior mechanical properties to ETs. At the same weight, the specimens tested axially support higher loads than those tested laterally. This aspect is due to deformation mechanisms that take place in the samples during the tests. It was noted that the compressive strength is more affected by the filling than by the compressive modulus. Under lateral loads, the ETs samples fail quasi-brittle through complete failure of the tube, while in the case of FFTs, a ductile fracture with stable deformation of the sample is obtained.

Stress-strain behaviour of pre-damaged concrete confined with natural fibre reinforced polymer

In recent years, using environmentally friendly construction materials has become a new trend in structural engineering. This research presents the application of natural fibre reinforced polymer (NFRP) composites for repairing damaged structural concrete members. The compressive behaviour of pre-peak damaged concrete confined with two types of NFRP composites was investigated. The tensile properties of jute fibre reinforced polymer (JFRP) and sisal fibre reinforced polymer (SFRP) were examined and compared with those of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) using coupon tests. Subsequently, a series of pre-damaged concrete cylinders, confined with JFRP, SFRP, and CFRP, were subjected to uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that JFRP and SFRP are effective in providing confinement to pre-peak damaged concrete. The strength and ductility of pre-peak damaged concrete confined with NFRP increased with the number of NFRP layers. The cost-effectiveness of FRP-confined concrete was also evaluated, with JFRP being the most economically efficient. The eco-strength efficiency (ESE), defined as the increased compressive strength per unit of CO2 emissions, shows that JFRP is the most effective. This highlights JFRP's potential for sustainable construction. Finally, the compressive strength models were proposed. The models demonstrate improved accuracy in predicting the peak compressive strength of pre-peak damaged concrete confined with NFRP compared to existing models.

Microstructure and compressive behaviour of PLA/PHA-wood lattice structures processed using additive manufacturing

This study investigates the microstructure and compressive behaviour of PLA/PHA-wood lattice structures manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The primary objective is to evaluate the effects of defects, such as porosity and surface roughness, on the mechanical properties of these lattice structures. X-ray micro-tomography (XRT) and finite element analysis are employed to compare CAD models with real lattice structures, offering insights into defect-induced performance deviations. The novel approach integrates experimental and numerical methods to better understand damage accumulation in porous structures. The methodology includes uniaxial compression testing and image processing for microstructural characterization. Results reveal significant differences in relative density and stress concentration due to manufacturing defects. In particular, 3D printed lattice structures display typical cellular material behaviour with a primary bending deformation mechanism. X-ray tomography reveals that process-induced porosity generate stress heterogeneity, which is not captured from CAD-based model resulting in an overestimation of the stiffness. The study concludes that accounting for these defects can be quantified by shifting the target relative density to compensate lack of performance in 3D-printed lattice materials.

Numerical evaluation of the performance of UHPC beams under bending and shear loads using different material models

The Microplane and Menetrey-Willam concrete models are formulated on the research work of Bazant and Gambarova and Menetrey-Willam in the nineties respectively. They are used in this thesis to predict how reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams will behave when subjected to flexural and shear dominant loadings. The numerical models are available in ANSYS, and they can simulate UHPC's extraordinary mechanical properties, such as high compression and tension strength, strain hardening, and softening behavior in compression and tension. In this research, four UHPC beams with dimensions of 180 wide by 270 deep by 4000 mm long with tensile reinforcements were studied using the two cementitious composite models mentioned above with the ANSYS software. The beams were investigated under flexural four-point loading and shear three-point loading with the ANSYS program. A quarter-geometric section model of the full beam was considered for the four-point loading to take advantage of symmetry in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the beam. For the three-point loading, the full geometry model of the beam was considered only because of the lack of symmetry. The results from the ANSYS finite element software were validated with an experimental study conducted by different researchers to show its capacity to predict the bending and shear behavior of reinforced UHPC beams. The comparisons of the results of both material models show that they can simulate the behavior of UHPC beams by using experimental load-deflection plots of the beam specimens and force strain plots of the longitudinal tensile reinforcements in the sample beams.

GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Columns: State-of-the-Art, Behavior, and Research Needs

This comprehensive review paper delves into the utilization of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites within the realm of concrete column reinforcement, spotlighting the surge in structural engineering applications that leverage GFRP instead of traditional steel to circumvent the latter’s corrosion issues. Despite a significant corpus of research on GFRP-reinforced structural members, questions about their compression behavior persist, making it a focal area of this review. This study evaluates the properties of GFRP bars and their impact on the structural behavior of concrete columns, addressing variables such as concrete type and strength, cross-sectional geometry, slenderness ratio, and reinforcement specifics under varied loading protocols. With a dataset spanning over 250 publications from 1988 to 2024, our findings reveal a marked increase in research interest, particularly in regions like China, Canada, and the United States, highlighting GFRP’s potential as a cost-effective and durable alternative to steel. However, gaps in current knowledge, especially concerning Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) reinforced with GFRP, underscore the necessity for targeted research. Additionally, the contribution of GFRP rebars to compressive column capacity ranges from 5% to 40%, but current design codes and standards underestimate this, necessitating new models and design provisions that accurately reflect GFRP’s compressive behavior. Moreover, this review identifies other critical areas for future exploration, including the influence of cross-sectional geometry on structural behavior, the application of GFRP in seismic resistance, and the evaluation of the size effect on column strength. Furthermore, the paper calls for advanced studies on the long-term durability of GFRP-reinforced structures under various environmental conditions, environmental and economic impacts of GFRP usage, and the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in predicting the performance of GFRP-reinforced columns. Addressing these research gaps is crucial for developing more resilient and sustainable concrete structures, particularly in seismic zones and harsh environmental conditions, and fostering advancements in structural engineering through the adoption of innovative, efficient construction practices.