Comprehensive Typology Research Articles

Enriching the Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: The Transnational Dimension

Previous researchers developed a comprehensive typology for categorizing social entrepreneurship; however, their framework does not fully address some emerging forms. This paper offers a critical addition to their model by introducing the “transnational pragmatist”, a type of social entrepreneur with a grassroots background who creates a community-centric social enterprise in a foreign context. Through insights gained from interviews with social entrepreneurs, this paper identifies and defines the transnational pragmatist as a distinct category that fills a significant gap in Abebe’s framework. Our contribution broadens the typology to better capture smaller for-profit and nonprofit ventures operating transnationally, enhancing the model’s relevance for international social entrepreneurs from humble origins.

Decoding Fashion Activism Through Typology

The term “fashion activism” is now used to describe various activist practices related to fashion, dress, or clothing-making, despite their distinct natures. Although there has been extensive discourse on fashion activism, these distinctions are largely overlooked. This terminological confusion, combined with the complex dynamics of diverse cases of fashion activism, has made the concept daunting for many fashion practitioners, both professionals and students, potentially discouraging their participation. Therefore, our goal is to gain a clearer understanding of fashion activism through a comprehensive typology. We examined a wide range of activist practices broadly labeled as fashion activism, along with the varying critiques surrounding them. From this research, we categorized these instances into four distinct types, primarily based on their motivations, objectives, and methods: “Activism Uses Dress,” “Fashion Uses Activism,” “Activism Uses Fashion,” and “Activism Against Fashion.” Ultimately, through this typology, we aim to critically analyze and articulate the distinct characteristics of these four types of fashion activism, including their interests in profit-making, the limitations of their methods, their stances on the existing fashion system, and their final objectives. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the need to acknowledge and bridge the gap between fashion activism theory and practice, particularly to foster more prolific and productive collaborations between the two fields. In this vein, we present this typology as a terminological and structural framework to make fashion activism more accessible, while also highlighting the potential of activist design projects to create counter-narratives and catalyze fundamental shifts in the status quo.

The Expanding Domains of Degraded Work in the United States: Constructing a More Comprehensive Typology of Non-standard Employment Arrangements

The spread of non-standard employment (NSE) is widely considered to have contributed to the deterioration of labor standards. Yet, in the United States, there is no definitive roster of non-standard work arrangements and no reliable estimate of the size of the non-standard workforce. For over 25 years, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has produced artificially low estimates of employers’ use of ‘alternative employment arrangements’. Its 2018 Contingent Work Supplement (CWS) reported that since 1995 the proportion of US workers in these arrangements had declined. This article proposes a more systematic framework for understanding NSE in the United States and fleshes out a more comprehensive typology better suited toward addressing the needs of policymakers and labor activists. It fundamentally reorients the study of NSE by recognizing that so-called ‘alternative’ arrangements are abusive and more aptly understood as degraded work arrangements (DWAs). The article then explores the key categories of DWAs and provides a deeper analysis of one group, dissociative arrangements, that enable the flourishing use of ‘non-employee’ workers. Concluding sections address the undertheorized state of this subject area and the challenge of union organizing in fractured labor markets.

Lockdown Stories: A Qualitative Assessment and Comprehensive Taxonomy of Career Resources

Career resources are receiving increasing attention in the context of career development. This paper utilizes M. E. Ford’s (1992) ten components of effective functioning to provide a comprehensive typology of factors likely to act as career resources and test this proposition in a context of career shock with a narrative design. In the weeks following the first COVID-19 lockdown, 42 participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their well-being, perceived employability, and emotional anticipation of their career future, as well as to write three stories about their experience with the lockdown. M. E. Ford’s categories were used to identify and code the resources and obstacles mentioned in the stories. Results show the relevance of such a taxonomy to classify both career resources and obstacles. Additionally, the type of story (general story, positive or negative story) in which career resources and obstacles were mentioned played a significant role in their association with the quantitative measures. Conceptual and practical implications are discussed.

The typology of drones-based initiatives by Italian museums

ABSTRACT This study explores the emerging role of drones in museum management, with a special focus on the Italian context. Despite their prevalent use in other fields, drones remain underexplored in the museum sector outside of their archaeological applications. This study develops a comprehensive typology of drone applications in museums, with the aim of providing a roadmap for both academics and practitioners. In a multiple case study conducted across 18 Italian museums, the authors interviewed directors and staff involved in 34 drone-based projects. The findings reveal the diverse applications of drones, from marketing and heritage conservation to security and research, highlighting their potential to add value to heritage assets and visitor experiences. This paper also discusses the organisational implications of drone technology in museums, including strategy integration, privacy concerns and opportunities for cross-departmental collaboration.

Empowering women: navigating work environment challenges with mental toughness

Purpose This literature review examines women’s significant workplace challenges and explores mental toughness, a distinct non-cognitive ability associated with peak athletic performance. This study aims to understand this concept and its potential for women professionals facing similar challenges in an organisational context. Design/methodology/approach Based on a systematic literature review, this exploratory paper is an integrative literature review synthesising pre-existing knowledge using secondary scientific databases. This literature analysis will pave the way for comprehension of the existing body of research, identification of research gaps, and opportunities for further studies. Different typologies of mental toughness (MT) have been identified, and a new typology will emerge from this research study. Findings The study analyses over 100 articles based on MT typology and complex gender dynamics at work, especially the “broken rung” concept of trapping women in lower or mid-level roles in an organisation. This content analyses the recent emergence of the MT typology in academic research, with articles published after 2019 and a few earlier key works that shaped the concept of MT. In addition to contributing a comprehensive typology of MT and its impact on women professionals, this paper also provides recommendations for future research and individual-level development of MT to help women overcome workplace barriers globally. Research limitations/implications Understanding MT’s impact on women’s ability to overcome workplace barriers has HR implications, including hiring, retention, career advancement, training and closing gender gaps. This research may help individual women professionals adopt MT as a psychological resource to navigate work environment challenges. Further research is needed for practical insights, given this discussion is based on a literature review. Practical implications The practical implications of this study have a profound impact on human resource management practices within organisations, highlighting the multifaceted approach required to tackle gender disparity. A more inclusive and supportive work environment can be created by ensuring MT training is accessible to all employees. A comprehensive career development plan for women professionals, including but not limited to mentoring, executive sponsorship, skill-building training or stretched assignments, leadership coaching, networking opportunities, and increased visibility in the organisation are critical for career advancement and retention. Originality/value This study is a novel attempt to examine whether MT, which has proven effective in helping athletes achieve their goals, can be applied in a workplace environment. It is also a new endeavour to investigate whether women could use MT as a psychological tool to help them overcome obstacles in a diverse professional setting.

Mothers in doctoral education: Who cares? An ecological-systems analysis of support for PhD mums

PurposeIn light of a largely negative discourse, this study aims to identify the various ways in which PhD mums have been supported in a range of contexts to develop a comprehensive typology of positive support, as well as to identify patterns that transcend institutional, national and disciplinary borders.Design/methodology/approachThe study is guided by ecological systems theory which allows for the investigation of the various interrelated systems that influence (in this case) doctoral researchers. A mixed-methods survey elicited the first-hand experiences from recent and current PhD mums across the world.FindingsThe authors have identified a range of potential supports for PhD mums, but note a careful balance is needed to ensure that PhD mums are supported in their roles as both mother and doctoral researcher, where support in one domain does not contradict nor ignore support for the other.Originality/valueThis study complements the existing knowledge body, which consists mainly of localised studies, by providing a birds-eye view of issues that transcend national, geographic and disciplinary borders. A topography provides a visual map of the various sources of potential support and the complicated relationships between them.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ, ОКАЗЫВАЮЩИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РАЗВИТИЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ СЕВЕРНЫХ РЕГИОНОВ

Institutional factors play a key role in shaping the direction and nature of regional economic development. They define rules and regulations that affect economic activity, the investment climate, and social progress in the regions. The author presents a comprehensive typology of institutional factors determining the socio-economic development of the northern regions. This typology identifies the key institutional factors affecting both the economy and the social sphere of the northern region. The study identifies various types of institutional factors grouped into seven categories, each of which reflects unique approaches to analyzing their impact on regional development. These groups include specific institutional characteristics that determine the characteristics and directions of development of different regions. The research methods included content analysis of domestic and foreign publications, semantic analysis of definitions of institutions, as well as a systematic approach involving the study of phenomena in their constant development and interrelation. This study is important for determining the optimal strategies for the development of institutions that contribute to sustainable economic growth and social progress in the regions. The novelty of the work lies in the proposed author's typology of institutional factors, which comprehensively covers all aspects of their impact on the development of regions. Understanding and analyzing these factors become an important tool for developing an effective strategy for the development of the region in conditions of instability of the national economic system. The application of this typology makes it possible to more accurately identify the weaknesses and strengths of the institutional environment of each region, which, in turn, contributes to the creation of targeted measures to improve the institutional environment and stimulate sustainable economic growth.

A Typology of Tonal Exponence

This paper presents a typology of tonal exponence. Couched within an ive Word-and-Paradigm approach to morphology, the present study builds on previous studies on exponence typology and morphological organization by extending it to the study of tone. About half the languages of the world have tone systems, and tone is an important dimension in the morphologies of numerous languages. Tone is therefore a necessary part of a comprehensive typology of exponence. This paper shows that like segmental exponents, tonal exponents may be involved in a diversity of form-function mappings, but they also pose unique challenges due to their autosegmental nature. This study aims to advance our understanding of the role of tone in the organization of morphological systems by addressing deviations from form-function isomorphism, polyfunctionality, morphomic distributions, paradigmatic layers, and inflectional class organization. It is argued that the attested diversity of form-function mappings constitutes an empirical argument for a paradigm-based view of morphology, where the attested diversity is taken at face value and the range of encoding strategies are treated as equivalent, as opposed to choosing form-function isomorphism as the theoretical ‘ideal’.

Проблема типологизации игры в игротехнической деятельности: социально-философский анализ

The article addresses the game typologization issue in modern society, particularly the lack thereof despite the significant interest in the phenomenon itself, which manifests in a plethora of diverse forms. Based on the typological analysis, a review of philosophical and scientific literature is provided. Two primary philosophical approaches to understanding game are delineated: as a distinct reality (R.R. Ilyasov) and as a complement to existing ones (L.T. Retyunskikh). Specific scientific definitions in the realms of psychology, sociology, and economics are provided. The analysis reveals that definitions of game given by various scientists are largely congruent, yet the typology of the phenomenon itself remains underdeveloped by representatives of the scientific community. However, this is essential for the theoretical foundation of research on the application of gaming in social activities. Thus, existing scientific approaches and theories do not provide exhaustive systemic disclosure of the game specificity, indicating the need for developing a typology of this phenomenon in the context of its application for the needs of modern society. In conclusion, the absence of a developed typology of gaming poses a significant challenge for understanding its multifaceted nature within modern society. Despite the alignment of definitions across various disciplines, the lack of a comprehensive typology impedes theoretical advancements and practical applications in utilizing games for social activities. Addressing this issue is crucial for harnessing the potential of game to address the needs of modern society effectively.

A Typology of Social Media Use by Human Service Nonprofits: Mixed Methods Study.

Nonprofit organizations are increasingly using social media to improve their communication strategies with the broader population. However, within the domain of human service nonprofits, there is hesitancy to fully use social media tools, and there is limited scope among organizational personnel in applying their potential beyond self-promotion and service advertisement. There is a pressing need for greater conceptual clarity to support education and training on the varied reasons for using social media to increase organizational outcomes. This study leverages the potential of Twitter (subsequently rebranded as X [X Corp]) to examine the online communication content within a sample (n=133) of nonprofit sexual assault (SA) centers in Canada. To achieve this, we developed a typology using a qualitative and supervised machine learning model for the automatic classification of tweets posted by these centers. Using a mixed methods approach that combines machine learning and qualitative analysis, we manually coded 10,809 tweets from 133 SA centers in Canada, spanning the period from March 2009 to March 2023. These manually labeled tweets were used as the training data set for the supervised machine learning process, which allowed us to classify 286,551 organizational tweets. The classification model based on supervised machine learning yielded satisfactory results, prompting the use of unsupervised machine learning to classify the topics within each thematic category and identify latent topics. The qualitative thematic analysis, in combination with topic modeling, provided a contextual understanding of each theme. Sentiment analysis was conducted to reveal the emotions conveyed in the tweets. We conducted validation of the model with 2 independent data sets. Manual annotation of 10,809 tweets identified seven thematic categories: (1) community engagement, (2) organization administration, (3) public awareness, (4) political advocacy, (5) support for others, (6) partnerships, and (7) appreciation. Organization administration was the most frequent segment, and political advocacy and partnerships were the smallest segments. The supervised machine learning model achieved an accuracy of 63.4% in classifying tweets. The sentiment analysis revealed a prevalence of neutral sentiment across all categories. The emotion analysis indicated that fear was predominant, whereas joy was associated with the partnership and appreciation tweets. Topic modeling identified distinct themes within each category, providing valuable insights into the prevalent discussions surrounding SA and related issues. This research contributes an original theoretical model that sheds light on how human service nonprofits use social media to achieve their online organizational communication objectives across 7 thematic categories. The study advances our comprehension of social media use by nonprofits, presenting a comprehensive typology that captures the diverse communication objectives and contents of these organizations, which provide content to expand training and education for nonprofit leaders to connect and engage with the public, policy experts, other organizations, and potential service users.

Culturally based semantic losses in Lonely Planet’s travel guides translations for Beijing, Shanghai, and Sichuan

Translating cultural references in tourism materials is pivotal in bridging cultural gaps and facilitating cross-cultural communication. Despite the escalating demand for accurate translation, no research exists to address the losses in cultural connotations and their impact on semantic accuracy in Chinese-English cultural reference translation within Lonely Planet’s travel guides. This research seeks to fill this gap, specifically focusing on Beijing, Shanghai, and Sichuan destinations. The objectives are as follows: 1) to identify the types of cultural connotation losses in the English translation of Chinese cultural references; 2) to examine cultural-related semantic losses, considering instances where cultural connotation losses lead to partial or complete semantic losses; and 3) to elucidate the translation decisions (both macro and micro levels) implications on the culturally based semantic losses. A qualitative-descriptive approach forms the foundation of this research. The findings revealed seven types of cultural connotation losses, with partial semantic losses predominant. Applying Venuti’s domestication and foreignization, the results also uncovered a strong inclination toward foreignization, emphasizing the strangeness inherent in the source culture is intensified. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complexities of translating cultural connotations and maintaining semantic accuracy, offering a comprehensive typology that can guide future translation practices and serve as a springboard for further research in the field. Lastly, this study underscores the significance of maintaining cultural connotations in translation, thereby contributing to the ongoing development of cross-cultural communication.

Exploring the contours of consumer heterogeneity: Towards a typology of domestic hydrogen acceptance

Hydrogen energy technologies are anticipated to play a fundamental role in securing a decarbonised energy future. While the deployment of low-carbon hydrogen energy systems remains nascent and is subject to a range of techno-economic constraints, potential scalability will also hinge on social acceptance. In response, this study draws on extensive national survey data to derive a comprehensive typology of domestic acceptance, which reflects multiple factors influencing consumer attitudes towards low-carbon hydrogen heating and cooking appliances. The proposed typology is developed through rigorous coding of over 1000 qualitative statements, leading to 12 core acceptance factors composed of a mix of positive, neutral, and negative sub-factors. The study finds that eight primary sub-factors account for close to 60 % of identified codes, with knowledge deficit (negative), environmental benefits (positive), and financial risks (negative) ranking highest. Critically, these three sub-factors are also the most statistically significant predictors of consumer heterogeneity. At the sub-group level, the analysis shows that engagement with renewable energy technology and climate change is associated with stronger perceptions of environmental benefits and lower financial concerns. By contrast, financial risks and concerns over energy injustice constrain acceptance levels among fuel stressed respondents. Through mixed-methods analysis, the study transmits the value of advancing acceptance typologies as a critical mechanism for enacting a ‘just’ hydrogen economy. The analysis supports developing strategic measures which account for consumer heterogeneity to better support socially acceptable pathways for residential decarbonisation.

Boolean Subtypes of the U4 Hexagon of Opposition

This paper investigates the so-called ‘unconnectedness-4 (U4) hexagons of opposition’, which have various applications across the broad field of philosophical logic. We first study the oldest known U4 hexagon, the conversion closure of the square of opposition for categorical statements. In particular, we show that this U4 hexagon has a Boolean complexity of 5, and discuss its connection with the so-called ‘Gergonne relations’. Next, we study a simple U4 hexagon of Boolean complexity 4, in the context of propositional logic. We then return to the categorical square and show that another (quite subtle) closure operation yields another U4 hexagon of Boolean complexity 4. Finally, we prove that the Aristotelian family of U4 hexagons has no other Boolean subtypes, i.e., every U4 hexagon has a Boolean complexity of either 4 or 5. These results contribute to the overarching goal of developing a comprehensive typology of Aristotelian diagrams, which will allow us to systematically classify these diagrams into various Aristotelian families and Boolean subfamilies.

Bridging the citizenship law implementation gap: a typology for comparative analysis

While major advances have been made over the past years in comparing citizenship laws globally, most measures remain restricted to the law-on-the-books. Knowledge about the implementation of these laws remains limited. This poses the question to what extent these measures correspond with the law as experienced by targeted populations. In order to overcome the implementation gap when comparing and measuring citizenship law globally, this paper addresses the question of how to gain a coherent understanding of implementation. Developing a comprehensive typology, the paper distinguishes three crucial elements of implementation: (1) the entry into force of legal provisions (capturing the applicable state of citizenship law), (2) the interpretation of law (the specific interpretation of legal provisions used by the authorities responsible for their execution), and (3) the application of law (executing legal provisions in practice by the authorities). Subsequently, the paper illustrates how this typology can be applied to the analysis of citizenship law implementation by a case study of dual citizenship acceptance, focusing on the renunciation requirement for naturalisation and dual citizenship treaties. The paper concludes by outlining directions for a comparative research agenda that better corresponds with the lived experience of citizenship laws.

Discourse portraits of Instagram users

The findings from this qualitative study provide a comprehensive typology of Instagram users and elaborate their discourse portraits through analyzing Instagram posts, comments, and profiles. This study explores the ways in which Instagram users express themselves within the digital landscape. By analyzing the interplay between visual and textual elements, the semiotic mechanisms that users employ to convey their personal and social identities are uncovered. The discourse portraits of Instagram users are shaped by their choice of language, in particular, the selection of the appropriate role, time and space deixis reflecting the three types of Instagram users-creators, attractors and participants. Through the application of profiling method in linguistics and critical discourse analysis, this research identifies key themes and patterns in user-generated content, revealing how the identities are articulated on Instagram social media platform. This integrated approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how Instagram users construct and maintain their online identities. This investigation aims to enhance the understanding of the dynamic and performative nature of online identity in contemporary digital culture. The study also highlights the role of Instagram as a platform for social interaction and identity performance, where users navigate the tensions between self-expression and audience expectation. This paper contributes to the understanding of digital identity construction by demonstrating how the profiling method in linguistics provides a framework for analyzing the dynamic and complex ways in which users engage with and contribute to the evolving discourse on social media. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of considering both linguistic and visual elements in the study of online communication and the construction of contemporary digital identities.

Time and change: a typology for presenting research findings in qualitative longitudinal research

BackgroundQualitative longitudinal research (QLR) is an emerging methodology used in health research. The method literature states that the change in a phenomenon through time should be the focus of any QLR study, but in empirical studies, the analysis of changes through time is often poorly described, and the emphasis on time/change in the findings varies greatly. This inconsistency might depend on limitations in the existing method literature in terms of describing how QLR studies can present findings. The aim of this study was to develop and describe a typology of alternative approaches for integrating time and/or change in QLR findings.MethodsIn this method study, we used an adapted scoping review design. Articles were identified using EBSCOhost. In total, methods and results sections from 299 QLR articles in the field of health research were analyzed with inspiration from content analysis.ResultsWe constructed a typology of three types and seven subtypes. The types were based on the underlying structural principles of how time/change was presented: Type A) Findings have a low utilization of longitudinal data, Type B) Findings are structured according to chronological time, and Type C) Findings focus on changes through time. These types differed in 1) the way the main focus was on time, change or neither; 2) the level of interpretation in the findings; and 3) how theoretical understandings of time/change were articulated in the articles. Each type encompassed two or three subtypes that represented distinct approaches to the aim and results presentation of QLR findings.ConclusionsThis method study is the first to describe a coherent and comprehensive typology of alternative approaches for integrating time/change into QLR findings in health research. By providing examples of various subtypes that can be used for results presentations, it can help researchers make informed decisions suitable to their research intent.

Redefining banks in the digital era: a typology of banks and their research, managerial and policy implications

PurposeThis study aims to shed light on the evolving nature of banks in the digital era and the implications for bank marketing and management. The research addresses the need for a comprehensive typology of banks that integrates fintech and explores how traditional and app-only banks strategically position their brands. The key argument is that understanding the changing landscape of banking and the impact of technological advancements is crucial for banks to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by fintech and digital transformation.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines literature and practices to develop a typology of banks, describing their characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and providing examples. It also proposes new research agendas for scholars and practitioners in the field.FindingsThis paper introduces a typology of banks based on their adoption of fintech and digital technologies. Three distinct types of banks are identified: Traditional banks adopting FinTech (TBAF), Traditionally Driven Neo Banks (TDNBs) and Digitally Driven Neo Banks (DDNBs). TBAF are traditional banks that have embraced fintech solutions to enhance their operations and customer experiences. TDNBs represent a hybrid model, combining the trusted brand and infrastructure of traditional banks with the digital capabilities and agility of neo banks. DDNBs are purely digital banks that operate exclusively online, offering innovative and user-friendly banking services.Originality/valueThis study is a pioneering work that classified banks based on their utilization of fintech and digital technologies. The study provides a typology of banks based on fintech adoption, offering valuable insights for bank managers, policymakers and researchers. The research also outlines a research agenda, suggesting future investigations to further enhance understanding of the evolving banking landscape and its implications.

Contemporary challenges and AI solutions in port operations: applying Gale–Shapley algorithm to find best matches

Artificial intelligence (AI) developments enable human capability to deliver the same outcome at a lower cost. This research performs a high-level matching between AI solutions and challenges within the port area by developing a novel academic approach. This way, the matching is carried out more structured than when one (manager, developer, challenge owner, etc.) fulfils it based on their opinion without following any structured approach. Therefore, the study defines first a comprehensive typology of port stakeholders' challenges, which can be solved via AI solutions. This typology presents challenges, including their main issues, widespread impact, and potential solutions. A state-of-the-art review of AI solutions that can address these challenges is carried out in parallel. Secondly, this review clearly distinguishes between AI solutions based on their technology and functionality. Thirdly, this research selects an appropriate AI solution for addressing each identified challenge in the port operation by upgrading the Gale–Shapley algorithm. Finally, it shows that the most critical presented AI solutions in this study use various machine learning (ML) techniques. Besides, concerning the AI solution's reusability feature and the result of high-level matching, this research shows that the implementation phase effort can be drastically reduced by using the recently developed matching algorithm.

Psychological need satisfaction across work and personal life: an empirical test of a comprehensive typology.

A comprehensive typology of the satisfaction of psychological needs at work and in personal life was developed and tested. The typology proposes five scenarios (Enriched, Middling, Impoverished, Work-Fulfilled, and Personal Life-Fulfilled) accounting for various profiles of employees showing distinct configurations of global and specific levels of need satisfaction at work and in personal life. The scenarios were tested in a sample of 1,024 employees. Using latent profile analysis, five profiles were identified that were consistent with four or the five scenarios, either aligned (Globally Satisfied, Globally Unsatisfied) or misaligned (Globally Satisfied at Work with High Relatedness, Globally Satisfied in Personal Life with High Autonomy, and Globally Satisfied in Personal Life with Low Autonomy) across domains. No profile corresponding to the Middling scenario was observed. The results indicate that perceived job and individual characteristics predicted membership in distinct profiles. More importantly, unlike the profile Globally Unsatisfied, the profile Globally Satisfied contributed substantially to higher well-being (vitality and lower psychological distress), and to more favorable job attitudes (job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions) and behaviors (self-rated job performance and lower absenteeism, presenteeism, and work injuries). Furthermore, two of the misaligned profiles were also substantially associated with highly desirable outcome levels.