Comprehensive Supervision Research Articles

Integrated approach across prerequisite programmes and procedures based on HACCP principles

Food business operators are required to implement and maintain a system based on HACCP principles. The HACCP is the only food safety management system, the implementation of which is obligatory. The standards laid down by the Codex Alimentarius Commission serve as benchmarks not only for the obligatory implementation of the HACCP system principles, but also for private standards such as ISO, IFS or BRC. A voluntary implementation of private standards may lead to the wrong assumption that food companies do not necessarily have to but only may comply with the guidelines laid down by the implemented standard. The HACCP system guarantees no absolute food safety in and of itself. The underlying assumption of the HACCP system is that high-risk hazards should be controlled with the use of critical control points (CCPs). It is impossible to identify CCPs in all enterprises. In certain food businesses there are exclusively medium-risk or low-risk hazards that may be controlled with oPRPs or PRPs, respectively. The awareness on the role of critical control points and prerequisite programmes in the producer's efforts to prevent or eliminate hazards, or to reduce them to acceptable levels, is a key for performing a comprehensive supervision. During the performance of an official control, instead of focusing exclusively on the HACCP procedures, it is reasonable to apply an integrated approach comprising both prerequisite programmes and the HACCP principles..

Integrated Approach Across Prerequisite Programmes and Actions Based on the HACCP Principles A

Food business operators are required to implement and maintain a system based on the HACCP principles. The HACCP is the only food safety management system, the implementation of which is obligatory. The standards laid down by the Codex Alimentarius Commission serve as benchmarks not only for the obligatory implementation of the HACCP system principles, but also for private standards such as ISO, IFS or BRC. A voluntary implementation of private standards may lead to a wrong assumption that food companies do not necessarily have to, but only may comply with the guidelines laid down by the implemented standard. The HACCP system guarantees no absolute food safety in and of itself. The underlying assumption of the HACCP system is that high-risk hazards should be controlled with the use of CCPs. It is impossible to identify critical control points in all enterprises. In certain food businesses, there are exclusively medium-risk or low-risk hazards that may be controlled with OPRPs or PRPs, respectively. The awareness on the role of critical control points and prerequisite programmes in the producer's efforts to prevent or eliminate hazards, or to reduce them to acceptable levels is a key for performing a comprehensive supervision. During the performance of an official control, instead of focusing exclusively on the HACCP procedures, it is reasonable to apply an integrated approach comprising both prerequisite programmes and the HACCP principles..

Some Tools for Carrying Out a Proposed Process for Supervising Experience Hours for Aspiring Board Certified Behavior Analysts®.

While task clarification, goal setting, feedback, and behavioral skills training (BST) are well-supported methods for performance improvement, there is no standardized approach to supervising aspiring Board Certified Behavior Analysts® (BCBAs®) that specifies how such practices should be used within a comprehensive supervision system, namely for supervising those who are still accruing experience hours for the purpose of becoming board certified. This article outlines a systematic approach to BCBA supervision and provides a set of tools that supervisors can use to ensure that they are engaging in empirically based supervision practices.

Why Can't We Supervise What Central Banks are Doing in Our Name? Troubling Gaps in State Auditing of Central Banks in Eurozone

Article presents the attempts of Central banks in Europe to avoid comprehensive supervision over the regularity and performance of their operations by referring to their independence. Even though the effectiveness of operations of central banks in Europe significant influences public finance standings and economic situation in general, there is no efficient control established over the central banks in Europe. National central banks (NCB) in Eurozone are reluctant to account to Supreme Audit Institutions (SAI) since they endeavour to achieve the legal prohibition of audit of their operations respectively they are willing to agree only to significantly limited audit scope of (less important) parts of their operations. The final decisions are in hands of national parliaments that are – without prejudice to the competence of the EU institutions – independent in determining the scope of audit by the national SAIs over the national central banks.

The research of teaching supervision mechanism in modern military academy

In this study, with the mechanism for teaching supervision in military colleges and universities construction as the starting point, the author makes an in-depth analysis of the problems existing in the current teaching supervision system of military academies, such as the imperfect mechanism, the limitation of the function, the lack of full-time staff, the lag of information technology and so on, and inves-tigates and surveys the status quo of teaching supervision at home and abroad. It also puts forward some countermeasures, such as constructing the comprehensive supervision system, realizing the function trans-formation, promoting the innovation of the mode, expanding the connotation of the supervision, optimizing the structure of the team, developing the professional training, and strengthening the information construc-tion and so on. Key words: Military colleges and universities; Teaching supervision; Mechanism

Clinical efficiency and dermoprotection of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate drug in case of psoriasis: from the antioxidation point of view

Objective. To study the clinical significance of oxidative processes modulation within frames of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate dermatropic efficiency assessment in patients with psoriasis affected by arterial hypertension. Materials and methods. The results of this study are based on data of comprehensive examination and supervision of 30 patients suffering from psoriasis with different clinical forms such as normal levels of blood pressure (the control group) or in combination with hypertension (the study group). Results. The comparative description of the antioxidative therapy efficiency was performed by the end of treatment. The findings showed significantly positive antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate clinical efficiency in patients with psoriasis affected by arterial hypertension. In case of patients with combined psoriasis and essential hypertension course 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate therapy caused reliable decrease of free-radical oxidation intensification in particular nitrosative (reliable decrease of nitrotyrosine) and oxidative (negative dynamics of endothelin-1 and positive dynamics as to glutathione metabolism) stresses. That, in its turn, decreased the evidence of apoptotic and inflammatory processes (caspase-8 and TNF-α regress) both directly and indirectly by means of mediating anti-inflammatory effect on endothelium cells and macrophages of anticoagulant proteinase through endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) with production of components and structures of extracellular matrix and disturbance of microcirculation. Thus, it determines the key pathogenetic aspects of psoriasis. The decrease of VEGF expression indicators level (vascular endothelial growth factor) and serotonin, associated with this combined therapy, had stipulated statistically significant positive clinical and subjective effect in form of regress of dermatological changes (PASI index), decrease of itch (optimization of serotonin biosynthesis and reduction of methionine conversion (with homocysteine formation)) and improvement of life quality. Conclusions. Taking into account potential influence of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate on these pathophysiological predictors and pathogenesis, which are to some extent involved in formation and progression of psoriatic disease, use of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate is sufficiently effective in conditions of psoriasis therapy optimization.

Continuous care and patients’ basic needs during weaning from mechanical ventilation: A qualitative study

Mechanical ventilation is associated with a number of risks and complications. Thus, rapid and safe weaning from mechanical ventilation is of great importance. Weaning is a complex and challenging process, requiring continuous care and knowledge of the patient. The aim of the present study was to describe the continuous care process during weaning as well as to analyse the facilitators and obstacles to the weaning process from start to finish from the perspective of intensive care unit (ICU) staff, particularly nurses. Twenty-two ICU staff members, including nurses and physicians, and three patients hospitalised in the ICU were enrolled in this qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and the transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis. 'Continuous care' was found to be the patients' basic need during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Uninterrupted, stable, comprehensive and dynamic care and monitoring with immediate response to all physiological and psychological changes were features of continuous care. The three main themes identified by this study were time spent with the patient, comprehensive supervision and maintenance of the quality of care during shifts. Continuous and constant care should be provided during the weaning process. Such care will help to provide health care staff with a deeper understanding of the patient and his or her continuous changes, leading to a timely and favourable response during weaning. To achieve this goal, skill, communication and organisational changes are essential.

Building a sustainable workforce in a rural and remote health service: A comprehensive and innovative Rural Generalist training approach.

Historically it has been challenging to recruit and retain an appropriately trained medical workforce to care for rural and remote Australians. This paper describes the Queensland North West Hospital and Health Service (NWHHS) workforce redesign, developing education strategies and pathways to practice, thereby improving service provision, recruitment and retention of staff. The Mount Isa-based Medical Education Unit sought accreditation for a Rural Generalist (RG) training pathway from Internship to Fellowship with the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM) and the Regional Training Provider (RTP). This approach enhanced the James Cook University (JCU) undergraduate pathway for rurally committed students while improving recruitment and retention of RMOs/Registrars. Accreditation was achieved through collaboration with training providers, accreditation agencies, ACRRM and a local general practice. The whole pathway from ignore Internship to Fellowship is offered with the RG Intern intake as a primary allocation site beginning in 2016. Comprehensive supervision and excellent clinical exposure provide an interesting and rewarding experience - for staff at all levels. Since 2013 RMO locum rates have been <1%. Registrars on the ACRRM pathway and Interns increased from 0 to 7 positions each in 2015, with similar achievements in SMO staffing. Three RMOs expressed interest in a Registrar position, CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate governance is needed to develop and advertise the program. This includes the NWHHS, the RG Pathway and JCU.

The Argument for Robust Competition Supervision in Developing and Transition Countries

This is a draft of an article that will be published - after some editorial revision - in the Journal of Governance and Regulation. It discusses first the differences between market economic models, socialist or planned economies, and economies controlled by monopolies or cartels, to make the case for competition supervision. Subsequently it argues for a broad approach to competition supervision - beyond a narrow view of antitrust law. This part discusses monopoly or dominant position and the criteria to measure them. It reviews the reasons for merger control as a preventive step against monopoly or dominant position. Finally it discusses the issues related to collusion in the form of cartels and how to detect them. The third part of the paper focuses on the best ways for developing and transition countries to introduce or reinforce comprehensive competition supervision: Functioning institutions and how they have to be empowered and structured; priorities to be set; how competition oversight has to be embedded in the legal system, including court review; and why effective enforcement is so important and how it can be promoted. In an annex, there are links to some 75 countries which have newly introduced competition laws in the past 25 years and their legislative materials. Finally, there are links to another 30 countries which have substantially revised their legislative bases in the same time frame.

Study on Performance Evaluation of Government Comprehensive Supervision for Safety Production Based on Balanced Score Card amdash; A Case Study in Shandong Province, China

The government supervision is the key to guarantee work safety. In order to improve the level of safety production supervision of the government, a performance evaluation indicator system of safety production supervision within city and county two levels for the local government has been established according to the theory of key performance indicators. 4 first-level indicators and 40 secondary indicators have been designed. The weight of these indicators has been determined by using the analytic hierarchy process and Delphi method. This study may contribute to providing management tools and ideas for the local government performance evaluation on the supervision safety production in China.

The Effects of Skill Training on Social Workers' Professional Competences in Norway: Results of a Cluster-Randomised Study.

Using a cluster-randomised design, this study analyses the effects of a government-administered skill training programme for social workers in Norway. The training programme aims to improve social workers' professional competences by enhancing and systematising follow-up work directed towards longer-term unemployed clients in the following areas: encountering the user, system-oriented efforts and administrative work. The main tools and techniques of the programme are based on motivational interviewing and appreciative inquiry. The data comprise responses to baseline and eighteen-month follow-up questionnaires administered to all social workers (n = 99) in eighteen participating Labour and Welfare offices randomised into experimental and control groups. The findings indicate that the skill training programme positively affected the social workers' evaluations of their professional competences and quality of work supervision received. The acquisition and mastering of combinations of specific tools and techniques, a comprehensive supervision structure and the opportunity to adapt the learned skills to local conditions were important in explaining the results.

Identifying non-point source priority management areas in watersheds with multiple functional zones

The concept of water functional zones promotes the comprehensive supervision and scientific oversight of non-point source (NPS) pollution at the watershed scale. Therefore, understanding the spatial distributions and temporal trends in watershed priority management areas (PMAs) is important in the study and efficient management of NPS pollution. However, no comprehensive studies of PMAs have been conducted to protect water quality effectively in watersheds with multiple water functional zones. In this study, a new framework is presented that quantifies the perturbations of multiple spatial assessment units to the quality of nearby water bodies in various water functional zones. This innovative approach, which combines the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and statistical analysis, was applied to characterize multiple-level PMAs with a case study of the Daning River watershed in China. Based on the results, the advantage of this new framework is better suited to downstream areas, particularly in dry periods and severely polluted watersheds. This paper reinforces the view that the concept of zoning should be taken seriously in the framework of PMAs targeting. From the aspect of watershed management, these new PMAs can offer an optimal strategy for locating comprehensive and cost-effective management practices at the watershed scale, particularly in large watersheds or long river systems.

Legal Regulation of Vegetables Quality and Safety

Safety is the main factor of vegetable production, management and consumption. Vegetable security ties with the masses of the people's vital interests and the health and safety. In recent years, constantly improve vegetable safety supervision mechanism in our country, carry out comprehensive governance and rectification of vegetable safety severely heavy vegetable safety illegal and criminal behavior. But vegetables pesticide residues on vegetables safety problems appear frequently. Vegetable safety has become the focus of attention. National vegetable safety base is still weak, vegetable safety law regulation a long way to go. Treats only comprehensive, scientific regulation, vegetable quality and safety supervision work to create a new situation unceasingly. Since China's vegetable safety supervising actuality, this paper analyzed the vegetables safe current legal regulation system and security law regulation of specific measures.

Research and Implementation of a Wireless Network Security Inspection Platform for a Power Supply Enterprise

Currently, information security inspection can only be conducted via network scan using a laptop, which results in a low-efficient one-by-one check, and moreover lacks the ability to locate wireless networks and not to mention technical measures to discover hidden networks. With respect to the regulations of a power supply enterprise regarding wireless network security, combined with the operation and maintenance comprehensive supervision system (IMS), and the information extranet security monitoring system (ISS), a cascading wireless network security inspection platform is studied and implemented. This paper describes the wireless network encryption technology, and details the deployment pattern and the work flow, etc. about the wireless network security inspection platform. Experiments show that the platform provides support for the information security supervision work of wireless networks and can effectively safeguard the security of wireless networks in a power enterprise.

The Research of the Feasibility of China to Learn from the U.S. Federal Government Performance Evaluation

Government performance evaluation is a rather effective tool of government administrative reform, government management innovation and government reengineering activities. It will be a comprehensive supervision of the operation process and result of government power and make it possible to establish a clean, efficient and responsible government. Currently, China's performance evaluation of all levels of government in both theory and practice has made remarkable achievements, however, China's government performance evaluation also encountered many problems due to the late start and the complexity of performance evaluation. Throughout the world, the U.S. government performance evaluation has the most typical representative, and it is of great significance for China to systematically study and draw the beneficial experience from the U.S. government performance evaluation.

Bank Failures and the Source of Strength Doctrine

This paper examines the determinants of bank failures in the US banking system during the recent financial crisis. The analysis employs a data set on the financial statements of FDIC-insured commercial banks and their bank holding companies, along with information on bank failures, mergers and acquisitions. The econometric evidence suggests that failed banks have been characterized by significantly higher loan growth rates, well ahead of the financial crisis, coupled with higher exposures to the mortgage market segment and to funding in the form of brokered deposits. We also find evidence that commercial banks have been less likely to fail, when they belonged to well-capitalized and profitable bank holding companies with lower exposures to short-term funding. Our results provide empirical support for the recent modifications in bank regulation and supervision which introduce counter-cyclical components for capital buffers and a more comprehensive supervision of consolidated banking groups.

Postgraduate Supervision: Comparing Student Perspectives from Malaysia and the United Kingdom

Postgraduate supervision is a much explored field and a subject of close scrutiny in the West but there is scant empirical research in Asia; particularly in Malaysia. It was against this uncharted background that the current study was conducted to compare and contrast postgraduate supervision practices from the perspectives of supervisees from both Malaysia and the United Kingdom. The study involved 66 postgraduate students from Malaysia and 33 postgraduates from the UK. Data were collected via a questionnaire and semi structured interviews. Findings indicated that there was a significant difference between Malaysian and the UK supervisees’ expectations of the roles and responsibilities of their supervisors. Supervisees from Malaysia looked for a ‘people’ oriented supervisor who was a motivator and confidence booster whilst respondents from the UK stressed the need for a supervisor to be an expert in their specific field of study. Respondents from Malaysia were also more dependent and had higher expectations of their supervisors when compared to their counterparts in the UK. With regards to supervisory practices, there was no significant difference between supervisory practices of supervisors in both countries. Since there exists two different world cultures of supervisors and the supervisees, it is pertinent to conduct in-depth studies involving both parties to help develop a comprehensive supervision model where students can be guided into professional research communities.

Practice of Government's Comprehensive and Whole Process Quality Supervision on Energy Efficiency Project in Civil Building

Building energy efficiency is the inevitable way to build and carry out sustainable development strategy, and it is also the inherent requirement to improve the quality of building function. The procedural law which engineering quality of building energy efficiency forms demands that it is necessary for government to put comprehensive and whole process supervision into effect, to pay attention to quality review before construction, to strengthen comprehensive supervision during construction, to be rigid when supervising on checking the quality of energy efficiency project , to be serious to handling procedures and methods of energy efficiency project supervision, and to standardize supervision reports and archives. In a word, all above are to realize continuous improvements and efficiency increasing of government supervision on engineering quality of building energy efficiency project.

A Study on Sex Offenders Registration and Notification Act of the U.S.

Congress enacted the sex offender registration and notification act in order to prevent sexual offenses and protect public safety in the U.S.. Namely, in 2006, the Jacob Wetterling Act and Megan's Law were integrated into the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act as a comprehensive sex offender supervision and management scheme. The AWA aims to eliminate loopholes and gaps formed by inconsistent state laws and statutes as well as to provide the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification. However, the AWA contains over-inclusive sex offender registration requirements and punishments. For this reason, the implementation of the AWA may cause problems for states, sex offenders, and citizens, both as taxpayers and as beneficiaries of the AWA. Therefore, the AWA that does not differentiate between violent and non-violent offenders should be reformed to allow law enforcement officials to focus on sex offenders convicted of violent and heinous crimes. That is, the AWA should not apply to sex offenders who are not dangerous, not likely to recidivate, and who committed non-violent crimes. In addition, because the AWA requires juvenile offenders to registrate on public notification forums, it may result in a greater risk to community safety and potential risk of reoffense. Accordingly, juvenile offenders convicted of non-violent sex offenses and not likely to recidivate will be provided appropriate treatments to be rehabilitated as members of community.

A study on government regulation mechanism of promoting enterprises in China in energy conservation

PurposeThis paper attempts to study the impact of changing incentive strategies on enterprises' energy saving effort level and to construct an effective principal‐agent mechanism to achieve Pareto improvement of energy‐saving control.Design/methodology/approachStarting from the benefit relations between government and enterprises as well as their game strategies in energy conservation management, the impact of changing incentive strategies on enterprises' energy saving effort level and the asymmetric information situation of the players are studied taking into consideration the angle of strategies evolving in local government. Also, an effective principal‐agent mechanism to achieve Pareto improvement of energy‐saving control is constructed.FindingsThe results are convincing: interests of both the principal and agent had consistency under the principal‐agent mechanism, and the principal‐agent model was a mechanism with rich efficiency that could substantially arouse the enthusiasm of enterprises in energy saving. The comprehensive supervision of local governments over enterprises could effectually eliminate ill effects on energy‐saving management caused by information asymmetry under certain circumstances.Practical implicationsIt is good for locating the balance of interest of game players by building a government energy saving mechanism based on principal‐agent theory. Through solving a game stable strategy, it is beneficial to seize a key point of regulation and control policies.Originality/valueThe paper succeeds in analyzing decision behaviours of government and enterprises through the basic idea of cooperative game theory so as to make actions of enterprises at all levels agree to government determined solving of energy issues.