Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Research Articles

Explaining Countries’ Formal Engagement with the People’s Republic of China’s Digital Connectivity Plan: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT Under what conditions do countries formally engage with the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) Digital Silk Road (DSR)? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) highlights two main findings: first, a comprehensive strategic partnership with the PRC, individually and in combination with China being a leading importer, is a necessary condition to explain countries’ formal commitment to DSR; second, as expected, no single condition turns out to be sufficient; rather, an interplay of several factors is required. The results point to the empirical importance (though not always sufficient) of the absence of an alternative foreign-backed initiative with other major powers, the existence of a comprehensive strategic partnership with the PRC, and its presence as a leading importer. This suggests that, in the absence of alternative connectivity plans, countries’ existing economic and strategic relationships with the PRC predispose them to formally engage in the DSR. This is particularly the case for Southeast Asian countries.

Peluang dan Tantangan Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Pasca Terbentuknya Kerja Sama Pertahanan Trilateral AUKUS

Indonesia and Australia are neighboring countries with fluctuate bilateral relations. In 2018, they formed Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (IA-CSP) to enhance their partnerships in strategic sectors for the stability of regional security in the Indo-Pacific. However, the problem came up in 2021 when Australia established trilateral defense cooperation AUKUS with the United Kingdom and the United States. This cooperation facilitates Australia to have nuclear-powered submarines to strengthen its military power. This cooperation has raised the eyebrows of Indonesia as it is against IA-CSP’s pillars, particularly pillar on securing the two countries and the region’s shared interest, and pillar on contributing to Indo-Pacific stability and prosperity. Therefore, Indonesia regretted Australia’s participation in AUKUS because the former deemed the latter to have violated its commitment on IA-CSP. This research aims to analyze IA-CSP’s opportunities and challenges post-establishment of AUKUS. It used a qualitative method, with interviews and literature review in place to collect data. The authors used regional security complex theory and strategic partnership concept for analysis. This research found that AUKUS does not disrupt the implementation of IA-CSP because the cooperation instead provides opportunities that Indonesia can utilize for its national interest. However, AUKUS poses challenges that Indonesia needs to tackle.

Research on the Reform of Training Applied Talents in Vietnamese Major in Border Universities -- Guangxi Minzu Normal University

Vietnamese language talents are the bridge and foundation for the sustained and healthy development of good-neighborly friendship and comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Vietnam. With the continuous deepening of China-ASEAN cooperation and the implementation of relevant strategies, today s society has put forward new and higher requirements for Vietnamese language talents. Currently, colleges and universities on the China-Vietnam border are facing problems such as lagging teaching material construction, lack of targeted talent output in cultivating Vietnamese language applied talents. Taking Guangxi Minzu Normal University as an example, combined with the current background and the characteristics of school, the article explores the methods and concepts for cultivating applied talents in the Vietnamese language major in border universities from the aspects of improve teaching mode, strengthening textbook constructio. To cultivate high-standard, high-level, all-round and compound talents who serve local economic and social development and ASEAN cooperation.

The Vietnam-United States Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in the Indo-Pacific Region

The Vietnam-United States Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in the Indo-Pacific Region

Политическое сотрудничество в рамках ШОС: актуальность, ответы на современные вызовы и перспективы развития

The article delves into the fundamental aspects of political interaction among a group of countries as part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). It examines the organization’s achievements, such as the establishment of key principles – the “Shanghai Spirit” and “consensus”; the signing of the “Treaty on Long- Term Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation among the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”; and the formulation of the Medium-Term Development Strategy for expansion and diversification of participants. Additionally, it highlights the significance of the Sino-Russian interaction as a pivotal element of SCO activities, emphasizing their comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era as a guarantee of the union’s stability. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that over more than 20 years of development, the SCO has evolved into a new type of regional cooperation organization with advanced interaction concepts and significant international influence, the experience of which could inform the prospects for global cooperation.

Strangers to Strategic Allies: An Overview of Thriving, Prospering and Blossoming Sino-Saudi Relations

Over the last one-decade, Saudi Arabia has adopted the policy of “Looking East” and is rigorously busy in developing and augmenting its economic and diplomatic relations with China. Since 2016, China and Saudi Arabia have strongly supported and complemented each other via China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the Saudi Vision 2030. In January 2016, Chinese President Xi Jinping paid a grand state visit to Saudi Arabia, during which both countries decided to enter a comprehensive strategic partnership. Later in March 2017, Saudi King Salman bin Abdul Aziz visited China and endorsed the Belt and Road Initiative project of China. By reciprocating, China expressed its support for Saudi Arabia’s pursuit of the 2030 Vision and offered its help to Saudi Arabia in achieving a diversified economy. So, both countries are busy in cementing their relations upon the synergy of their two signature programs i.e. China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Saudi Vision 2030. This article highlights the historical overview of Sino-Saudi relations, describing how the two countries transitioned from mutual apathy to diplomatic relations, and then how this relationship grew to the point that they entered into a comprehensive strategic partnership.

Exploring the Practical Path of New Talent Exchange under the Belt and Road Initiative-Taking China and Belarus as an Example

The Belt and Road Initiative is a global cooperation initiative proposed by China to promote global cooperation and common development. Belarus, as an important country in the Belt and Road Initiative in Eastern Europe, plays a fundamental pioneering role in the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative.This paper examines how China and Belarus have actively explored the realization path of talent exchange and cultivation under the framework of the Belt and Road initiative, strengthened humanistic exchanges between the two countries, and promoted the sharing of technology, culture and knowledge, thus injecting new impetus into the development of the all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries in the future.

Vietnam - India Oil and Gas Cooperation: From “Strategic Partnership” To “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership”

Entering a new phase of the "Look East Policy": the "Act East" policy, the relationship between Vietnam and India has grown and developed in almost all fields. Based on a developing traditional relationship, upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership, Vietnam is an essential pillar in India's "Act East" policy in the Indo-Pacific context. With abundant resources, especially oil, and gas, the collaboration and investment between the two nations in this field have been increasingly strengthened and developed despite adverse reactions from China - a key challenge in the relationship between the two countries – especially in oil and gas exploration and production projects in the South China Sea. This article presents the results of cooperation between Vietnam and India in the oil and gas field in the context of China's rise and strong intervention.

China-Russia Cooperation Exchanges in Retrospect and Cultural Communication in Prospect

The year 2024 marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia. Over the past ten years, the China-Russian Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination has become increasingly close and deeply rooted in people's minds. The paper reviews the exchanges between China and Russia in the areas of political communication, economic cooperation and cultural exchanges since the 18th CPC National Congress (2012), as well as with the guidance of the strategy of Comprehensive Revitalization of Northeast China and under the background of Harbin’s Booming Winter Tourism, Northeast China makes full use of geographic advantages and resource endowments to play the role of "transfer station" and "bridgehead" in China-Russia economic and trade cooperation and cultural exchanges. What’s more, the paper discusses recommendations of Northeast China in terms of expanding the influence of culture and tourism, creating regional brand characteristics, and optimizing the main body, media and activities of external communication, to put forward a Chinese proposal with characteristics of the Northeast region from the perspective of China-Russian friendly exchanges and cross-cultural communication.

Research on the Development of China-Brazil Trade Relationship under the Lula Administration—Based on the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

During President Lula’s visit to China, the two sides issued a joint statement on deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership, which made clear the common will to continuously promote economic and trade cooperation. The trade structure of China and Brazil is highly complementary, and the trade relationship has been stable. Due to Brazil’s good agricultural development and rich natural resources, the commodities exported to China are mainly soybeans, crude oil, and iron ore, and there has been a trend of gradually enriching commodity structure in recent years. The continuous positive development of China’s trade relations is reflected in the following aspects: On the one hand, from the data of the first three quarters of 2023, it can be seen that Brazil’s trade surplus with China has a trend of continuous expansion, which plays a positive role in the recovery of Brazil’s national economy; On the other hand, from the perspective of internal affairs and multilateral mechanisms, the future development of China-Brazil trade relationship can generate more possibilities and convenience under the multilateral framework, and improve the “common integration” of developing countries trade.

Vietnam's Response to the US Indo-Pacific Strategy in the Context of a Rising China

As a less-powerful state threatened by a rising China in both security and economic domains irrespective of increasing economic cooperation and sharing a border and political affinity with China, Vietnam is expected to warmly welcome the United States (US) -led Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) The country, nonetheless, has remained low-key in responding to the IPS. The article argues that Hanoi is truly interested in a regional rules-based order promoted in the IPS, but it has proposed a hedging response to this strategy through cautious statements and limited engagement in into this strategy. Vietnam's hedging response to the IPS is framed by its post-Doi Moi foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, multilateralisation, and diversification. The year 2023 marks a milestone in bilateral relations between the US and Vietnam as both states upgraded their diplomatic relations to comprehensive strategic partnership which is the highest level in Vietnamese diplomatic ranking. This may become a favourable catalyst for further cooperation between Washington and Hanoi under the IPS within the context of a rising China.

Review and perspectives of the strategic partnership China European Union

The author proposes a commitment to dialogue and good relationships. In summary, she says that the world needs a Europe of peace, dialogue and negotiation, so as not to be the scene of hostilities and in this way, to become an actor to fully participate in the birth of the more just and inclusive multipolar world, which China seeks. Therefore, the author suggests that it is a time for cooperation and not for hegemonic powers, for collaboration and not for conflicts. The comprehensive strategic partnership has been extremely economically beneficial for both China and the European Union. As great defenders of peace and security through dialogue and diplomacy, China and the EU have many possibilities for cooperation: China needs Europe, as Europe needs China. Beijing and Brussels defend their commitment to multilateralism, written in the DNA of the Union, and adopted by China as a tool to continue advancing its development, but their different visions on the role and direction that international institutions should take limit a much-needed cooperation in global governance. They have a complicated journey to trust, cooperation, mutual benefit and equity, but they are moved by different values and rhythms. Therefore, the author suggests that the future of bilateral relations and their comprehensive strategic partnership depends on the two parties learning to dialogue from new realities and committing to building trust and respecting each other.

A Brief History of Pak-China Political and Economic Relations

This research paper delves into the intricate history of Pakistan and China's political and economic relations, spanning over seven decades. Beginning with early diplomatic engagements in the 1950s, it traces the evolution of this alliance from initial agreements to a comprehensive strategic partnership. It examines the era of security and strategic alignments during the 1970s and 1980s, influenced by Cold War dynamics and geopolitical shifts. The paper also provides an overview of present-day Pak-China relations, highlighting key 21st-century developments such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), shared security interests, and cultural exchanges. Analyzing the driving factors behind this enduring partnership, the study emphasizes shared interests, trust, mutual respect, and the mutual economic and strategic benefits. This research provides insights into the trajectory and dynamics of Pak-China relations, offering a deeper appreciation of its role in shaping the contemporary geopolitical landscape. The enduring nature of this alliance stands as a testament to the possibilities of cooperation and shared objectives in international diplomacy.

Vietnam's rapprochement with Japan: stages, factors and areas

The author evaluates the progressive process of rapprochement between Vietnam and Japan during the transition to a strategic partnership (2011) and the rise of relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership based on statements made by the leaders of the two countries in November during the visit of the President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to Japan and in December 2023 – the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic. The stages of this process, its determining factors, priorities and the characteristics of cooperation between two parties in trade and economic, humanitarian and military-technical areas are considered. An overview of the importance of the interaction between the two countries in terms of national interests and geopolitical challenges is also provided.

Russian Federation and Uzbekistan: Russian Identity and Attitude to Russians

The article presents the results of a study of the communication regime of the Republic of Uzbekistan in relation to the Russian Federation, in the context of modern changes in the world order. Despite the global challenges, the Republic of Uzbekistan is strengthening its close and friendly relations with the Russian Federation. The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty underlines the importance of strengthening cooperation between the two countries. The analysis of the communication regime covers both official resources and the media, while revealing a positive trend in communicationswith Russia. Russian identity and the degree of positivity of communication in relation to the Russian language and Russian identity in Uzbekistan are considered in the article. The Russian language is preserved, and the Russian identity is encouraged and supported. The Republic supports friendly and positive communication with respect to Russia, Russians, Russian language and Russian identity, even in the face of global changes. Uzbekistan continues to strengthen relations with Russia on the basis of mutual respect, partnership and common historical memory, which remains important in the modern geopolitical reality.

Partnership Diplomacy: China–Algeria’s Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

ABSTRACT: This study investigates China’s partnership diplomacy with Algeria as an instrument for realizing its BRI. There are several factors (policy coordination, energy cooperation, trade and investments, connectivity, military ties, and people-to-people bonds) behind the establishment of the China–Algeria comprehensive strategic partnership. The main argument is that Beijing’s comprehensive strategic partnership framework with Algeria is based on shared or mutual complementary interests, given the latter’s geographical location, economic potential, and diplomatic weight. The steady growth of China’s engagement and presence in the Maghreb region through the BRI framework aligns with Algeria’s vision and efforts in the Arab Maghreb Union and African integration.

俄乌冲突影响下中俄经贸关系：发展现状与建议

Since February 24, 2022, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has fully intensified. Since the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the West has imposed comprehensive sanctions on Russia. The economic relations between Russia and the West began to break down, Russia subsequently broke away from the International Settlement system (SWIFT), the ruble currency depreciated severely, and the logistics links became more complicated. The economic sanctions of Western countries have put Russia’s economy and finances under great pressure in the short term. In order to counter Western sanctions, Russia has begun to continuously strengthen its relations with China, especially in the field of economic and trade cooperation. As the world’s second largest economy, China has the world’s largest consumer market, which is of great significance to help Russia get rid of the “sanctions crisis”. By drawing on and analyzing relevant online news, the latest data provided by the General Administration of Customs of China, etc., this article introduces the current situation of China-Russia economic and trade development under the influence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, analyzes the factors affecting the development of China-Russia economic and trade, looks forward to the prospects of China-Russia economic and trade development, and explores how China should appropriately deal with the issues of China-Russia economic and trade relations. The authors believe that in the context of the new era of comprehensive strategic cooperation and partnership between China and Russia, China should pay attention to the following aspects in the process of promoting the development of China-Russia economic and trade relations: formulate multiple sets of emergency plans and adopt appropriate financial and monetary policies; develop Russian economic and trade relations while taking into account economic and trade relations with other countries; strengthen the construction of infrastructure at China-Russia border crossings to better serve the “Belt and Road” initiative, etc.; Strive to maintain China’s image and correctly guide the Chinese people’s public opinion on the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN: POSTKARIMOV PERIOD

The chance to forge new ties between Uzbekistan and Turkiye emerged in 2016 with the change of leadership, following about 20 years of ups and downs. The strained relations were due to several political hiccups like Turkiye’s asylum to Uzbek dissidents, Currencycrisis of Turkiye, banning of Gulen schools and the Andijan event. This study focuses on the relations between Turkiye and Uzbekistan in the post-Karimov period. The focus will be on the development of political relations and the opening of new ventures due to current geopolitics in Turkiye-Uzbekistan relationship dynamics. The geo-strategic position of Turkey enables it to become transit hub as it is situated in between energy scarce European market and energy rich countries on the other side. Uzbekistan needs to diversify its export partners where Turkey as a transit hub can play crucial role. The construction of trans-Caspian pipeline to move energy from Central Asia and the Caspian sea region to Turkey and for European markets, is primary strategic goal. Both sides needed constructive attitudes to further the relations. There have been a number of high-level political visits and signing of important strategic cooperation agreements. Both heads of the state frequently refer to Turkic-Islamic symbols of shared identity while addressing their relationship. The bilateral relations have been improving in all the fields majorly in trade. To deepen and strengthen the relations further the trade goal of $10 billion is set. In 2022, the relationship was elevated to a "comprehensive strategic partnership level".

Юго-Восточная Азия и США: параметры взаимодействия

The article analyzes the factors influencing the nature of cooperation between Southeast Asian countries with the United States and the directions of its implementation in the context of the escalating rivalry between the United States and China, who seek to influence them. The US interest in the region is primarily determined by the tasks of containing China and strengthening its position in the Indo-Pacific region by expanding ties with partners and allies. The approach of the Southeast Asian countries towards cooperation with the United States is motivated by two considerations – strategic and economic. In the context of growing concerns about China’s expansion in the region and the persisting territorial disputes with it in the South China Sea, the United States in the eyes of these states is considered a stabilizing factor of the regional security system. The article points out that despite the fact that the Southeast Asian countries are interested in the presence of the United States in the region, the anti-Chinese orientation of American policy limits the potential of their strategic interaction. Case studies of individual Southeast Asian countries confirm their commitment to the principle of inclusiveness in foreign policy, which excludes choosing one party over the other. Despite the fears inherent in Southeast Asian countries about the expansion of China’s influence, they prefer to pursue a hedging policy, which in reality manifests itself in the desire to balance between competing parties in order to neutralize risks and preserve strategic autonomy. This explains the dualism of the Southeast Asian countries’ policies and affects their cooperation with the United States in the field of security, which, despite the intensification of diplomatic activities of Biden’s administration and the conclusion of a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement, is developing slowly, except for the ongoing joint military exercises and arms purchases. In general, the Southeast Asian countries are – and contribute to – solving problems they consider important, primarily in the field of economy. Contrary to the prevailing idea of China’s economic dominance in the region, the economic relations of the Southeast Asian countries with the United States have been stable for a decade, developing in an upward direction, and beneficial for the Southeast Asian countries themselves. Economic cooperation remains a priority of their interaction with the United States, despite the importance of developing security relations. Pragmatism and the acknowledgement of the emerging geopolitical situation in the region determines the parameters of interaction between the Southeast Asian countries and the United States.

Promotion of China-ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership through the China-ASEAN International Education Development Alliance

Promotion of China-ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership through the China-ASEAN International Education Development Alliance