Comprehensive Research Framework Research Articles

Research Foundation and Hotspot Analysis of Urban Road Ecology—A Bibliometric Study Based on CiteSpace

Urban road ecology focuses on the reciprocal interactions between urban road construction and the ecological environment, aiming to provide valuable insights into sustainable urban road construction. The study of road ecology has established a comprehensive research framework since the early 20th century, with urban road ecology emerging as its sub-discipline that emphasizes the strategic planning of urban roads and the internal dynamics within urban ecosystems. In order to demonstrate the broader research focus and development prospects of urban road ecology, as well as to explore its distinguishing features compared to traditional road ecology, this study conducted a bibliometric analysis of urban road ecology using CiteSpace software version 6.2.R7 based on the Web of Science (WOS) database for the literature in the last 30 years. The analysis reflected the current state of research in this field across three dimensions: collaborative analysis, co-citation analysis, and keyword analysis. The results of the study revealed a scarcity of key terms and publications between 1993 and 2010, followed by an exponential surge in research activities after 2010. However, both collaborative and keyword analyses indicate a lack of long-term, in-depth research in this area, highlighting the absence of a unified system. On this basis, this paper presents three expectations for future research and briefly discusses the limitations of this study.

Mixed-methods approach to investigating the diffusion of FinTech services: enriching the applicability of TOE and UTAUT models

PurposeThe rapid global use of Financial Technology (FinTech), an innovative and advanced technology, is leading to the replacement of traditional financial services. Despite this, consumers in the United Arab Emirates are still not accepting FinTech services as anticipated. This study aims to investigate the barriers preventing consumers from using FinTech services in the banking industry based on the technology-organisation-environment (TOE) framework and anchored by the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT).Design/methodology/approachThe current study used an exploratory sequential mixed-method design. A purposive sample was used to conduct preliminary semi-structured interviews with ten banking practitioners. These interviews aimed to explore the obstacles that hinder consumers from adopting FinTech services. To provide further empirical validation, the conceptual model has been systematically examined through a quantitative cross-sectional online survey encompassing a sample of 332 bank customers.FindingsThe qualitative investigation highlighted six new barriers to the usage of FinTech based on TOE’s model attributes. Through quantitative data analysis, the preliminary qualitative findings were primarily verified. It was discovered that self-efficacy, electronic word-of-mouth, system quality and bank image substantially influence consumers to use FinTech services, in addition to performance expectancy and facilitating conditions. Meanwhile, IT features and governmental support were found to have insignificant effects. Yet, government support was found to have a positive moderating role in strengthening social influence and system quality towards customer use of FinTech. Thus, the research supports the UTAUT and TOE models’ fitness for explaining FinTech usage with high predictive relevance.Originality/valueThis study is the authors’ pioneering effort to propose a comprehensive research framework that integrates the UTAUT and TOE models to tackle the limited adoption of FinTech services among consumers. Moreover, the study specifically examined the moderating influence of government support to propose an integrated model. Remarkably, this study is one of the initial attempts to investigate the adoption of FinTech using a mixed-methodology approach by incorporating quantitative and qualitative methods within a single inquiry to yield more comprehensive and insightful findings than research that relies on a single method.

The silent struggle: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of workplace ostracism

Purpose The review paper aims to understand the development of workplace ostracism as a field in organizational studies from 2000 to the present. The study provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of the domain by exploring its antecedents, consequences, underlying mechanisms and buffering mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach The present study analyses 134 published peer-reviewed empirical and non-empirical articles retrieved from the Scopus database. A systematic literature review and bibliometric analyses (using VOS viewer) have been used to gain insights into the development and trends within the field. Bibliometric analyses involved science mapping techniques such as co-citation analysis, co-occurrence of keywords and bibliographic coupling. Combining these three techniques, the study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the workplace ostracism research domain's historical, current and future landscape. Findings In the present study, through descriptive analyses, the authors uncovered publishing trends, productive journals, countries and industries that contribute to this research field. The systematic review enabled the showcasing of the current landscape of workplace ostracism. The bibliometric analyses shed light on major authors, influential articles, prominent journals and significant keywords in workplace ostracism. Originality/value This study enriches the existing literature by offering a comprehensive research framework for workplace ostracism. It goes beyond that by presenting significant bibliographic insights by applying bibliometric analyses. Furthermore, this study identifies and emphasizes future research directions using the theory, characteristics, construct and methodologies framework, aiming to expand the knowledge base and understanding of this topic.

Quantitative Analysis and Prediction Methods for Sports Competition Results

In the era of big data, sports performance prediction becomes critical by analyzing accumulated competition data, especially the influence of momentum factors on competition results, although its definition and quantification are controversial in academia. This study explores the application of momentum in predicting the results of sports competitions and proposes a comprehensive research framework combining sports science and sports psychology. By collecting and analyzing the competition data, the feasibility of momentum as an important index in predicting the results of the competition is confirmed. The results show that momentum not only reflects the immediate performance of athletes in the game but also predicts their future results. This finding is of great significance for coaches and athletes to formulate strategies and adjust tactics in the game. Through continuous accumulation and analysis of data, we can more accurately predict the results of the game, and improve the level and fairness of sports competition.

The determinants of recommendation intention and student satisfaction in private higher institutions: Empirical evidence from Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT Student satisfaction and loyalty are crucial metrics for assessing the quality of education in universities. Despite their importance, these aspects have received limited attention within the private higher education sector in Kazakhstan. Our study addresses this gap by applying customer satisfaction models to identify the critical factors influencing student satisfaction at a leading Kazakhstani private university. We developed a comprehensive research framework that includes the university's institutional capabilities, the social environment, and students’ perceptions of the university's ethos. A survey conducted with 129 undergraduate students revealed that institutional capabilities and students’ perceptions of the university's ethos play a pivotal role in fostering satisfaction, which, in turn, enhances their likelihood to recommend the institution. Our research offers valuable insights and a strategic framework for private universities in Kazakhstan to improve their educational services, thereby increasing student satisfaction, loyalty, and ensuring the institution's long-term success.

“No changes, but I become more positive mentally”: A mixed-methods study of the impact of a combined SEL and MBP on behavior change and academic achievement among Chinese adolescents

This mixed-methods study aimed to investigate students' perspectives regarding their behavioral and academic changes following an 8-week combined intervention of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and Mindfulness-Based Program (MBP). A total of 552 teenagers (mean age = 13.03, SD = 0.50, 47.5% females) from an urban Chinese private school participated, with 184 participants randomly assigned to each condition (taught, self-help, and active control groups). Paired-sample t-tests were employed to examine changes within groups, while General Linear Models compared academic achievement changes among the three groups. Despite finding no significant improvement statistically on academic achievement, some students attributed their improved academic performance to the course. Thematic analysis was conducted on 115 written responses and 4 focus group interviews from the taught group. The analysis revealed several key themes among the Chinese population, including no changes, state change, attitude change, and behavior change. These themes were consistent with the theoretical foundations of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and aligned with previous qualitative research on Western adolescents. The study highlights the benefits of techniques and cognitive change in facilitating behavioral change and offers practical suggestions for supporting students in behaviour regulation. It also underscores qualitative research's role in detailing these practices' effects on behavior and academic performance. Furthermore, a proposed model aligns with established behavioral change theories, providing a practical visual aid for teachers. This study offers a comprehensive framework for future research on the theoretical constructs of MBPs and provides practical suggestions for supporting students in behavior regulation.

Configuring an MNE’s subsidiary capabilities for performance in China

Purpose This study aims to explore how subsidiary capabilities collectively configure for performance. Additionally, it seeks to examine whether these configurations of capabilities can provide equifinal solutions through developing a comprehensive research framework that focuses on subsidiaries in China. Design/methodology/approach With a data set collected through a questionnaire from 172 Korean multinational enterprises (MNEs) in China, this study used a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to detect the capability conditions and configurations. These configurations represent combinations of various subsidiary capabilities linked to high performance. Findings This study identified several complex pathways with distinct configurations for high subsidiary performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of configurations over individual conditions. Thus, the results highlight that the effectiveness of diverse capabilities, which are widely believed to singularly contribute to the high performance of MNE subsidiaries, depends on how each combines with other capabilities. Overall, the findings provide a richer and fine-grained understanding of the role and relative importance of various forms of MNE subsidiary capabilities and how the joint effect of these subsidiaries contributes to high performance. Practical implications This study suggests that MNE managers should comprehensively understand how subsidiary capabilities are configured to produce subsidiary performance outcomes. This specifically illustrates the importance of understanding the mutually conflicting yet collectively exhaustive results of multi-selective solutions and aims to align with China’s industrial and regional heterogeneity. Originality/value By examining the role of MNE subsidiary capability configurations, which may collectively influence the subsidiary’s performance, this study contributes to the literature. It elucidates how MNE subsidiaries may achieve superior performance by developing and possessing various capabilities tailored to the local context.

The Gourava Co-Indices of Graph

This Paper explores the concept of Gourava co-indices, inspired by the analogous discussions on Zagreb indices in prior literature. Gourava co-indices are a novel extension of graph theoretical concepts, focusing on the relationships and patterns within molecular structures. Moreover, we present several key relations and properties associated with Gourava co- indices, providing a comprehensive framework for further research and practical applications in areas such as drug discovery, material science, and computational chemistry.

Application of IoT audio technology based on sensor networks in English speaking teaching system

In the era of information technology, the exponential growth of data volume has compelled users to entrust their data to database service providers for efficient management. While traditional methods such as user authentication, security auditing, and access control have been implemented to safeguard data security across databases, cloud servers may face security challenges due to excessive internal administrator permissions. The audio technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers numerous advantages, including high bandwidth, short data transmission time, long transmission distance, and cost-effectiveness. It has found widespread applications in military, technological, industrial, and everyday life settings. With the advancements in modern information technology and the development and enhancement of wireless radio frequency technology in the IoT sector, IoT-based wireless audio interaction systems utilizing Wi-Fi have gradually become integrated into people's lives. These systems have enriched people's daily experiences and are increasingly popular among consumers. This paper, based on the theory of functional applied linguistics, combs the basic theoretical framework and the practical application prospect of functional Applied Linguistics of systemic language, especially emphasizes the important influence and application enlightenment of systemic functional linguistics on language teaching, and combines the "Recent Development Zone" The basic concepts of contemporary language and literature education, such as scaffolding, are summarized and analyzed. The paper establishes a comprehensive theoretical research framework for college spoken English teaching, and through the comprehensive theoretical analysis of communicative teaching methods and practical exploration of some problems that students may appear, it puts forward more effective and targeted specific solutions.

A systematic literature review on spiritual leadership: antecedents, mechanism, moderators and outcomes

PurposeThe aim of this study is to offer evidence-based knowledge of the most popular research topics in studies on spiritual leadership (SL) and the research approaches and theories in use. Another aim is to create a comprehensive research framework covering the antecedents and outcomes of SL, as well as the underlying mechanisms and conditional factors. This study also synthesizes future research avenues presented in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a systematic literature review method. The presented analysis covered both bibliometric studies and in-depth manual content analysis. In total, 274 articles indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed, with a particular focus on 126 empirical papers.FindingsThis study shows that most of the research took place in developing countries and focused on the links between SL and workplace spirituality, employee well-being and engagement. It provides a complex research framework which orders previous variables according to their levels. Future research is required that would use a multilevel research approach and determine the impact of SL on society and the leaders themselves, as well as determining the reverse impact of organizational performance on the development of SL.Originality/valueThis study takes advantages of both bibliometric and in-depth content analysis to expand the understanding of the state of the art in SL research. It demonstrates how different factors contribute to SL and how they subsequently influence outcomes. It also offers numerous future research directions which go beyond those identified so far in the literature to further develop the theory of SL.

Celebrity endorser scandal: a literature review and future research agenda

PurposeIn recent years, negative spokesperson incidents have raised significant concerns in academia and industry. While several studies have addressed celebrity endorser scandals, comprehensive analyses of current knowledge are lacking. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the related literature to better understand trends and suggest future research directions for advancing this field.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the theory–context–characteristics–methodology (TCCM) framework to examine 76 articles on celebrity endorser scandals.FindingsUtilizing the TCCM framework, this study presents a comprehensive research framework, revealing that (1) the celebrity endorser scandal effect primarily includes associative learning, attribution of responsibility, and moral reasoning; (2) entertainment celebrities and athletes have received significant research attention; (3) both individual- and relationship-level characteristics serve as crucial moderators, with focal brand and related brand being the primary outcome variables. Additionally, this study outlines enterprise response strategies, encompassing the reformation of existing spokesperson relationships and the establishment of future spokesperson connections; and (4) quantitative approaches dominate the field.Originality/valueThis study integrates and expands existing research on celebrity endorser scandals while proposing future research opportunities to advance the field.

Overview of State Estimation Methods and Research Progress of Power Lithium Batteries for Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a comprehensive research framework for state estimation of power lithium batteries by summarizing both model-based and non-model-based approaches. It provides an in-depth analysis of various methods, supported by experimental results. In the first part, the paper surveys model-based state estimation techniques, including the ECM (Equivalent Circuit Model), electrochemical models, and data-driven models. It systematically explains the principles behind these models and their respective applications. Additionally, the study delves into model-independent state estimation, emphasizing the utilization of machine learning algorithms in battery state estimation and the advancements in artificial intelligence technology. The potential of hybrid methods and intelligent algorithms in state estimation is also explored, highlighting possible future directions. The findings indicate that while model-based methods can attain high estimation accuracy in specific scenarios, they are constrained by model complexity and parameter uncertainty. The application of fusion method and intelligent algorithm further improves the performance of state estimation and provides strong support for real-time monitoring and prediction of power lithium batteries.

Synergistic consideration of co-treatment of sewage sludge, low-rank coal, and straw for sustainable resource utilization and enhanced energy efficiency: a review.

This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the imperative necessity for coupling the utilization of low-rank coal, sewage sludge, and straw. It studies the challenges and limitations of individual utilization methods, addressing the unique hurdles associated with feedstocks. It focused on achieving integrated and sustainable resource management, emphasizing efficient resource utilization, waste minimization, and environmental impact reduction. The investigation extends to the intricate details of reaction processes in co-processing, with a specific emphasis on the drying of raw materials to enhance combustion characteristics. The molding and preparation of feedstock are dissected, encompassing raw material selection, mixing, and the crucial addition of additives and binders. The proportions and homogenization of these feedstocks are intricately examined for uniformity and effectiveness. Furthermore, it presents theoretical approaches for investigating the co-combustion of these diverse feedstocks, contributing a solid foundation for future studies in this dynamic field. The findings presented in it offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking sustainable solutions in the co-disposal technology of these feedstocks. Therefore, it provides a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities in coupling the utilization of these selected feedstocks. By addressing individual limitations and emphasizing integrated resource management, the article establishes the groundwork for sustainable and efficient co-processing practices. The exploration of reaction processes gives a comprehensive framework for future research and application in the field of co-combustion technology. The insights gleaned from this study contribute significantly to advancing knowledge in the sustainable utilization of diverse feedstocks, guiding efforts towards environmentally responsible and resource-efficient practices.

Advancements in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction: A Comprehensive Review of Single-Atom Catalysts for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction technology seamlessly aligns with the principles of environmentally friendly chemical production. In this paper, a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis utilizing single-atom catalysts (SACs) is offered. Into the research and applications of three categories of SACs: noble metals (Ru, Au, Rh, Ag), transition metals (Fe, Mo, Cr, Co, Sn, Y, Nb), and nonmetallic catalysts (B) in the context of electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis is delved. In-depth insights into the material preparation methods, single-atom coordination patterns, and the characteristics of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are provided. The systematic comparison of the nitrogen reduction capabilities of various SAC types offers a comprehensive research framework for their integration into electrocatalytic NRR. Additionally, the challenges, potential solutions, and future prospects of incorporating SACs into electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction endeavors are discussed.

Distribution and protection of Thesium chinense Turcz. under climate and land use change.

Wild medicinal plants are prominent in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), but their availability is being impacted by human activities and ecological degradation in China. To ensure sustainable use of these resources, it is crucial to scientifically plan areas for wild plant cultivation. Thesium chinense, a known plant antibiotic, has been overharvested in recent years, resulting in a sharp reduction in its wild resources. In this study, we employed three atmospheric circulation models and four socio-economic approaches (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) to investigate the primary environmental factors influencing the distribution of T. chinense. We also examined changes in its suitable area using the Biomod2 package. Additionally, we utilized the PLUS model to project and analyze future land use changes in climate-stable regions for T. chinense. Our planning for wild tending areas of T. chinense was facilitated by the ZONATION software. Over the next century, the climate-stable regions for T. chinense in China is approximately 383.05 × 104 km2, while the natural habitat in this region will progressively decline. Under the current climate conditions, about 65.06% of the habitats in the high suitable areas of T. chinense are not affected by future land use changes in China. Through hotspot analysis, we identified 17 hotspot cities as ideal areas for the wild tending of T. chinense, including 6 core hotspot cities, 6 sub-hotspot cities, and 5 fringe hotspot cities. These findings contribute to a comprehensive research framework for the cultivation planning of T. chinense and other medicinal plants.

Study on the future development prospects of biomass energy in towns, townships, and subdistricts under multi-scenarios —A case study of Harbin City

Biomass energy is the most likely new energy source to replace fossil fuels. This study presents a prediction method for biomass energy supply-demand and changes in supply-demand patterns that connects the past and future. In the study, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality are taken as the time base. The FLUS model is used to simulate future land allocation in four basic scenarios: natural development scenario, agricultural development scenario, low-carbon development scenario and industrial development scenario; and townships, towns, and subdistricts are taken as the basic statistical unit. Based on this, we have examined the suitability of future development of biomass energy in rural and urban areas in each scenario, as well as its contribution to the future energy system transformation that substitutes for fossil energy. This method has been applied to the case study of townships, towns, and subdistricts in Harbin City in China. The study results show that: The degrees to which biomass energy potential can substitute for fossil energy in the four scenarios in 2030 reach 4.21%, 5.62%, 5.47%, and 3.82%, respectively. Under agricultural development scenario, the supply-demand balance areas account for 48.94%, meaning this scenario has the largest potential for energy development and transition; low-carbon development scenario sees the highest degree of spatial supply-demand match, and thus enjoys the most advantages in energy transportation. The degrees to which biomass energy potential can substitute for fossil energy under the four scenarios in 2060 reach 2.01%, 6.96%, 5.35%, and 1.26% respectively. Agricultural development scenario still has the largest development potential, with the proportion of supply-demand balance areas jumping to 50.46%; Finally, low supply-high demand mismatch clusters are mainly concentrated in the main urban area and the central areas of townships, towns, and subdistricts. The high supply-low demand mismatch clusters are mainly distributed in the northeast. Under low-carbon development scenario, the low supply-high demand mismatch ratio has been reduced to 0.92%, the lowest supply-demand mismatch among all scenarios. Therefore, low-carbon development scenario enjoys the most spatial match advantages. This study will serve as an assessment method to advance the spatial development of biomass, and provide a geospatial basis for optimizing the layout of future energy development. Compared with previous studies, it has more spatial attributes, better reflects the complexity of biomass energy changes and is more connected with the measurement results and future policy making. In future research, we will combine multiple types of clean energy into the comparison and combined use to form a more comprehensive and specific research framework for new energy conversion. Longer-term macro-planning will go beyond the application boundaries of this research.

Comply or evade: factors influencing private enterprises' basic old-age insurance responsibilities.

Private enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in production and employment in China. However, due to less regulation and a stronger profit motivation than state-owned enterprises with more standardized management, a considerable portion of these private enterprises fall short of fulfilling their basic responsibilities for government-mandated old-age insurance. This study establishes a comprehensive research framework aimed at delving into the precise factors contributing to the lax adherence of private enterprises to their basic old-age insurance obligations. This framework takes into account a range of factors, including enterprise profitability, the external environmental context (specifically the level of regional development), and internal organizational dynamics (such as the presence of labor unions and workers' congresses). To validate this framework, empirical data from a substantial sample of 3,123 private enterprises, which were part of the 10th Chinese Private Enterprise Survey (CPES), were utilized. This study employs the stepwise multiple regression analysis and conducts robustness tests to ensure the model's effectiveness. Enterprise profitability, regional development levels, and the existence of labor unions all wield a positive influence on basic old-age insurance coverage that private enterprises extend to their workforce. Moreover, an intriguing aspect emerges: the developmental stage of the region, as well as the presence of labor unions exercise a negative moderating effect on the relationship between enterprise profitability and the coverage rate of basic old-age insurance. In essence, this implies that the basic old-age insurance coverage rate for private enterprises operating in well-developed regions and those with established labor unions is relatively insulated from fluctuations in profitability. To increase the participation rate of private enterprises' basic old-age insurance, it is important to improve the overall development environment for private enterprises, enhance internal organizational mechanisms, and strengthen regulatory oversight of enterprises in various regions.

Development and evaluation of a reference measurement model for assessing the resource and energy efficiency of software products and components—Green Software Measurement Model (GSMM)

In the past decade, research on measuring and assessing the environmental impact of software has gained significant momentum in science and industry. However, due to the large number of research groups, measurement setups, procedure models, tools, and general novelty of the research area, a comprehensive research framework has yet to be created. The literature documents several approaches from researchers and practitioners who have developed individual methods and models, along with more general ideas like the integration of software sustainability in the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, or science communication approaches to make the resource cost of software transparent to society. However, a reference measurement model for the energy and resource consumption of software is still missing. In this article, we jointly develop the Green Software Measurement Model (GSMM), in which we bring together the core ideas of the measurement models, setups, and methods of over 10 research groups in four countries who have done pioneering work in assessing the environmental impact of software. We briefly describe the different methods and models used by these research groups, derive the components of the GSMM from them, and then we discuss and evaluate the resulting reference model. By categorizing the existing measurement models and procedures and by providing guidelines for assimilating and tailoring existing methods, we expect this work to aid new researchers and practitioners who want to conduct measurements for their individual use cases.

A Hybrid Model for Fitness Influencer Competency Evaluation Framework

Fitness influencers are an emerging profession in recent years. At present, the main research on fitness influencers focuses on their personal traits, professional knowledge and skills, and course content, while there is still a large research gap on the social media marketing strategies of fitness influencers, how they interact with fans, and the reasons for their influence on fans. There is a lack of a comprehensive evaluation framework for fitness influencer research, and there is no clear research on what competencies are required to become a qualified fitness influencer. Therefore, it has become an important issue to establish a comprehensive fitness influencer competency evaluation. In this study, a hybrid model of fitness influencer competency evaluation framework was developed based on government competency standards and expert knowledge using the Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model perspective. This evaluation should expand to include the principles of sustainable development, emphasizing the influencers’ role in advocating for environmental responsibility, social equity, and economic viability within the fitness industry. First, the study developed 21 criteria in six dimensions of fitness influencer competencies through a literature survey and interviews with several experts. The 21 criteria resonate with many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The Bayesian Best-Worst Method (Bayesian BWM) was used to generate the best group weights for fitness influencer competencies. Then, a modified Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution Based on Aspiration Level (modified TOPSIS-AL) was applied to evaluate the performance ranking of major fitness influencers in Taiwan by integrating the concept of the aspiration level. The results of the study revealed that behavioral standards were the most important dimension, emphasizing the need for fitness influencers to establish a comprehensive set of norms for their own behavioral standards. The top five criteria for fitness influencers’ competencies were self-review, punctuality and prudence, creativity, rapport and motivation, and the need to conform to one’s body image. The performance ranking was used to compare the evaluated subjects to the desired level to obtain a basis for improvement. This study effectively identifies key fitness industry competency indicators and refines business performance through the management implications proposed in this study to facilitate the development of the fitness industry.

Corporate Social Irresponsibility in Business: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Agenda

Abstract Despite increased interest in corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) among business scholars, the current research is still fragmented, its findings lacking a nuanced understanding. We conduct a systematic literature review of 173 journal articles on CSI published in the field of business and synthesize insights regarding the antecedents, consequences, and mechanisms of CSI. We begin by providing a clear definition, distinct types, and the measurement methods of CSI. Then, we provide a comprehensive research framework that demonstrates the three key components of CSI research: antecedent, consequence, and moderating. Building on this, we identify additional specific research methods for each component and apply them to assess and analyze the existing research findings and research gaps concerning CSI. We suggest that scholars pay more attention to (a) the impact of stakeholders on CSI behavior, (b) the different impacts of CSI on firm performance, (c) the relationship among CSI, corporate social responsibility, and firm performance, (d) CSI in the context of emerging economies, and (e) measuring CSI.