Comprehensive Reform Research Articles

Renewable energy deployment in Europe: Do politics matter?

This study analyzes non-hydroelectric renewable capacity across 27 European countries from 2000 to 2020, using advanced econometric techniques like the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel Granger non-causality method, Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Panel Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimations. This investigation reveals complex relationships extending beyond immediate variables. These relationships, rooted in pairwise causalities and broader interactions, underpin observed phenomena. Causality tests show that achieving non-hydroelectric renewable capacity is a long-term endeavor, emphasizing persistent policy approaches for effective energy transition. Three key variables emerge as potent policy drivers: maintaining an environment conducive to economic freedom, fostering financial development, and driving non-hydroelectric renewable patents’ research and development. These variables play a pivotal role in capacity expansion. Additionally, the findings of this empirical investigation spotlight the role of political orientations. Leftist governments have lagged in prioritizing energy transition, prompting questions about neglecting environmental concerns and necessitating comprehensive policy reform. In essence, this study offers novel insights into non-hydroelectric renewable energy deployment. By unraveling complex relationships, emphasizing persistent policies, and identifying key variables, this investigation provides a nuanced perspective in line with sustainable energy transition urgency. As global ecological imperatives heighten, our work guides informed policy decisions for a greener future.

School administrators’ experiences implementing a college and career readiness reform initiative

This paper shares results from a qualitative interview study about site- and district-level administrators' experiences and perceptions implementing a significant college and career readiness reform initiative. Linked Learning (LL) is one college and career readiness reform that has been growing in the U.S. and internationally in recent years. Linked Learning began in 2009 with nine school districts in CA, and currently there are 659 LL pathways across 20 states and 3 countries (Linked Learning Alliance, 2023). Twenty administrators from California schools and districts were interviewed using a protocol developed using Curry's (1992) model of reform implementation and institutionalization and the four core components of Linked Learning. Four significant themes emerged from the data related to advice that administrators shared for implementing a comprehensive school reform: know your stuff, follow your passion, plan your route, and build your team. Overall, these administrators recommended that the reform initiative within an organization should start with the hiring process to build a knowledgeable, passionate team and that personnel, including leaders, need support and training in order to effectively move a reform from the implementation to the institutionalization stage.

The Israeli law for the rehabilitation in the community of persons with psychiatric disabilities: Achievements and challenges.

The Community Rehabilitation of Persons with Mental Health Disability Law (2000a) is one of Israel's most important pieces of social legislation. It grants persons with psychiatric disabilities the right to receive rehabilitation in the community. This article is a case study of the development and implementation of a policy that led to the Rehabilitation Reform and that has become an important component in Israel's comprehensive mental health reform. The purpose of the study was to review and analyze the law and its elements, examine its implementation during its first two decades of operation, and to identify the issues it faces entering its third decade of application. The study examined the key components of the reform such as intended beneficiaries, financing, workforce, and services provided. It used Israel's official statistical data and drew upon a series of interviews with officials and experts on rehabilitation, mental health and social services. In 2020, 30,000 persons were receiving community psychiatric rehabilitation services, constituting about one fifth of the estimated eligible population. In addition to the reform's achievements, this article also identifies a number of issues. Toward the end of the second decade, problems between the psychiatric Rehabilitation Unit and the mental health services became apparent. As the Rehabilitation Law enters its third decade, it is recommended to establish an independent committee of experts to examine needed modifications in light of the conclusions drawn about the first two decades of its implementation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

CHALLENGES IN ENFORCING HATE SPEECH LAWS IN INDONESIAN POLITICS

Enforcing hate speech laws in Indonesian politics has posed significant challenges in the past. These challenges have impeded the effective implementation of legal measures designed to address hate speech and ensure a fair and inclusive political environment. One of the key challenges was the need for a clear and comprehensive legal framework. Historically, hate speech laws in Indonesia were criticized for being vague and open to interpretation, leading to inconsistent application and potential bias in enforcement. The absence of specific guidelines and criteria for identifying hate speech hindered the prosecution process. Political pressures and biases also posed significant obstacles to enforcing hate speech laws. The influence of political affiliations and interests often interfered with objective decision-making, leading to selective enforcement or leniency based on political considerations. This compromised the impartiality and independence of the enforcement process. Moreover, limited capacity and training among law enforcement agencies and judicial institutions created further hurdles. There needs to be more understanding of hate speech issues, lack of expertise in investigating and prosecuting such cases, and inadequate resources hampering the effective implementation of hate speech laws. These challenges in enforcing hate speech laws in Indonesian politics have hindered the protection of fundamental rights, fostered polarization, and undermined the inclusive nature of the political discourse. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive legal reforms, capacity building for law enforcement and judicial institutions, and strategies that effectively tackle hate speech in the digital realm.

Analysis on the Construction of Modular Teaching System in Colleges and Universities from the Perspective of Integration between Industry and Education

In China's rapid economic and social development, there are problems, such as economic restructuring and industrial upgrading, the emergence of homogenization of higher vocational development, the difficult employment of students and other issues, the urgent need for high-level applied talent. The social needs-oriented through the integration of production and teaching to train applied talents play a vital role in it. In the process of transformation, we need to further deepen our understanding of transformation, achieve scientific positioning, deepen the means of comprehensive reform, and take service enterprises, service places, docking industries as goals of local higher vocational training. This paper introduces the idea of mathematical modeling, makes modular teaching to higher vocational, trains talents according to the needs of the market industry, imparts knowledge according to the needs of the job, and finally achieves the training goal of graduates' ability to perform the task of actual work.

Examining Political Representation of Women in Pakistan through Liberal Feminist Perspective: A Case Study of 2024 General Elections

Despite comprising half of Pakistan's population, women face significant hurdles in political engagement due to entrenched gender inequality and patriarchal structures. Despite measures like quotas, genuine participation remains limited. Liberal feminist theory advocates for addressing the root causes of gender disparity, advocating for gender-inclusive politics by removing institutional barriers. This paper examines structural impediments to women's political involvement in Pakistan, using a liberal feminist lens. It illuminates systemic challenges hindering gender parity in politics, evident in the 2024 general election despite reserved seats in parliament. Cultural norms, social constraints, and violence perpetuate gender inequalities, impeding women's active participation in political processes. This analysis underscores the persistent gender gap in political representation, urging comprehensive reforms to dismantle barriers obstructing women's full engagement in politics.

The Promoting Role of Rural Collective Property Right System Reform on Farmers' Income Increase

Document No. 1 of the Central Committee in 2023 pointed out that it is necessary to give farmers fuller property rights and interests, consolidate and improve the results of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, build an operating mechanism with clear property rights, scientific governance structure, sound management and reasonable distribution of proceeds, explore diversified ways to develop a new type of rural collective economy such as contracting out of resources, renting out of properties, providing intermediary services, and participating in assets, continue to deepen the reform of the collective forest rights system, and deepen the pilot demonstration of comprehensive rural reforms. system reform, and further promote the pilot demonstration of comprehensive rural reform. This paper starts from the reform of rural collective property right system, takes Anhui Province as an example, and studies the promotion effect of the reform of rural collective property right system on farmers' income in Anhui Province. The study concludes that: First, the reform of the rural collective property right system clarifies the ownership of collective assets, quantifies the collective assets into shares, and increases the property income of farmers. Secondly, the reform has led to changes in the structure of rural employment, with a large number of rural residents shifting their employment from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, and increasing their wage income. Third, the reform has broadened the farmers' business mode, optimized the business model, making the farmers' operating income increase. At the same time on the implementation of the reform of collective property rights system in Anhui Province and the actual situation of Anhui Province's own economic development, put forward relevant policy recommendations.

Research on the Comprehensive Reform and Innovative Development of Postgraduate Education in Colleges and Universities Under the Background of Big Data

Research on the Comprehensive Reform and Innovative Development of Postgraduate Education in Colleges and Universities Under the Background of Big Data

A Study on Social Equity in the Education System: Exploratory Study in the Indian Education System Context

Indian education system promotes social equality, embraces an inclusive learning environment, and adheres to a heterogeneous classroom. Besides, social equity in the education system could occur due to gender disparities and inadequate funding. In addition, the Indian government, in terms of providing social equity, aimed to significantly rectify the historical, cultural, and gender inequalities to promote equal educational opportunities for all structures regardless of their background. Furthermore, the digital divide amplifies existing disparities, as socioeconomically disadvantaged children face little or no access to online educational resources during the pandemic. Addressing these difficulties necessitates the implementation of comprehensive policy reforms, augmented financial allocation, active involvement of the community, and an unwavering dedication to the principles of social justice.

Renewable Energy as a Constitutional Commitment: An Analytical Study Considering. The Egyptian Constitution and International Agreements

Objective: This study examines the transition to clean energy in Egypt as a constitutional commitment mandated by the Egyptian Constitution and as an international demand emphasized by numerous international agreements due to the increasing environmental risks of greenhouse gas emissions.
 
 Methods: This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach to describe and analyze the current reality of renewable energy in accordance with the current Egyptian Constitution and international demands for environmental protection. The study relies on a combination of primary and secondary sources, as well as scientific publications, to support the analysis and draw conclusions.
 
 Results: The study findings indicate that international climate agreements cannot achieve their objectives unless parallel national mechanisms are established to serve the same goal. The study also confirms that the legislative system in a country can significantly contribute to climate protection goals, which are a global demand, by creating a conducive legislative environment for transitioning to clean energy. Additionally, transitioning to clean energy is identified as the most effective method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as long as there is societal awareness about environmental protection. Lastly, the study underscores the need for continuous and sustainable development of national and international legislations related to renewable and clean energy to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which have become a global environmental threat.
 
 Suggestions: It is recommended to implement comprehensive legislative reforms to support innovation and technological transformation in the renewable energy sector and develop policies to facilitate the implementation of renewable energy and streamline administrative processes. Enhancing environmental awareness and education programs is essential to promote interest in clean energy, while continuously evaluating and adapting legislative and regulatory standards is necessary to address evolving challenges. Furthermore, encouraging public-private partnerships and offering incentives to attract investment in clean energy projects is also encouraged.

The Escalation of Child Trafficking in Makassar: A Criminological Analysis

This research analyzes the factors contributing to escalating child trafficking activities in Makassar. This research uses an empirical legal research method with a criminology-based approach. All collected data is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the research objectives. The results show that the incidence of child trafficking in Makassar has escalated due to the complexity of multiple factors, including economic, community, education, social, gender inequality, technology, and law enforcement. Therefore, several recommendations can be proposed to the relevant stakeholders. First, the Makassar Municipal should consider implementing economic stabilization programs centered on protecting vulnerable children and families. Second, the development and enhancement of education quality should be prioritized, aiming to augment access to knowledge and awareness about children’s rights. Additionally, efforts to reduce poverty and promote gender equality must be intensified to prevent the exploitation of women and children. Third, the government and tech regulators must devise and implement policies to curb the misuse of social media in the context of child trafficking. Lastly, there must be an enhancement in law enforcement involving the optimization of the PPA Unit in its investigative role. Concurrently, inclusive and comprehensive legal reforms should be pursued to fortify the child protection system and mitigate the multifaceted factors exacerbating child trafficking in Makassar.

THE CRIMINAL LAW SYSTEM IN INDONESIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PANCASILA

Since the implementation of Law Number 1 of 1946, Indonesia's Criminal Code has witnessed continuous reforms in material criminal laws, formal criminal laws, and criminal law enforcement. These three components are interconnected, necessitating comprehensive reform. The 2012 Criminal Code Bill aimed at achieving sentencing goals and brought about three types of updates. The first type includes main punishments like imprisonment, cover-up punishment, supervision punishment, fine punishment, and social work punishment. The second type specifically entails the death penalty. The third type comprises additional punishments such as revocation of rights, confiscation of goods or invoices, judge's decision announcements, renewal of criminal sanctions for losses, and fulfillment of local customary obligations. Criminal punishment theories emphasize improvement and prevention from an instrumental perspective. Punishment serves as an instrument to achieve goals beyond itself, like rehabilitating offenders or protecting society. The nature of punishment must align with these objectives, rendering punishment valuable in the pursuit of those ends. However, instrumental theory also allows for alternative means if more efficient. For Indonesia, the essence of law according to Pancasila emphasizes godliness, humanity, unity, democracy, and fairness. Pancasila serves as an ethical benchmark for being a complete Indonesian human being, adhering to Indonesian laws, and guiding behavior toward others and the environment. As society evolves, the law must remain dynamic and adaptable to societal needs. An appropriate legal system in Indonesia should be grounded in the values and culture of the nation, particularly Pancasila, the nation's foundational philosophy. The national legal system must align with Pancasila's ideals to maintain harmony and justice in the Indonesian state.

The impact of the new energy demonstration city construction on energy consumption intensity: Exploring the sustainable potential of China's firms

As a comprehensive energy transition reform strategy, China's new energy demonstration city (NEDC) pilot policy aims to accelerate the transformation from a fossil fuel-based energy system to a more sustainable energy system. Employing unique data on firms' energy consumption from National Tax Survey Database, this paper investigates how NEDC policy affects firms' energy utilization efficiency based on the difference-in-differences model. We observe that NEDC construction reduces firms' energy consumption intensity (ECI) in the pilot cities. After using the instrumental variable approach to deal with endogeneity problems, the conclusions still hold. The mechanism analysis reveals that the decrease in firms' ECI is driven by offering more tax incentives to enterprises and prompting them to pursue technological innovation. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this negative impact is more prominent for SOEs and high-energy-consuming enterprises; we also observe that this effect is more pronounced for firms in resource-based cities and old-industrial-based cities. Our results provide policy implications for initiating policies in other countries to improve firms' energy utilization performance.

Innovative measures of student management by counselors in higher education institutions under a big data environment

Abstract Along with the rapid development of big mobile data and the popularization and deepening of education informatization, big data is an irresistible and inescapable new environment and new opportunity, and the way of student management by counselors in higher education institutions is constantly developing and changing. Based on this, the use of big data to promote the innovation of counselor student management in higher education institutions is an inevitable issue to deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education and a real issue in front of the majority of educators. In this study, the performance of the K-Means algorithm and PageRank are tested from the perspective of big data to find the most effective ways and methods to improve the counselors’ student management work, and the performance and hit rate of each strategy is tested in the application of K-Means. This means application, the LRFU strategy (step = 0) also achieved relatively good performance, using HiBench to run PageRank algorithm test cases. The results showed that the LRU strategy in the PageRank test case also improved the hit rate by 25% compared with other strategies and the hit rate by 13% compared with the LRFU strategy (step = 0). Student management efficiency. Higher education institutions can reform counselors’ student management methods by establishing a large student database management center, strengthening big data analysis, improving the ability of student data mining, processing, and management work, and striving to maximize the efficiency of student management data and information.

Co-Evolutionary Mechanism of Stakeholders’ Strategies in Comprehensive Agricultural Water Price Reform: The View of Evolutionary Game Based on Prospect Theory

In today’s world, the contradiction between water supply and demand is becoming increasingly pronounced, with a particular emphasis on the severe shortage of water for agricultural purposes. As a result, it has become imperative to promote the comprehensive reform of agricultural water pricing and increase water conservation awareness among water users. However, during the actual promotion process, the conflicting interests among stakeholders often create a behavioral game that seriously hinders the effective implementation of the agricultural water price reform. Therefore, it is crucial to address this conflict of interest and find ways to overcome it in order to ensure the successful implementation of the agricultural water pricing reform. In order to explore the dynamic evolution process of the behavior and decision making of the stakeholders in the comprehensive agricultural water price reform and the influencing factors and to propose relevant strategies to effectively promote the reform. This article constructs a three-party game model based on MA-PT theory with the government, farmers, and water supply units as the main subjects, solves the equation with the perceived benefit matrix instead of the traditional benefit matrix, and calculates the objective conditions for reaching the steady state. The simulation results show that the behavioral decision of the game subject to participate in the reform will be influenced by their perception of gains and losses, and there is a mutual influence between the three strategic choices. Therefore, the reform of agricultural water prices should consider the affordability of farmers and water supply units. The government appropriately adopts a reward system to encourage farmers and water supply units to actively participate in the reform to play a positive role and appropriate penalties for promoting the reform, the early realization of the reform goals, and the development of water-saving agriculture.

Caught in the Crossfire: Bangladesh's Erosion of Human Rights in the Battle Against Terrorism and Religious Extremism

Egregious human rights violations are prevalent in Bangladesh, with torture and ill-treatment deeply ingrained within the country's law enforcement agencies, intelligence organizations, paramilitary groups, and security forces. This paper explores the rampant use of torture as a powerful tool to suppress political opponents, silence dissenting voices, and control vulnerable communities, while instilling fear among ordinary citizens. Despite enacting legislation and ratifying international conventions against torture, Bangladesh continues to struggle with a culture of impunity and lack of implementation, hindering independent investigations and delayed prosecutions. The historical context reveals the roots of violence and torture in Bangladesh, including the tragic genocide in 1971. Political instability, polarization, and the rise of religious extremism have further exacerbated the issue. The international dimension highlights external pressures, particularly from the United States and its allies, urging Bangladesh to combat terrorism and religious extremism. As a critical player in regional counterterrorism efforts, Bangladesh faces the challenge of balancing strong measures with human rights protection. The paper emphasizes the need for comprehensive reforms, strengthened accountability, and independent investigations to address the deeply ingrained practice of torture. By upholding international obligations, fostering a culture of transparency, and respecting human rights, Bangladesh can pave the way for a more equitable and rights-respecting society. Only through concerted efforts can the legacy of violence and torture be transformed into a commitment to protect the dignity and rights of all its citizens, ensuring a brighter future for Bangladesh and its people

Assessment of the Turkish Health Transformation Program With Data Envelopment Analysis

Governments are obliged to deliver basic healthcare to individuals in an equal, safe, and efficient environment. Therefore, they occasionally make improvements and reforms in the health policy. The health transformation program (HTP) is the most comprehensive reform about the health sector in Turkey. In this article, the aim of our article is to analyze the success, efficiency, and sustainability of HTP; in this context, we discussed two different case studies. First, Turkey's efficiency was evaluated during the years 2003–2016 in the health sector with data envelopment analysis. According to the first case study, Turkey was inefficient during the years 2003–2012 because of the investments, the following years, these investments returned and it became efficient. In the second case study, we handled Turkey and nine organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) countries, which are similar in terms of gross domestic product. We compared relative efficiencies of Turkey with mentioned OECD countries and observed that Turkey is efficient except in 2007. The main reason for this is that the health and financial expenditures took the highest value in that year. Besides, Turkey took fifth place in the ranking among ten countries in terms of the average efficiency score.

The challenging reality of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine in Syria: a qualitative study.

Introduction: In Syria, specialist dentists undergo five years of undergraduate education and four years of postgraduate education. In the latter, students engage in treating complex cases as part of their professional training. This study aimed to obtain in-depth qualitative understanding of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Syria. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with eight postgraduate dental students at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine. The faculty has eight clinical departments; therefore, a single participant was purposively sampled from each department. The male-female ratio of the eight interviewed participants was 1:1. All interviews were conducted between 26 th April 2020 and 8 th January 2021. Data was analyzed inductively using reflective thematic analysis. Pragmatic saturation was discussed during the analysis and the authors made an interpretative judgement to stop data collection at the eighth interview. Results: Major themes which emerged covered different aspects of the clinical learning environment such as clinical training, social interaction and assessment procedures. Faculty's negligence of their teaching duties was one of the most recurrent themes. In clinical training and due to faculty inaccessibility, students had to rely on themselves or their senior peers in training. The social climate was perceived negatively and assessment was described as unfair and biased. Discussion: The findings of this study showcased the continuing deterioration of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University. It is hoped that these findings will encourage decision makers to introduce a comprehensive reform that addresses the curriculum, teaching practices and assessment procedures in clinical professional training.

The health and health system impacts of China's comprehensive primary health care reforms: a systematic review.

China's comprehensive primary health care (PHC) reforms since 2009 aimed to deliver accessible, efficient, equitable and high-quality health care services. However, knowledge on the system-wide effectiveness of these reforms is limited. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the reforms' health and health system impacts. In August 2022, 13 international databases and three Chinese databases were searched for randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and controlled before-after studies. Included studies assessed large-scale PHC policies since 2009; had a temporal comparator and a control group; and assessed impacts on expenditures, utilisation, care quality, and health outcomes. Study quality was assessed using ROBINS-I and results were synthesized narratively. From 49,174 identified records, 42 studies were included - all with quasi-experimental designs, except for one randomised control trial. Nine studies assessed as at low risk of bias. Only five low to moderate quality studies assessed the comprehensive reforms as a whole and found associated increases in health service utilisation, whilst the other 37 studies examined single-component policies. The National Essential Medicine Policy (N=15) and financing reforms (N=11) were the most studied policies, whilst policies on primary care provision (i.e., family physician policy and the National Essential Public Health Services) were poorly evaluated. The PHC reforms were associated with increased primary care utilisation (N=17) and improved health outcomes in people with non-communicable diseases (N=8). Evidence on healthcare costs was unclear and impacts on patients' financial burden and care quality were understudied. Some studies showed disadvantaged regions and groups accrued greater benefits (N=8). China's comprehensive PHC reforms have made some progress in achieving their policy objectives including increasing primary care utilisation, improving some health outcomes, and reducing health inequalities. However, China's health system remains largely hospital-centric and further PHC strengthening is needed to advance Universal Health Coverage.

Road traffic accidents in Pakistan: unveiling the emergency service challenge

We address the critical issue of road traffic accidents (RTAs) that significantly impact global mortality and morbidity. Annually, RTAs cause nearly 1.35 million deaths worldwide, making them one of the top ten leading causes of death, exceeding rates of tuberculosis and diarrheal diseases. In Pakistan, the situation is particularly dire due to its vast population and extensive road network. The increasing number of vehicles combined with rapid urbanization intensifies RTA occurrences. Inadequate enforcement of traffic laws leads to high-risk driving behaviors. Most victims are young adults, with motorcyclists, cyclists, and pedestrians being the most vulnerable groups. This highlights a pressing need for comprehensive reforms to enhance road safety practices, improve emergency response systems, and implement effective public health education to mitigate the devastating impact of RTAs.