Comprehensive Mechanism Research Articles

Study on Chemical Kinetic Mechanism and Autoignition Characteristics of Isopentanol/Gasoline Surrogate Fuel

Abstract In this article, the detailed mechanism of isopentanol was simplified by direct relationship graph error propagation (DRGEP), generation rate analysis, reaction path optimization, and sensitivity analysis, and a comprehensive simplified mechanism of isopentanol/gasoline alternative fuels was obtained. Isopentanol/gasoline-characterized fuels with different blending ratios were investigated, and the results showed that blending of isopentanol promoted the autoignition of gasoline. It was found that blending isopentanol does not significantly affect the low-temperature reaction path of alkanes, but increases the reaction path flux from toluene to benzene. During combustion of isopentanol/gasoline alternative fuels, the isopentanol component exhibits a unique two-stage combustion phenomenon.

Enhancing visible-light-driven photocatalysis: unveiling the remarkable potential of H2O2-assisted MOF/COF hybrid material for organic pollutant degradation.

In this study, we synthesized MOF/COF hybrid material (NH2-MOF-5/MCOF) by integrating NH2-MOF-5 (Zn) with a melamine-based COF (MCOF) to target the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. Characterization using SEM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, and UV-DRS confirmed the synthesized MOF/COF hybrid's exceptional photocatalytic performance under visible light. The addition of H2O2 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation, achieving removal rates of 90%, 92%, and 57% for 11.75mg L-1, 30mg L-1, and 83mg L-1 of MB, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed first-order kinetics, with a rate constant nearly 3.5 times higher with added H2O2. We proposed a comprehensive photocatalytic mechanism elucidated through energy band structure analysis and scavenger tests. Our findings revealed the formation of a heterojunction between NH2-MOF-5 and MCOF, which mitigates electron-hole recombination, with ∙OH identified as the principal species governing methylene blue degradation. Moreover, the NH2-MOF-5/MCOF hybrid displayed excellent reusability and chemical stability over six cycles. Notably, this H2O2-assisted hybrid material demonstrated the removal of 99% of ibuprofen, a pharmaceutical drug, showcasing its broad applicability in removing organic contaminants in aqueous solutions, thereby holding great promise for wastewater treatment.

In situ DRIFTs-based comprehensive reaction mechanism of photo-thermal synergetic catalysis for dry reforming of methane over Ru-CeO2 catalyst

Solar-driven photo-thermal dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an environmentally friendly production route for high-value-added chemicals. However, the lack of thorough understanding of the mechanism for photo-thermal reaction has limited its further development. Here, we systematically investigated the mechanism of photo-thermal DRM reaction with the representative of Ru/CeO2 catalyst. Through in situ DRIFTs and transient experiments, comprehensive investigation into the reaction steps and their reactive sites in the process of DRM reaction were conducted. Besides, the excitation and migration direction of photo-electron was determined by ISI-XPS experiments, and the change of surface defect structure induced by light was characterized by ISI-EPR experiments. Based on the above results, the photo-enhancement effect on each micro-reaction step was determined. This study provides a theoretical basis for the industrialization of photo-thermal DRM reaction and its development of catalysts.

Design and Development of Cybersecurity Suite

Protecting personal, corporate and government data in the digital age requires cybersecurity. Traditional cybersecurity methods sometimes lack comprehensive and dynamic protection mechanisms as cyber-attacks change and become more sophisticated. A new cybersecurity suite is proposed in this study. It integrates various advanced security technologies into a single user-friendly platform interaction. This paper specifically combines techniques for real-time phishing detection, strong password management, safe encryption and decryption services and an interactive module to promote user awareness and behaviours to improve digital security for individuals and organization. Rapid prototyping is used in iterative and incremental development phases to adapt to changing security needs and user input. This method allows the platform to be constantly improved to satisfy the current cybersecurity standards and react to new threats. The prototyped developed provides proactive digital defence, a complete cybersecurity platform that equips users to defend their digital presence. With the intuitive design and advanced feature set, the prototype aspires to democratize cybersecurity. Empirical testing of the prototype revealed that makes an effective protection of a wider audience without the complexities of security software. This paper contributes in the advances cybersecurity technology and shaping the digital protection measures.

Exploring the interplay between Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19: Insights into cognitive impairment and drug interactions

Alzheimers disease (AD) is a severe well-known cognitive disease, and it is also the most worldwide cause of dementia. Studies have shown that AD may have some interactions with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some particular areas. This paper aims to figure out the potential associations how one causes the interplay of another, whether directly or indirectly. In addition, the paper provides a comprehensive mechanism underlying cognitive impairment also known as brain fog of COVID-19, including the effects on neurons and glial cells by persistent elevation of the chemokine CCL11. Then the paper provides drug-drug interaction with metabolized by same cytochrome enzymes lead to major changes in the pharmacology of treatments. Finally, the paper concludes the points mentioned about the associations between COVID-19 and AD then suggests the direction of the future studies.

Machine learning exploring the chemical compositions characteristics and sources of PM2.5 from reduced on-road activity

Particulate nitrate pollution has emerged as a major contributor to haze events in urban environment, due to the rapid increase of vehicle emissions. However, a comprehensive formation mechanisms of PM2.5 responses to vehicle emissions control still remains high uncertainties. In our study, hourly criteria air pollutants, meteorological parameters and chemical compositions of PM2.5 were continuously measured with or without reduced on-road activity at the coastal city in southeast China. XG Boost-SHAP models analysis showed that increasing concentrations of NO3−, NH4+, and BC contribute to elevated PM2.5 levels, due to the influence of vehicle emissions. Based on PMF model results, there was a notable increase in the contributions of traffic-related emissions, industrial activities, and dust sources to PM2.5, with increments of 13%, 4%, and 7%, respectively. In addition, metal elements such as Mn emerged as the primary contributor to hazard quotient (HQ) values, originated from non-exhaust emissions of vehicles, which might cause the potential toxic risks on human health, particularly during haze events. Hence, this study improve the understanding of air quality and human health both direct and indirect responses to vehicle emissions control in future urban management.

Supply chain digitalization and sports industry performance in Chinese context: a mediated moderated model

PurposeIn era of industry 4.0 all the organizations are investing their resources so they can adopt the latest technologies with no exception of supply chain. Accordingly, the present study attempted to examine the influence of digitalization of supply chain and performance in context of Chinese sports industry. Additionally, it has considered the supply chain integration and time management as a mechanism along with boundary condition of supply chain resilience.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed positivism philosophy and adopted quantitative methods. The data were collected by using the questionnaire from the Chinese sport industry organizations’ professionals related to logistics and supply chain. A total 746 questionnaires were distributed and 570 of them subjected to SPSS and Smart PLS for data analysis. Hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM through the Smart-PLS 4.FindingsThe results of the study revealed that supply chain digitalization positively influences the both internal and external supply chain integration. Moreover, supply chain planning and scheduling influenced by both internal and external supply chain integration lead by supply chain digitalization. Ultimately resulting in improved sports industry performance. However, the supply chain resilience did not found as a significant moderator.Originality/valueThe study is few of the attempts that have tested a comprehensive mechanism through which the supply chain digitalization lead towards the higher performance. Also, the study results signify that the digitization can help the organizations to accomplish superior performance specifically in sports industry.

Category-agnostic semantic edge detection by measuring neural representation randomness

Edge detection plays a fundamental role in computer vision tasks and gains wide applications. In particular, semantic edge detection recently draws more attention due to the high demand for a fine-grained understanding of visual scenes. However, detecting high-level semantic edges hidden in visual scenes is quite challenging. Existing semantic edge detection methods focus on category-aware semantic edges and require elaborate category annotations. Instead, we first propose the category-agnostic semantic edge detection task without additional semantic category annotations. To achieve this goal, we propose to utilize only edge position annotations and leverage the information randomness of semantic edges. Specifically, we align semantic edge positions to the ground truth by maximizing randomness on edge regions and minimizing randomness on non-edge regions in the training process. In the inference process, we first obtain neural representations by the trained network, and then generate semantic edges by measuring neural randomness. We evaluate our method by comparisons with alternative methods on two well-known datasets: Cityscapes (Cordts et al., 2016) and SBD (Hariharan et al., 2014). The results demonstrate our superiority over the alternatives, which is more significant under weak annotations. We also provide comprehensive mechanism studies to verify the generalizability, rationality, and validity of our working mechanism.

Consideration of special effects for the application of an optimized fracture mechanics approach for the RPV safety assessment (CAMERA)

A comprehensive fracture mechanics test program called CAMERA was carried out for seven RPV base and weld materials in unirradiated and irradiated conditions. The objective was to establish an application-oriented completion of the fracture mechanics approach for the RPV safety assessment over the entire relevant temperature range up to operating temperature. For this purpose, fracture toughness tests in the ductile-brittle transition region with and without warm pre-stress (WPS), and in the ductile region (upper shelf) were performed in order to complete the fracture toughness curves of the material concerned. The test program was completed by various analytical and numerical calculations and microstructural analyses. The benefit of the WPS effect was confirmed for both the material (higher apparent fracture toughness values) and the load path (no initiation after maximum loading). By fracture toughness tests in the ductile regime the fracture toughness curve could be completed up to the operating temperature and the T0 based criterion temperature TUS above which no brittle fracture occurs was determined and successfully verified. Based on the results obtained by the Master Curve, WPS and crack resistance tests it was demonstrated how to integrate the criterion temperature TUS in the fracture toughness-temperature diagram including the loading transient to an application window for the RPV safety assessment that is based on T0 only. For three out of nineteen data sets the homogeneity screening procedure described in ASTM E1921 did indicate a macroscopically inhomogeneous material for that a generally conservative reference temperature T0IN was calculated that is on average 11 K higher than the reference temperature T0. A higher susceptibility of weld materials for macroscopic material inhomogeneity compared to base materials was found. The suitability of the applied SE(B) and C(T) specimens for the specific fracture mechanics tests (WPS and/or crack resistance in ductile region) was proven. Micromechanical Local Approach damage models (Bordet and Gurson) were successfully applied for test design and prediction of fracture toughness. The overall results reveal even so some open gaps remaining for future work that are addressed as well.

Postharvest biocontrol ability and involved mechanism of volatile organic compounds from Serratia nematodiphila BC-SKRU-1 against Penicillium digitatum tangerine fruit

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by microorganisms offer a promising strategy for managing green mold disease in citrus fruits caused by Penicillium digitatum. This study evaluated the biocontrol efficacy of VOCs produced by Serratia nematodiphila BC-SKRU-1 (BC-SKRU-1 VOCs) against green mold in postharvest tangerine fruits, targeting P. digitatum NKP4321. Our findings demonstrated that BC-SKRU-1 VOCs exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against seven plant pathogens, with the highest efficacy observed against NKP4321 (68.21%). A concentration of 106 CFU mL−1 for VOC production by BC-SKRU-1 completely inhibited the mycelial growth of NKP4321, whereas a concentration of 107 CFU mL−1 was required to fully inhibit spore germination. The application of four plates of BC-SKRU-1 VOCs at 108 CFU mL−1 significantly reduced the severity of green mold disease, with optimal biocontrol achieved through continuous fumigation during storage. Notably, 2-nonanol, identified as the predominant component among the 20 VOCs using HS-SPME/GC-MS, exhibited superior antifungal activity both in vitro and in vivo. It effectively decreased ergosterol production and disrupted plasma membrane integrity in NKP4321 cells. Furthermore, 2-nonanol altered the cellular content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., GSH, GSSG) and enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., CAT, SOD), elucidating its comprehensive antifungal mechanism. These findings highlight the potential of BC-SKRU-1 VOCs, particularly 2-nonanol, as effective biocontrol agents for enhancing postharvest fruit preservation by combating fungal pathogens.

Bridge-oxygen bonding modulates Ru single atoms for peroxymonosulfate activation: Importance of high-valent Ru species and 1O2

The application of single-atom catalysts (SACs) to advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has attracted considerable attention. However, the catalytic pathways and mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. In this study, NiFe-LDH was synthesized and single Ru atoms were stably loaded onto it by forming Ru–O–M (M=Ni or Fe) bonds (Ru@NiFe-LDH). This was demonstrated using high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) and X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (XANES). The Ru@NiFe-LDH/PMS system showed a high catalytic reactivity (100 % sulfamethoxazole degradation in only 30 min), high stability (97 % reactivity was maintained after continuous operation for 400 min), and wide pH suitability (working pH range 3–11) for AOPs. The crucial roles of the high-valent species (Ru(V) = O) and 1O2 in this reaction were verified. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that electron transfer produced a positively charged Ru. This enhances the adsorption of negatively charged PMS anions onto the Ru monoatomic sites, thereby, causing the formation of Ru-PMS* complexes. This study implies that the structure–function relationship between organic compounds and SACs plays a significant role in PMS-based AOPs, and provides a comprehensive mechanism for the role of high-valent species in heterogeneous Fenton-like systems.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Al2O3 Nanoparticles: Comprehensive Characterization Properties, Mechanics, and Photocatalytic Dye Adsorption Study

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are gaining traction in inorganic catalysis and photocatalysis, driving the development of eco-friendly methods. This study introduces an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for synthesizing Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using extracts derived from the leaves of Calligonum comosum L. The primary objective of this investigation is to assess the photocatalytic efficacy of the synthesized catalyst in addressing organic pollutants. The Al2O3 NPs exhibit a spherical morphology with crystalline arrangements, as evidenced by an average crystallite size of 25.1 nm in the XRD analysis. The band gap energy of the Al2O3 NPs is determined to be 2.86 eV. In terms of mechanical properties, the Al2O3 NPs show significant potential in enhancing both flexural and compressive properties, thereby making them a viable choice for improving the mechanical performance of composites. Notably, the Young’s modulus of the hybrid composite (comprising plant material and Al2O3 NPs) exhibits a remarkable increase of 34.4% in flexion and 78.3% in compression compared to the plant material alone. The catalytic performance of the Al2O3 NPs is evaluated using methylene blue (MB) as a cationic dye and Rose Bengal (RB) as an anionic dye. Impressively, the Al2O3 NPs demonstrate degradation efficiencies of 98.2% for MB and 90.5% for RB. The degradation processes occur under solar light irradiation, with a contact time of 120 m, a maintained pH of 7, and a temperature of 25 °C. This study found that Al2O3 nanoparticles are a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly option for water treatment.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded with linalool as a potential control agent of malaria infection

This research aimed to produce and analyze zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) loaded with linalool (LZNPs), and to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo efficacy through targeting the inflammation and oxidative stress. LZNPs were synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The Malstat technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of LZNPs against both sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmosium falciparum. In vivo effects of ZNPs and LZNPs on parasite growth suppression, survival rate, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant genes, and gene and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by Real-time PCR and Western blot techniques. The results indicated that LZNPs demonstrated noteworthy (P < 0.001) antiplasmodial activity against both susceptible and resistant strains of P. falciparum. P. berghei NK65 strain-infected mice treated with the ZNPs and LZNPs at doses of 5–15 mg/kg notably (p < 0.001) increased the survival rates and parasite growth suppression. LZNPs at 5–15 mg/kg demonstrated a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in oxidative stress markers, increased the expression level of antioxidant genes, and reduced the gene and protein expression level of inflammatory cytokines. The current experimental study demonstrated the potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of LZNPs against chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains of P. falciparum compared to ZNPs alone. Additionally, the study identified the potential benefits of this nanocomposite in suppressing the parasite and extending the survival rate in mice infected with P. berghei by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress. It also showed minimal toxicity in liver and kidney function in healthy mice. Nevertheless, further research is essential to elucidate the comprehensive mechanisms and practical effectiveness of LZNPs.

Serotonergic psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT alters plasticity-related gene expression and generates anxiolytic effects in stressed mice.

Serotonergic psychedelics have potential therapeutic effects in treating anxiety and mood disorders, often after a single dose, and are suggested to have plasticity-inducing action. However, a comprehensive mechanism of action is still lacking. Here, we investigated how a single dose of the short-acting 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) acts on gene expression from microdissected brain regions (anterior cingulate cortex - ACC; basolateral amygdala - BLA; ventral hippocampus CA1 region - vCA1 and dentate gyrus-DG) of naive and stressed mice. Specifically, we compared gene expression of Arc, Zif268, BDNF, CREB, mTORC1, NR2A, TRIP8b, and NFkB in mice injected with 5-MeO-DMT or saline at different time points (1 h, 5 h, or 5 days prior). 5-MeO-DMT altered mRNA expression of immediate early genes Arc and ZiF268 in the ACC, BLA, and vCA1, while NR2A expression was decreased after 5 h in the vCA1. We also found a long-term increase in TRIP8b, a gene related to the modulation of neuronal activity, in the vCA1 after 5 days. Behaviorally, 5-MeO-DMT treated mice showed mixed anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects in the elevated plus maze and open field test 24 h or 5 days after treatment. However, pre-treated mice subjected to acute stress showed both lower corticosterone levels and robust anxiolytic effects of 5-MeO-DMT administration. Together, our findings provide insights into the molecular actions of 5-MeO-DMT in the brain related to anxiolytic effects of behavior.

Comprehensive aging model coupling chemical and mechanical degradation mechanisms for NCM/C6-Si lithium-ion batteries

The aging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is synergistically influenced by multiple chemical/mechanical degradation mechanisms. Therefore, conventional models that incorporate only partial mechanisms exhibit limited predictive accuracy and applicability, failing to fully reflect the effects of chemical/mechanical degradation under complex operating conditions. Here, we propose an aging model for NCM/C6-Si LIBs coupled with comprehensive chemical/mechanical degradation mechanisms. The model includes chemical mechanisms at the C6-Si anode solid electrolyte interface (SEI), Li plating, and NCM cathode electrolyte interface (CEI), as well as mechanical mechanisms of loss of active material (LAM) for C6, Si, and NCM. Based on this model, we comprehensively investigate the effect of capacity loss by (dis)charge rates and ambient temperatures, obtaining the aging characteristics and the contribution of each mechanism to loss under different variables. Furthermore, we quantitatively analyze the sensitivity and response characteristics of the degradation sub-mechanism to (dis)charge rate and temperature. This study introduces an advanced aging analysis model for NCM/C6-Si LIBs, which can effectively decouple the operational characteristics of the degradation mechanism and provide guidance for developing next-generation high-energy LIBs.

P-232 EIF4E1B Contributes to Early Translation Burst for Embryogenesis Whose Deficiency Causes Embryo Development Arrest at Four-Cell Stage during Oocyte to Embryo Transition in Women

Abstract Study question What are the effects and corresponding mechanisms of the early burst of translation inhibited during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET), which is essential for human embryogenesis? Summary answer EIF4E1B contributes to the early burst of translation for embryogenesis whose deficiency causes embryo development arrest at four-cell stage during OET in women. What is known already The first records of human zygotic genes are observed in late one-cell zygotes, and translation in mammals happens before the activation of zygotic genes. Recently, we identified an oocyte specific role of eIF4E1b in selecting and regulating the translation initiation of individual mRNAs that are involved in cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cell fate determination during OET. The genetic ablation of Eif4e1b in mice resulted in a developmental arrest in the 2-cell phase of embryogenesis. How is the early burst of translation regulated in human embryogenesis remains unknown. Study design, size, duration A total of 236 female Chinese participants who underwent assisted reproductive technology (ART) and experienced at least one cycle of OET defects were recruited from our university-affiliated center from January 2017 to May 2023. 60 frozen human 3 pronuclei (3PN) embryos have been used for this work. The use of human embryos donated for research was allowed by the the Ethics Committee of the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC–Xiangya (reference LL-SC-2018-009). Participants/materials, setting, methods All recruited individuals underwent whole-exome sequencing. In vitro transcription and micro-injection were employed to validate the embryo development pattern under different translation inhibition as well as potential effects of the EIF4E1B variant in mouse oocytes. Immunoprecipitation was conducted to investigate the causes of OET failure and identify the ability of eIF4E1B bind with PABPC1L. Additionally, a knock-in (KI) mouse model carrying homozygous Eif4e1bA192T was generated to evaluate female fertility and a more comprehensive mechanism. Main results and the role of chance Translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and knockdown of different translation initiation factors eIF4Es were administered to human 3 pronuclei (3PN) embryos, starting from the 1C stage. The absence of eIF4E1B was identified as a specific phenotype, leading to developmental arrest at the 1-4C stage, which is consistent with the effects of Translation inhibitor CHX. Additionally, a novel homozygous mutation (c.565G&amp;gt;A; p. Ala189Thr) in EIF4E1B was found within a consanguineous family. This mutation was associated with recurrent four-cell arrests, suggesting a translational regulation role for eIF4E1B from the 1C to 4C stage during OET. The mutated eIF4E1B disrupted the expression and condensate distribution of eIF4E1B. We also confirmed the interaction between eIF4E1B and PABPC1L, with the c.565G&amp;gt;A variant in EIF4E1B impairing their binding ability. Furthermore, KI mice carrying homozygous Eif4e1bA192T partially recapitulated the phenotype resulting from EIF4E1B deficiency. Limitations, reasons for caution More cases are required to demonstrate the association between EIF4E1B variants and phenotypes. Wider implications of the findings By delving deeper into the intricate interactions between basic physiology and clinical characteristics, this research elucidates the crucial role of maternal EIF4E1B in ensuring the early burst of translation for embryogenesis and provide a diagnostic genetic marker for women with OET defects. Trial registration number Not applicable

Exploring Governance Mechanisms in Megaprojects: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review

Megaproject governance defines the organizational goals and outlines the mechanisms necessary for their realization. This paper systematically explores megaproject governance studies using a mixed-method approach, aiming to develop a holistic framework for analyzing governance mechanisms within the megaproject landscape. The PRISMA road map is used in this study to conduct a systematic literature review. A bibliometric analysis is conducted on the research documents that are found in the “Web of Science Core Collection” and “Scopus” databases for the time interval of 1995 to the present. Based on the PRISMA protocol, the study reviewed 1,300 titles and abstracts and examined 78 full articles. The results indicate that the scholarship on megaproject governance has predominately increased over the past decade and will continue to be a significant research area in the megaproject research domain. The study’s primary theoretical contribution is the development of a comprehensive governance mechanism framework, comprising a total of 13 mechanisms grouped into contractual and relational mechanisms. As the scholarly interest in megaproject governance continues to grow, this study emphasizes the essential need for further exploration and sets the stage for future research directions.

Pyraclostrobin induces developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity through oxidative stress and inflammation in zebrafish embryos

Pyraclostrobin, a typical representative of strobilurin fungicides, is extensively used in agriculture to control fungi and is often detected in water bodies and food. However, the comprehensive toxicological molecular mechanism of pyraclostrobin requires further study. To assess the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of pyraclostrobin on aquatic organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to pyraclostrobin (20, 40, and 60 μg/L) until 96 h post fertilization (hpf). These results indicated that exposure to pyraclostrobin induces morphological alterations, including spinal curvature, shortened body length, and smaller eyes. Furthermore, heart developmental malformations, such as pericardial edema and bradycardia, were observed. This indicated severe cardiotoxicity induced by pyraclostrobin in zebrafish embryos, which was confirmed by the dysregulation of genes related to heart development. Besides, our findings also demonstrated that pyraclostrobin enhanced the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), up-regulated catalase (CAT) activity, but inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Subsequently, the NF-κb signaling pathway was further studied, and the results indicated that the up-regulation of tnf-α, tlr-4, and myd88 activated the NF-κb signaling pathway and up-regulated the relative expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as cc-chemokine, ifn-γ, and cxcl-clc. Collectively, this study revealed that pyraclostrobin exposure induces developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity, which may result from a combination of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. These findings provide a basis for continued evaluation of the effects and ecological risks of pyraclostrobin on the early development of aquatic organisms.

Revealing Comprehensive Food Functionalities and Mechanisms of Action through Machine Learning.

Foods possess a range of unexplored functionalities; however, fully identifying these functions through empirical means presents significant challenges. In this study, we have proposed an in silico approach to comprehensively predict the functionalities of foods, encompassing even processed foods. This prediction is accomplished through the utilization of machine learning on biomedical big data. Our focus revolves around disease-related protein pathways, wherein we statistically evaluate how the constituent compounds collaboratively regulate these pathways. The proposed method has been employed across 876 foods and 83 diseases, leading to an extensive revelation of both food functionalities and their underlying operational mechanisms. Additionally, this approach identifies food combinations that potentially affect molecular pathways based on interrelationships between food functions within disease-related pathways. Our proposed method holds potential for advancing preventive healthcare.

Superoxide radicals dominated hydrogen peroxide activation using BiOI for boosting Fenton-like catalytic degradation of bisphenol A

Herein, flower-like BiOI micro-spherulites were successfully prepared via a solvothermal method, and it exhibited a remarkably Fenton-like catalytic efficacy in the degradation of BPA under dark condition without additional energy input. BiOI can function as an electron-poor center, facilitating the activation of H2O2 into •O2−, while simultaneously serving as an electron-rich center to reduce dissolved O2 to •O2−. This electron-rich and electron-poor centers of BiOI synergistically enhance the •O2− generation for highly Fenton-like catalytic performance. Moreover, the removal performance of BPA demonstrated a significant pH dependency, and the presence of low concentrations of halide ions and humic acid did not exhibit noticeable inhibitory effect on the degradation of BPA. Additionally, several intermediates have been identified to propose a comprehensive degradation mechanism for BPA. This study presents a novel BiOI Fenton-like catalytic system for the purification of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater.