Comprehensive Evaluation Value Research Articles

Research on optimization strategy of urban medium voltage direct current distribution network construction considering application scenarios

In the distribution network planning work, taking into account the constraints of funds and construction annual plan, there is always the prioritization problem of multiple MVDC distribution networks. Aiming at the problem, this paper proposes a method for the optimization analysis of MVDC distribution network planning objects. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation index system of urban MVDC distribution network planning and optimization is established from three aspects of improving power supply reliability and the quality of voltage, MVDC distribution network scenario types and distribution network social benefits. Then, the qualitative indexes are quantified based on the cloud model, and the comprehensive evaluation values of each distribution network are calculated and sorted by the hierarchical additive weighting of Delphi entropy weight method. Taking the maximum comprehensive evaluation value of the scheme as objective function and the annual total investment as constraint, the construction priority of multiple MVDC distribution networks is determined. Finally, taking several distribution networks in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China as examples, the simulation results show that the optimal objects of distribution network based on the urban scenario demands are X4, X8 and X1, with the lowest total investment cost of 19,180 yuan, thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Heredity of active compounds and selection of elite hybrids in a segregating F1 population of tea chrysanthemum

The active compounds in the dry head-like capitulum of tea chrysanthemums are essential contributors to human health. Therefore, increasing the internal quality is a critical aim of tea chrysanthemum breeding programs, and knowledge of the inheritance of the quality traits and accurate identification of elite hybrids is vital for breeding success. The heredity of four intrinsic qualities, i.e., total flavone, chlorogenic acid, luteoloside, and isochlorogenic acid A, were investigated in a segregating F1 population. We implemented the principal components analysis (PCA), the membership function method, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to identify hybrids of superior quality. The quality traits were widely segregated, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.29 to 0.88. Transgressive individuals in both directions were observed for all investigated traits. Genotypes, environments, and genotype × environment interaction significantly affected the investigated compounds, and a moderate-high heritability was at 0.57 ∼ 0.84. Total flavone, luteoloside, and isochlorogenic acid A showed highly positive heterosis (P < 0.01), while chlorogenic acid demonstrated negative heterosis, and the heterosis ratio was separately estimated at 17.11%, 127.14%, 14.51%, and -9.10%. Moreover, three elite hybrids with a comprehensive evaluation value (D) larger than 0.8 were selected for breeding use. The current study's findings add a new understanding of the inheritance pattern of the investigated active compounds, and the production of improved hybrids represents an essential step towards developing high-quality tea chrysanthemums.

Evaluation of provincial carbon-neutral capacities in the Yellow River basin using DPSIR

The Yellow River basin spans nine provinces and autonomous regions and plays an important role in China's economic and social development and ecological security. However few studies have integrated the concept of carbon neutrality into research to evaluate the carbon-neutral development level. This paper calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of the provincial carbon-neutral capacities comprehensive evaluation index in the Yellow River basin through the driving-force-pressure-state-impact-response (DFPSIR) index system and the global entropy method based on provinces data between 2008 to 2019. The final results indicated that from 2008 to 2019, the carbon-neutral capacities of the provinces in the Yellow River basin were in a state of rapid development and had achieved a grade leap. However, seven provinces had carbon-neutral capacity levels at the Grade III standard in 2019, thereby leaving scope for substantial improvement. Through the above research, we identified the changes in the trend and driving mechanisms of the carbon-neutral capacity of the Yellow River basin and provide a theoretical reference value for a comprehensive realization of carbon neutrality in China in 2060.

Different photosynthetic adaptation of Zoysia spp. under shading: shade avoidance and shade tolerance response.

Reduction of ambient solar radiation is an important external challenge for plants, which affects photosynthesis and morphogenesis in agroforestry or gardening. As bottomed sessile organisms, turfgrasses have a set of sophisticated photosynthetic strategies to survive and deal with this abiotic stress. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) is an important warm-season, perennial turfgrass that tolerates adversity, wear, trampling and extensive management. However, whole photosynthetic characteristics reaction of the zoysiagrass to shade stress have not been described because our knowledge in this area is very limited. In this study, 85% shade treatment was applied to nineteen zoysiagrass genotypes, and morphological observations and extensive determinations on plant heights, photosynthetic pigments, fluorescence dynamic curves among other parameters were made. The results showed that vegetal and photosynthetic responses of zoysiagrass were affected by shade treatment to varying degrees. Further analysis based on the principal component, subordinate function analysis and clustering methodology revealed that different shading response strategies were adopted by zoysia under shade surroundings. They were divided into four categories. The strongest shade-avoidant response strategy was adopted by ‘ZG48’ and ‘WZG59’, which had the largest comprehensive evaluation (D) values, and the stabilized shade-tolerant response was taken on by ‘ZG-3’ and ‘ZG64’, which had the lowest D values. Other varieties applied a medium strategy but with a certain tendency. These findings provide new insights into different shading response tactics of turfgrass: shade avoidance and shade tolerance response, which could be selected for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of plant adaptation to shade environments.

Comprehensive screening of low nitrogen tolerant maize based on multiple traits at the seedling stage.

BackgroundPlants tolerant to low nitrogen are a quantitative trait affected by many factors, and the different parameters were used for stress-tolerant plant screening in different investigations. But there is no agreement on the use of these indicators. Therefore, a method that can integrate different parameters to evaluate stress tolerance is urgently needed.MethodsSix maize genotypes were subject to low nitrogen stress for twenty days. Then seventeen traits of the six maize genotypes related to nitrogen were investigated. Nitrogen tolerance coefficient (NTC) was calculated as low nitrogen traits to high nitrogen traits. Then principal component analysis was conducted based on the NTC. Based on fuzzy mathematics theory, a D value (decimal comprehensive evaluation value) was introduced to evaluate maize tolerant to low nitrogen.ResultsThree maize (SY998, GEMS42-I and GEMS42-II) with the higher D value have better growth and higher nitrogen accumulation under low nitrogen conditions. In contrast, Ji846 with the lowest D value has the lowest nitrogen accumulation and biomass in response to nitrogen limitation. These results indicated that the D value could help to screen low nitrogen tolerant maize, given that the D value was positively correlated with low nitrogen tolerance in maize seedlings.ConclusionsThe present study introduced the D value to evaluate stress tolerance. The higher the D value, the greater tolerance of maize to low nitrogen stress. This method may reduce the complexity of the investigated traits and enhance the accuracy of stress-tolerant evaluation. In addition, this method not only can screen potentially tolerant germplasm for low-nitrogen tolerance quickly, but also can comprise the correlated traits as many as possible to avoid the one-sidedness of a single parameter.

Spatiotemporal assessment of water security in the Dongting Lake region: Insights from projection pursuit method and sparrow search algorithm

The Dongting Lake region (TDLR) is China's essential commodity grain base and inland wetland reserve. Few studies, however, focus on the water security of TDLR. Additionally, as the attributes of water security increase, common methods may not obtain more structural characteristics or make full use of the data, resulting in the evaluation not being comprehensive enough. Hence, based on the vulnerability scoping diagram (VSD) and the coupled model combining projection pursuit method (PP), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), and contribution degree model, this study assesses the water security of TDLR and its three major cities. The result shows that the coupled model may be suitable to assess water security since it obtains a more accurate, comparable, sensitive, comprehensive evaluation more rapidly, intuitively, and stably. The water security of TDLR and three cities all exhibit an overall fluctuating upward trend during 2011–2020, with a significant increase in the comprehensive water security evaluation value (WSV) of TDLR (p < 0.05). Among the three cities, the water security of Yiyang is the safest, followed by Changde and Yueyang. A summary of the main contributing dimensions and top ten contributing indicators of water security of TDLR illustrates that the effective measures to improve its water security include building embankments and sewage treatment plants through increased investment; reducing industrial water consumption; improving the ability to convert rainwater to water resources and surface water storage capacity. Additional measures, such as strengthening the integrated management of the Dongting Lake and increasing the use of reclaimed water for ecological replenishment, can effectively improve its water security. This study objectively assesses and summarizes the water security of TDLR and provides a valuable reference for relevant authorities in regional water resources planning and management, as well as for water security assessments of other similar lake regions.

Is it Feasible to Use BP Neural Network for Academic Journal Evaluation: an Attempt Based on 6 Single Objective Weighting Methods

ABSTRACTIn the new era, the analysis of academic journal evaluation methods and the comprehensive comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and stability of different methods can help to provide some reference for academic journal evaluation. In this study, single model evaluation was carried out for 6 weighting methods without comprehensive evaluation value, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is performed on the results passing the nonparametric test. Based on the evaluation, BP neural network is introduced, and BP neural network evaluation model is established. The results show that the fuzzy Borda evaluation can integrate the evaluation value and evaluation order of single models, and has higher accuracy compared with single evaluation models. The prediction rate of the network model based on the gradient descent optimization algorithm can reach more than 80%, and the weights obtained from the continuous self‐learning of the neural network training set can reduce the subjectivity and mutual interference between indicators.

Evaluation and Selection of Cement Suppliers under the Background of New and Old Driving Energy Conversion in China

Accompanied by the concept of supply-side structural reform and conversion of new and old driving energy to create a new round of economic development in China, cement supplier evaluation and selection are increasingly crucial for concrete production plants, ensuring not only raw material supply with high quality and at a reasonable price but also sustainable and long-term cooperation with suppliers. Given the limitations of the existing approaches, this study proposes a cement supplier evaluation and selection framework based on the combination of the improved FAHP-CRITIC method and VIKOR method. We first develop a cement supplier evaluation and selection index system under the background of new and old driving energy conversion, including eight first-level indicators and twenty-one second-level indicators. The proposed model then uses triangular fuzzy numbers AHP (TFN-AHP) and the improved CRITIC method to calculate subjective and objective weights by replacing the coefficient of variation with standard deviation, uses the ideal solution-based method to determine their combination weights, and combines the VIKOR method to calculate the comprehensive evaluation values of candidate cement suppliers. After that, the proposed approach is applied to evaluate and select ten cement suppliers for concrete production plants, and the results are compared and analyzed with those using the traditional method. The results of the comparison show that the proposed strategy can be scientific and reliable, helping managers to make the right decision under the background of new and old driving energy conversion in China.

An Evaluation Model of Riparian Landscape: A Case in Rural Qingxi Area, Shanghai

The suburbs around Shanghai have a complex river network and a unique Chinese water-town culture. The riparian landscape in the rural Qingxi area has important regional, ecological, and social significance; it serves as an important part of the local bioclimate, but the existing studies on river vegetation did not pay enough attention to the riparian landscape in the countryside around the metropolis. The goal of this study was to examine a comprehensive evaluation model for the river plant landscape in the countryside surrounding a high-density metropolis such as Shanghai in the face of the national policy of rural revitalization and the low-carbon development problem, and to propose optimization strategies accordingly. Therefore, in this study, we selected 91 rivers in the Qingxi area and investigated their plant communities. According to the characteristics of the riparian landscape and its relationship with the river environment and local bioclimate, we classified the 91 riparian landscapes into four types of quadrats: natural landscape, residential recreation, roadside linear landscape, and agricultural landscape. In addition, based on the 13 indicator layers under the categories of ecological carrying capacity, landscape beauty, and social service, we calculated the comprehensive evaluation value (CEV) and comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) of 91 river quadrants using specific formulas to scientifically evaluate the riparian landscape in the rural Qingxi area of Shanghai. Finally, based on the existing problems summarized through data analysis, the researchers proposed five optimization directions: (1) increasing vegetation diversity, (2) choosing native and culturally representative species, (3) improving waterfront planting design, (4) achieving ecological riverbank construction, and (5) building greenway systems and recreational spaces. This study proposed an innovative evaluation model for the riparian vegetation landscape and tested its feasibility by site survey, which provided new visions for future rural landscape research.

Research on the Optimization Technology of Mechanical Product Design Plan Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Analysis Method

In the scheme design stage of mechanical products, several design solutions need to be evaluated so that the best design solution can be selected from them. Because the evaluation of mechanical product scheme design is a multilevel, multiattribute and contains many fuzzy models, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation becomes an advantageous model for the evaluation of mechanical product scheme design. In this article, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is constructed, and a combination of the subjectivity of determining weights by hierarchical analysis method and the objectivity of determining weights by entropy value method is used to calculate the weights of evaluation indexes, and a combined assignment method is established to improve the reliability of the evaluation method. Then, the best solution is selected by calculating the comprehensive evaluation value of each product design solution. Finally, the validity, reasonableness, and feasibility of the evaluation model are verified through the evaluation and selection of three design solutions for a gearbox reducer, which also provides a new method for the evaluation and selection of other product design solutions.

Application of Neural Network Sample Training Algorithm in Regional Economic Management

In order to solve the limitations of the traditional method of determining expert weights in AHP and improve the level of the regional economy, this paper proposes a neural network algorithm based on AHP. This paper first calculates the interest correlation coefficient among experts, then obtains the comprehensive evaluation value of all experts according to the evaluation value matrix, and then determines the evaluation weight of each expert in the expert group. Finally, the comprehensive weight of each index is obtained by weighting the index weight obtained from the traditional AHP and the expert evaluation weight. Then, the evaluation value obtained by the improved AHP is used as a prior sample to train and test the BP neural network, and a classifier that can be popularized is obtained. The experimental results show that the overall evaluation value of circular economy of 9 construction enterprises is at a medium level, only 2 enterprises have an evaluation value of more than 50, and one enterprise has an evaluation value of only 35, indicating that the overall implementation of circular economy of these 9 construction enterprises is still at a low level, with great room for development and improvement. Conclusion. The economic management method based on a neural network algorithm can make the evaluation results more accurate and reliable and has high popularization and application value.

Street Landscape Planning and Design Guided by Artificial Intelligence Interactive Experience.

As an important part of the city, urban streets have always played an active role in carrying public needs and optimizing public living spaces. They are also important to open public spaces in the city. In addition, with technology integration and life, the interactive experience of artificial intelligence (AI) in Street View is gradually increasing. A streetscape planning and design method based on AI interactive experience is proposed. CSiXRevit 2022 software builds street simulation models for better street planning and design. Street digital imaging technology is used to analyze the original streetscape. Landscape features are integrated with the street model. Based on intelligent technology, urban landscape design is studied, and AI interactive experience is analyzed. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and AI technology evaluate the effect of landscape design. Firstly, AHP is used to construct the evaluation index system of the rural landscape design effect, and the index weight is determined. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) is used to construct an evaluation model of landscape design effect. Three indexes of target, project, and indicator layer are used to evaluate the effect of rural landscape design. The results show that (1) the variety and richness of streetscapes in the survey area should be increased. Interactive buildings should be placed on the street. (2) The comprehensive evaluation score of the street landscape is 0.60, and the design effect is excellent. The comprehensive evaluation values of the three project layers are 0.65, 0.48, and 0.67, respectively. The data show that the carrying capacity index of the study area is the best, and the vitality index is the weakest. Therefore, when designing the street landscape, the economic development has been strengthened by attracting investment, introducing large-scale exhibition shops, increasing street income, strengthening the construction of street public facilities, and paying attention to the public street experience. This work can provide references for related streetscape designs.

Prediction of Water-Blocking Capability of Water-Seepage-Resistance Strata Based on AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method—A Case Study

Coal mining under the aquifer in Northwest China has brought a series of ecological problems, such as the decline of groundwater levels and the death of surface vegetation. The study of the impermeability of rock strata between coal seams and the overlying aquifers is of great significance to solve these problems and realize water-preserving coal mining (WPCM). Based on mining-induced overburden damage and permeability deterioration, the concept of the “three seepage zones” of overburden is proposed, namely the pipe flow zone, water seepage zone and nominal water-seepage-resistance zone (NWSRZ). Meanwhile, the concept of water-seepage-resistance strata (WSRS) is put forward from the aspects of initial permeability, structural strength, swelling and the stratigraphic structure of the overlying strata. AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (AHPF) is employed to construct a model to evaluate the water-blocking capacity (WBC) of the WSRS. The model includes three secondary factors and nine tertiary indicators, and the weights and membership functions of the indicators are determined. Subsequently, the model is generalized and applied to the Yu-Shen mining area. The membership degrees are spatially visualized by means of thematic maps. The comprehensive evaluation values Φ of the WBCWSRS of 400 boreholes in the mining area under backfill mining, narrow strip mining, slice mining and longwall cave mining are calculated. Then, the Kriging method is employed to plot the zoning maps of Φ under four different mining methods. In view of different grades of WBCWSRS, three corresponding countermeasures, i.e., mining methods optimization, curtain grouting and underground reservoir construction, are put forward. The fluid–solid coupling embedded in FALC3D software is employed to establish a numerical calculation model to simulate the water table fluctuation of the underground aquifer under the four mining methods, and the reliability of the model is verified indirectly. In this paper, mathematical theory is combined with WPCM to develop an evaluation model of WBCWSRS, which provides a reference for the coordinated development of coal extraction and water resource preservation in arid and semi-arid mining areas.

Deconstruction of the Optimal Design of Urban Road Interchange Based on the Integration of Smart Transportation and Big Data.

Urban interchange is the core hub connecting various regions, and it is of great significance for alleviating the problem of traffic congestion. In the process of urban interchange design, it is impossible to strictly control the traffic volume, interchange types, and standards by relying on traditional technologies. Smart transportation and big data are emerging technologies based on data, which can provide technical support for design and decision making. Based on this, this paper first uses smart transportation and big data technology to predict the traffic volume of Nancheng New District, so as to calculate the future development trend of the target area. Then, on the basis of traffic volume, the article uses smart transportation and big data technology to optimize the original urban interchange design scheme from the aspects of traffic capacity, safety, economic benefits, and environmental benefits. Finally, the article evaluates the optimized urban interchange scheme by means of comprehensive quantitative indicators and evaluation methods. Experiments show that the traffic capacity of the interchange on the outer ring road optimized by smart transportation and big data has increased to 72.6%, and the environmental coordination has increased from 45.2% to 55.2%. Moreover, the design aesthetics of the urban interchange after optimized design based on smart transportation and big data has increased to 65.9%. In addition, the comprehensive evaluation value of the urban interchange after optimization of smart transportation and big data reached 82.6. This fully shows that the optimal design of urban interchange based on the integration of smart transportation and big data can greatly improve the traffic capacity of urban roads.

Determination of Gas Extraction Borehole Parameters in Fractured Zone on ‘Borehole in Place of Roadway’ Based on RSM-GRA-GA

Large-diameter gas extraction borehole is considered an effective method by which to realize coal mine methane exploitation and outburst prevention. Efficient gas extraction can be achieved by selecting the right borehole parameters. In this paper, by comparing several conventional objective weighting methods, the PCA was used to assign the weights to the research indices, the optimization objective was reduced from multi-dimensional to one-dimensional with the help of the gray correlation analysis. The study of gas extraction effect under different borehole parameters based on the response surface model. Numerical simulations were used to analyze the mixed volume of gas extraction, the pure volume of extraction and the concentration in the upper corner after extraction under different schemes. Finally, a genetic algorithm degree model was used to solve the solution and determine the optimal arrangement of borehole parameters. The study shows that (1) the weight shares of borehole stratum, borehole diameter and borehole spacing were 0.385, 0.285 and 0.33, respectively, in the reduced dimensional analysis of the PCA. (2) Using the results of improved gray correlation analysis as a comprehensive evaluation value to measure the effect of gas extraction, the optimal range of the model was 28–30 m borehole level, 190–210 mm borehole diameter and 5.5–6.5 m borehole spacing. (3) Using the genetic algorithm to solve the model, we obtained the borehole layer 28.79 m, borehole diameter 199.89 mm, borehole spacing 5.76 m. The borehole gas extraction effect was good under this parameter. The extraction mixed volume was 129.8 m3/min, the extraction pure volume was 9.16 m3/min, the upper corner concentration was 0.52%, and the prediction accuracy of the model was 97.8%.

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Melia azedarach Seedlings of Different Provenances to Drought Stress

Melia azedarach Linn. is a deciduous tree of the Melia genus in the Meliaceae family that is native to China. To study the mechanism of drought resistance in Melia azedarach and evaluate the drought resistance capacity of each provenance, we selected eight provenances (Shandong Kenli, Jiangsu Pizhou, Hubei Shayang, Jiangsu Xuanwu, Jiangxi Xihu, Jiangsu Jurong, Guangdong Luogang, and Henan Shihe) as the research subjects and set four levels of drought stress treatment (CK: 75% of field capacity, mild drought: 60% of field capacity, moderate drought: 45% of field capacity, and severe drought: 30% of field capacity). The results showed that the growth in the seedling height and the ground diameter, the leaf relative water content, transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and the content of chlorophyll (Chl) decreased with the increasing stress levels, while the root–shoot ratio, water saturation deficit, and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. The SOD in most provenances initially increased and then decreased, reaching a peak during moderate drought. At the late stage of treatment, the magnitude of the changes in the photosynthetic indicators was more pronounced than in the physiological indicators. Principal component analysis showed that the contribution of all four principal components under the three drought stresses was above 85%, which represented the majority of the original data. Combined with the affiliation function method and weights, the comprehensive evaluation value (D value) of the drought resistance was calculated for the eight provenances. Then, we obtained the order of drought resistance of the test materials under the three drought stresses, respectively. The combined results revealed that the drought resistance of Henan Shihe and Jiangxi Xihu was stronger, while the drought resistance of Guangdong Luogang and Hubei Shayang was weaker. Based on the above findings, we can select provenances with strong and weak drought resistance for transcriptome sequencing to screen drought-resistant genes for an in-depth study at the molecular level.

Comprehensive Decision-Making Method for DC Transformation Object of Medium Voltage AC Distribution Network

The trend of DC development in the medium voltage AC distribution network is obvious. However, due to the constraints of reliability, cost, and power quality, not every AC distribution network is suitable for DC transformation. As for the AC distribution network suitable for DC transformation, it is necessary to solve the problems of multivariable constraint solutions and the demand for sorting and optimizing multi-schemes in DC transformation. Therefore, this study proposes a comprehensive decision-making method for the DC transformation object of the medium voltage AC distribution network. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation index system for DC transformation is established from four aspects: improving power supply reliability, technical requirements, social benefits, and economic benefits. Among them, the reliability of power supply mainly examines the completion degree of the target. In terms of the technical requirements of DC transformation, it is necessary to consider the constraints of AC transformation and the driving force of DC transformation. As for the social benefits, it reflects the indirect demand for DC transformation, which reflects social development. In terms of economic benefits, it pays attention to the transformation cost and input–output ratio. Then, the combined optimization model is used to solve the index’s comprehensive weight based on the subjective and objective weight model. Moreover, the comprehensive evaluation value of the transformation object is determined by the double-base point method. The scheme optimization model is used to determine the final transformation scheme to guide the power grid enterprises to prioritize the DC transformation projects. Finally, several medium-voltage distribution networks in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China, are taken as examples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Development of “Internet +” Smart Environmental Protection Multi-Environment Perception System

With the development of the economy and people’s longing for a better living environment, the smart and environmentally friendly ecological environment has entered a period of intensive research. However, the current ecological environment resources cannot be used reasonably, and word of mouth and tourism economy are showing negative growth. In order to be able to conduct an in-depth study of the ecological environment, based on “Internet +” and perceived value, this paper builds a comprehensive evaluation model of a smart and environmentally friendly ecological environment based on a multiple perception system. This article establishes an evaluation index system that combines two systems of multiple perception systems and ecological environment, six secondary indicators, and 22 three-level indicators. In this paper, the comprehensive evaluation value of the smart environmental protection ecological environment is 0.78595, and the level of the multi-perception system is good. At the same time, the corresponding evaluation values of visual perception, functional service perception, and cultural and activity perception are 0.75431, 0.70196, and 0.78846, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation value of the ecological environment is 0.65734, and the level of ecological environment development is average. The corresponding evaluation values of the subsystem environmental quality level, environmental pressure level, and environmental improvement level are 0.69943, 0.63491, and 0.60279, respectively. The coordination value of the multi-perception system and the ecological environment is 0.9978, which is an ultra-high-level coordination stage. The comprehensive evaluation value of the two is 0.8659. At this stage, the degree of interaction between the two is strong and affects their development.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Active Components and Antioxidant Activity from Polygala tenuifolia: A Comparative Study of the Response Surface Methodology and Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Dried roots of Polygala tenuifolia (YuanZhi in Chinese) are widely used in Chinese herbal medicine. These components in YuanZhi have significant anti-oxidation properties owing to high levels of 3,6’-disinapoylsucrose (DISS) and Polygalaxanthone III (PolyIII). In order to efficiently extract natural medicines, response surface methodology (RSM) and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) were used for the modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of DISS and PolyIII together to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained from YuanZhi. For the optimal combination of the comprehensive yield of DISS and PolyIII (Y), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to improve extraction time (X1), extraction temperature (X2), liquid–solid ratio (X3), and ethanol concentration (X4). The optimal process parameters were determined to be as follows: extraction time, 93 min; liquid–solid ratio, 40 mL/g; extraction temperature, 48 °C; and ethanol concentration, 67%. With these conditions, the predictive optimal combination comprehensive evaluation value is 13.0217. It was clear that the LS-SVM model had higher accuracy in predictive and optimization capabilities, with higher antioxidant activity and lower relative deviations values, than did RSM. Hence, the LS-SVM model proved to be more effective for the analysis and improvement of the extraction process.

Simultaneous optimization of the extraction process of Yangyin Yiqi Huoxue prescription with natural deep eutectic solvents for optimal extraction yield and antioxidant activity: A comparative study of two models

IntroductionNatural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are green and effective solvents that are used to extract 3 flavonoids from Yangyin Yiqi Huoxue prescription, a traditional Chinese prescription. MethodsA total of 6 types of NaDESs were systematically screened and evaluated for the total extraction yield of puerarin, calycosin, and formononetin by high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, a 4-factor-three-level experimental scheme designed by the Box-Benhnken Design was applied on the basis of a single experiment to determine the extraction yield and the antioxidant property. Finally, the extraction process was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) and the genetic neural network (GNN), respectively. ResultsThe use of betaine-lactic acid as an extractant displayed significant advantages in the screening process. The optimum extraction parameters provided by GNN were as follows: water content 25% (v/v), liquid to material ratio 190 mg/ml, extraction time 37 min, and extraction temperature 63 °C. Under this condition, the average experimental comprehensive evaluation values of the extraction yield and antioxidant properties were 3.12 mg/g and 86.27%, and the relative deviations to the predicted values were 0.30% and 1.44%, respectively. In addition, the experimental results of GNN were better than those of RSM (p < 0.01). ConclusionsWe found the application of GNN to be effective and credible for bi-objective optimization of extraction yields and antioxidant activity in this study. Moreover, our results provide a reference and a theoretical basis for experimental and future industrial extraction for multi-objective situations.