Comprehensive Evaluation Score Research Articles

The Application of Geographic Information System in Urban Forest Ecological Compensation and Sustainable Development Evaluation

Urban forests can alleviate the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and improve residents’ mental health. By studying urban forests, these resources can be better used and managed to create more livable urban environments. Therefore, the urban forest in the Taishan region is taken as the research object, and the ecological compensation and sustainable development of urban forest in Tai’an City are deeply analyzed by GIS. It divided the area into forest land, water bodies, wetlands, grasslands, and shrubs as the basic ecosystem types. And through secondary interpretation and combination, a complete urban forest information database was established. To evaluate the comprehensive benefits of urban forests, the analytic hierarchy process was utilized to establish a corresponding evaluation index system. Based on the assessment outcomes of the comprehensive benefits of urban forests in the area, a standard accounting method for urban forest ecological compensation was proposed. The results showed that each index of the comprehensive benefits of urban forests and the random consistency ratio were both less than 0.1. This indicated that the matrix calculation results of various indicators of urban forest comprehensive benefits had good consistency. At the target level, the comprehensive evaluation score of urban forests in the study area was 7.69. At the factor level, the weight value of the urban forest landscape structure was 0.675, and the comprehensive score was 7.62. The weight value of urban forest comprehensive benefits was 0.325, and the comprehensive score was 7.82. The quantitative weight value of urban forest greening in the study area was 0.6138, with a comprehensive score of 7.57. Based on the analysis of the issues in urban forests and ecological compensation in the research area of Tai’an City, corresponding ecological compensation strategies have been proposed. It is of great value to study the urban forest of Tai’an city, which can help to formulate more effective urban planning and sustainable development strategies. The research results can also provide a valuable reference and inspiration for the improvement of urban forest ecological environment and biodiversity protection in other areas.

A neural probabilistic bounded confidence model for opinion dynamics on social networks

Opinion dynamics (OD) models simulate the evolution of personal opinions using computer science, social dynamics, physics, and complexity science tools on social networks. However, current opinion dynamics models mainly utilize agent-based models to simulate user interactions but still need to leverage large-scale data fully. Social networks typically involve a vast number of users and information, making it difficult for models to capture the complex interactions in real social networks. Additionally, many models overlook the specific mechanisms of user interactions, such as how network individuals influence and interact with one another, resulting in inaccuracies in modeling individual opinion evolution. This paper proposes a novel approach that integrates the probabilistic bounded confidence model (PBC) with deep learning, i.e., Neural Probabilistic Bounded Confidence (NPBC), to tackle these challenges. The NPBC model adopts an attention network, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network, and a feedforward neural network to approximate the evolution of individual opinions within networks. It satisfies the data approximation and the users’ opinion update rule that conforms to the PBC model. This model enhances the understanding of opinion dynamics, helping to develop effective strategies for opinion guidance in social networks. Finally, the proposed NPBC model is evaluated on three synthetic and Twitter datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed NPBC model performs better than the six baseline methods in predicting user opinions. Compared to baseline models, the model’s accuracy (ACC) and comprehensive evaluation (F1) scores improve by up to 18% and 7%, respectively.

Effects of Foliar Selenium Application on Oxidative Damage and Photosynthetic Properties of Greenhouse Tomato under Drought Stress.

Both drought stress and exogenous selenium (Se) cause changes in plant physiological characteristics, which are key factors affecting crop yield. Although Se is known to be drought-resistant for crops, its internal physiological regulatory mechanisms are not clear. This study analyzed the effects of selenium application (SeA) on antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoregulatory substance contents, and photosynthetic characteristics of greenhouse tomatoes under drought stress and related physiological mechanisms. The results showed that drought stress induced oxidative damage in cells and significantly increased the content of the membrane lipidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and the osmoregulatory substance proline (p < 0.001) compared with the adequate water supply. The proline content of severe drought stress (W1) was 9.7 times higher than that of the adequate water supply (W3), and foliar SeA increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, and SeA induced different enzymatic reactions in cells under different drought stresses; catalase (CAT) was induced under severe drought stress (p < 0.01) and was significantly increased by 32.1% compared with the clear water control, CAT. Peroxidase (POD) was induced under adequate water supply conditions (p < 0.01), which was significantly increased by 15.2%, and SeA attenuated cell membrane lipidation, which reduced MDA content by an average of 21.5% compared with the clear water control, and also promoted photosynthesis in the crop. Meanwhile, through the entropy weighting method analysis (TOPSIS) of the indexes, the highest comprehensive evaluation score was obtained for the S5W3, followed by the S2.5W3 treatment. Therefore, this study emphasized the importance of SeA to reduce oxidative damage and enhance photosynthesis under drought stress.

Application of Hierarchical Analysis of the Efficacy of Digital Resource Integration in Mathematics Teaching and Learning

Abstract At present, the construction and application of digital teaching resources is no longer an educational development trend but a normalized teaching tool. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the principle of digital integration of resources for teaching mathematics and develop the FAHP-Entropy model. Determine the weights of the first-level indicators in the hierarchical model constructed in this paper, then determine the weights of the second-level indicators by the entropy method, and use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the established indicators and then get the results. The study found that the total score of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of algebraic knowledge points is 83.825 points, and the secondary indicators are all above 75 points, with the highest being that D1 can make students’ analytical problem-solving ability improve significantly, up to 91.21 points. Most of the secondary indicators are in the first and second quadrants, of which A1 and B1 continue to maintain the zone in the first quadrant with high importance and good evaluation results. The fourth quadrant focuses on the improvement area with two secondary indicators, A4 and C1, indicating that A4 media presentation is diversified and C1 media is well-produced and attractive, both of which need to be further improved. The scores of the four first-level indicators in the comprehensive evaluation results of the geometry category are 81.111, 86.061, 82.525, and 82.957, respectively, and the highest among the second-level indicators is D3, with a score of 87.76. A1, A4, and C1 are in the fourth quadrant of the key improvement area, which is an indicator that does not match the importance of the results of the evaluation and is in urgent need of improvement. The Probability Statistics category had a slightly lower overall evaluation score than the Algebra and Geometry category of knowledge points. The total score of the comprehensive evaluation results was 81.898. The four primary indicators have scores of 80.438, 84.01, 79.901, and 83.281. The evaluation results of the A4 and C1 indicators are not aligned with their importance, and the other indicators perform better or have lower importance. This study provides new ideas for the analysis of the effects of digital resource integration.

Charting a sustainable tomorrow: Advancing urban low-carbon economies through comprehensive evaluation and promotion.

With the world population growth, energy consumption and the rapid development of industrial economy, a large amount of carbon emissions has brought destruction and threats to the earth's environment on which human beings depend. The development of low-carbon economy has become the consensus of governments all over the world and has been vigorously advocated & promoted. This paper focuses on the top five global GDP nations in 2022: The United States, China, Japan, Germany, and Britain. A comprehensive evaluation index system of urban low-carbon economic development level is constructed from four dimensions: economic development level, environmental quality, energy consumption emission intensity and social development speed by using literature review and field interview. The evaluation measures are determined using the TOPSIS evaluation method with entropy weight and the grey relational model, providing a comprehensive assessment of the low-carbon economy's development level in these five countries." Judging from the comprehensive evaluation score, the overall development of low-carbon economy in American cities is in good condition and has reached the development standard of low-carbon economy; Germany and Japan rank second and third, and they are low-carbon economies. Britain ranks fourth in comprehensive evaluation, although it belongs to a low-carbon economy country, but there is still a certain gap with Germany and Japan; There is still a big gap between China and the other four countries. Based on the measurement and evaluation outcomes, it presents recommendations and strategies to foster the growth of low-carbon economies, offering valuable insights for the advancement of such economies across different nations. The research results guide countries all over the world to reduce carbon emissions in the process of economic development, protect the earth environment on which human beings depend, and make a better tomorrow for sustainable development.

Research on Product Model Generation and Visual Presentation Incorporating Computational Aesthetics

Abstract In the era of aesthetic economy, users pay more and more attention to the aesthetic quality and emotional experience of products. The study discusses the intelligent design method of product model integrating computational aesthetics, combines the advantages of variational self-encoder and generative adversarial network, constructs a generative model based on VAE-GAN, and quantitatively analyzes the product images generated by the VAE-GAN network to explore the effect of the products it generates. Then, take the car form generated by the model as an example, establish the visual presentation quantitative index system of the product model form layout, and evaluate the visual presentation effect of the generated car model after applying gray correlation analysis to assign the indexes. The VAE-GAN model has a better generative effect, and its SSIM value is greater than 0.8 in most of the training phases. Among them, the product model generated after 2000 steps of training is the most excellent, with the highest evaluation score. The product model is the most outstanding, with the highest evaluation score of 1.92. The overall visual presentation effect of the product forms generated by the model is good, and the comprehensive evaluation scores are above 0.6. The VAE-GAN model can be used for product generation, and the visual presentation evaluation method that integrates computational aesthetics can realize the aesthetic evaluation of product forms, which can help designers make design creations and program decisions.

Evaluation of English Teaching Quality Based on Hierarchical Analysis and Fuzzy Decision Tree Algorithm

Abstract How to improve classroom teaching evaluation so that it can really play the role of guidance, motivation, and promotion of evaluation in the new classroom model is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. This paper first introduces the concepts of fuzzy hierarchical analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, defines the fuzzy judgment matrix, designs a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive judgment algorithm, and constructs a fuzzy hierarchical analysis-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Then, the generalized fuzzy decision tree model is constructed to achieve a clearer and more effective hierarchical categorization of teaching quality evaluation indexes, and the teaching evaluation index system is established accordingly. Teaching quality evaluation is carried out in the English classrooms of three different teachers in a university, and it is found that the classification effect of this paper’s algorithm is better than that of other comparative algorithms in each evaluation index on the datasets FLAGS and BIRDS. In the university’s teaching quality evaluation validation for three English teachers, X, W, and Y, the comprehensive evaluation scores given by this paper’s method are 94.98, 85.92, and 73.32, respectively, which are in line with the actual teaching situation of the three teachers. This study provides new ideas and methods for reforming classroom teaching evaluation.

Construction of a Comprehensive Evaluation System for the Core Literacy of Physical Education and Health Courses in Colleges and Universities

Abstract This study actively explores the importance of the joint construction of physical education and health courses in colleges and universities. It emphasizes its positive impact on students’ physical and mental health, talent cultivation and social development. Based on the PDCA model, the article establishes a comprehensive evaluation system, determines the weights of the indicators through the coefficient of variation method, and analyzes the cultivation of core literacy and the influencing factors using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and structural equation modeling. The validity of the evaluation system is examined and verified with ten colleges and universities in Province L as an example, showing that the comprehensive evaluation score is as high as 95.16 points. This complete evaluation system not only helps colleges and universities to improve the quality of education, but also points out the direction for improving students’ core literacy in physical education and health.

Study on the Adaptability of the Cultivation Mode of Su Embroidery Craft Talents in the Context of Globalization

Abstract The export products of Su embroidery have gradually expanded from tablecloths, handkerchiefs, etc., to murals, screens, etc. The internationalized varieties are increasing, which requires a higher quality of Su embroidery craft talents. In this paper, in order to study the globalization teaching quality and the internationalization vision of the Suzhou embroidery industry in each Suzhou embroidery talent training institution, we construct the evaluation model of the globalization adaptability of Suzhou embroidery talents. After selecting the indicators at all levels, the traditional AHP method is optimized using the OWA algorithm to more reasonably allocate the weights of the indicators, and then the evaluation matrix is established for a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Four representative Suzhou embroidery vocational colleges in the Suzhou area have been selected to analyze the globalization adaptability of their embroidery craft training. It has been found that school W has a comprehensive evaluation score of 90.86, which is highly adaptable to the globalization of the cultivation of Suzhou embroidery talents and has excellent international competitiveness. Institutions X and Y have comprehensive evaluation scores of 84.16 and 81.34, which are a good level, but there is a big gap between them and school W in terms of the foreign exchange of the culture of the craft of Suzhou embroidery and cultivation of talents with globalization mindset. Out of the four schools, School Z has the worst comprehensive evaluation score, with only 72.2. School Z has the worst score; its understanding of the Suzhou embroidery craft going to the sea in the context of globalization is insufficient, and the quality of cultivation of graduates in Suzhou embroidery cultural exchange, product export, and other related competence literacy needs to be improved. This study provides a new perspective and feasible path for cultivating export talents of traditional cultural products, such as Su embroidery.

The Path of Enhancement of Traditional Cultural Heritage on Moral Education Based on ADDIE Model

Abstract With the development of society, the importance of Chinese excellent traditional culture to the moral education of college students is becoming more and more prominent. This study explores the application of conventional culture in moral education through the ADDIE model, aiming to improve the quality and effectiveness of moral education. Through the five stages of analysis, Design, development, implementation, and evaluation, the study constructed a moral education effectiveness evaluation index system. The study found that integrating Chinese excellent traditional culture into moral education can effectively enhance college students’ self-confidence, national responsibility and national pride. The empirical survey shows that in the universities adopting this model, the overall satisfaction of college students regarding the effectiveness of moral education reaches 77.90%, and the dissatisfaction is only 1.16%. The comprehensive evaluation score is 4.5731 points, showing a sound effect of moral education. The study’s conclusions that the ADDIE model has asignificantly affects It provides a new perspective and practical path for moral education in colleges and universities.

Optimization of the path of industry-teaching integration in vocational education based on ADDIE model

Abstract The integration of industry and education plays a vital role in the high-quality development of vocational education. The article adopts the ADDIE model to systematically design vocational education and plans the path of industry-education integration by combining the triple helix theory. In addition, a quality evaluation model for integrating industry and education in vocational education is constructed, connecting the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the factor analysis method. The empirical Analysis shows that the extensive evaluation indexes of vocational education have high reliability (more than 0.8), in which there is a positive correlation between teaching ability, teaching management, teaching effect and employability. In particular, the comprehensive effectiveness evaluation score of School M in the practice of industry-teaching integration in vocational education is 4.125, showing a reasonable level. The study verifies the effectiveness of the vocational education industry-education integration model based on the triple helix theory in improving the quality of education, and at the same time provides a scientific basis for the optimization and reform of the path of vocational education industry-education integration.

Research on Regional Tea Tourism Product Development Strategy Combined with RMP Analysis

Abstract Tea culture tourism perfectly combines agricultural economic development and cultural tourism, a new trend in today’s tourism industry development. Based on the life cycle theory of tourist places and RMP theory, this paper comprehensively analyzes the three core dimensions of regional tea culture tourism product development: resources, market and products, using Province F as a case study. In the resource dimension, the combination assignment method containing preference information was used to determine the weights, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was applied to comprehensively evaluate the tea culture tourism resources. The market dimension analysis covers tea tourism’s development status and the characteristics of tourists’ travel behavior. For the product dimension, a quadrant diagram analysis was conducted using the IPA model by combining tourists’ perceived importance and satisfaction with the product. The study results show that Province F excels in tea tourism product development, with a comprehensive resource evaluation score of 90.756 points. Between 2010 and 2019, the tea tourism market received tourists at an average annual growth rate of 12.28%, reflecting the strong growth momentum of the market. Regarding product development, the average values of tourists’ perceived importance and satisfaction were 3.99 and 3.78, respectively, indicating that tourists’ overall satisfaction with tea tourism products is high. The study will help further enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of tea tourism products and promote sustainable tourism development.

Exploring the Development Path of Collaborative Education between College Civics Courses and Daily Civics Education Combined with the Theory of Three-Whole Parenting

Abstract As times evolve, ideological and political education in higher education has emerged as a central focus of reforms in this field, marking the synergistic development of these programs as an inevitable trend. This paper addresses the reform requirements of ideological and political education in the contemporary era. It proposes a development path for integrating Civic and Political Programs with ideological and political education in higher education institutions, based on the ‘three-whole-parenting’ theory. Additionally, we construct a comprehensive evaluation system using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods to assess the effectiveness of this integrative approach. The systems designed achieved an average response time below 1800ms, indicating strong performance. Student satisfaction with the synergistic path ranges from 4 to 5 points, with an average attitude score of 3.04 and a comprehensive evaluation score for quality of 4.53. This paper demonstrates that the development path for college Civics courses, based on the three-whole-person parenting theory, is effective, ensuring scientifically planned and comprehensively implemented synergistic education.

Constructing a traction model of college students’ willingness to receive career guidance and employment motivation

Abstract In order to better solve the problems of college student’s unwillingness to be employed as well as the difficulty of employment, this paper firstly determines the evaluation indexes of employment guidance and motivation through interviewing college students and experts, constructs the judgment matrix of the evaluation indexes, and carries out consistency test and weight calculation of the judgment matrix by using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis algorithm. Based on the distribution of questionnaires to obtain research data, data analysis software is used to analyze the employment of college students, for example. The data show that the comprehensive evaluation scores of college students’ willingness to accept employment guidance and employment motivation are 3.024433 and 3.468838, respectively, which are between average (3.00) and sound (4.00), indicating that the experts in employment guidance maintain an optimistic attitude towards the evaluation of college students’ willingness to accept employment guidance and employment motivation in this college. The score of female students’ willingness to accept employment guidance (3.68113) is lower than male students’ willingness to accept employment guidance (3.80013), and there is no significant correlation P&gt;0.05. This paper’s research has a significant impact on college students’ employment and sheds light on the employment issue in society.

Sustainable Development and Operational Mechanism Innovation of Educational Management Paths in Colleges and Universities in the Digital Era

Abstract With the continuous integration of digital technology in daily life, the management path of colleges and universities also carries out development and optimization. The triple helix theory of education management model innovation in colleges and universities is the basis of this paper, which builds a model for education management innovation led by schools. An evaluation index system for college education management quality was constructed, taking into account the quality effect demand of education management. On this basis, combining the hierarchical method and cluster analysis method to calculate and classify the weights of the indicators of educational management in colleges and universities, and evaluating the quality of educational management in colleges and universities through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to complete the construction of the indicator system of quality of educational management in colleges and universities. After examining the performance of the evaluation model and the rationality of the indexes, it is applied to the educational management examples to explore the sustainable development path of the educational management path in colleges and universities. The results show that the overall index coefficient is 0.875 and greater than 0.6, and the comprehensive evaluation score of the actual management quality of the triple helix educational management is 4.6826 points out of 5, which verifies the validity and reasonableness of this paper based on the triple helix educational management innovation model. The sustainable development of educational management is positively impacted by its scientific guidance on the innovative direction of university educational management models.

The Use of Visual Communication Technology in the Cultural Connotation and Design Expression of Traditional Cultural and Creative Products

Abstract Traditional cultural and creative products need to be combined with cultural connotations on the basis of traditional cultural products, and modern visual communication design laws and design theories are used as the methods to broaden the product display medium and extend the product value. In this paper, we first sort out the cultural connotation of cultural and creative products and the design and development motives and explore the specific implementation path of cultural and creative product design based on visual communication design. Secondly, it studies the extraction of visual elements of traditional cultural and creative product patterns by the SURF image feature extraction method. Firstly, it realizes the acquisition of styling visual elements by the Canny operator in the edge detection algorithm. Then it acquires accurate color visual elements based on the K-Means primary color extraction algorithm improved by the contour coefficient method. In the traditional cultural and creative product design examples, it is found that the average Dice conventional culture coefficient image extraction based on the SURF method is 0.731, and the structural similarity of primary color extraction reaches 0.792 with the original image of traditional culture. Traditional cultural and creative products have a comprehensive evaluation score of between 4.3 and 4.5, which indicates high satisfaction. Carrying out the design of conventional cultural and creative products with visual communication design, its central performance is in visual attractiveness and formal innovativeness in order to burst the vitality of traditional cultural and creative products.

Evaluation of the Effect of Rural Landscape Design Based on Hierarchical Analysis and Artificial Intelligence Technology

In order to study rural landscape resources and analyze landscape problems, the effect evaluation method of rural landscape design based on hierarchical analysis method and artificial intelligence technology is proposed. Taking a rural landscape as an example, the evaluation index system of rural landscape design effect is constructed through hierarchical analysis and the index weight is determined. BP neural network based on artificial intelligence technology is used to construct the rural landscape design effect evaluation model, and the rural landscape design effect is evaluated from three aspects: target layer, project layer and index layer. The results show that this method can effectively evaluate the design effect of rural landscape in the study area, in which the index layer is between 0.4 and 0.64, the comprehensive evaluation is excellent, the comprehensive evaluation score of the target layer is 0.60, the design effect is excellent, the bearing capacity and attraction are excellent, indicating that the research area is sufficient; the error trend is stable and the overall relative error is low, indicating that the method has high accuracy and ideal, and lays a foundation for the analysis and evaluation of rural landscape resources.

Research on the reform and effect evaluation of three-dimensional motion animation blended teaching based on fuzzy evaluation model

Abstract This paper combines the teaching of a 3D animation course with the blended teaching mode and constructs a framework for the design of 3D animation blended teaching reform. Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation algorithm, we adopt qualitative and quantitative methods to determine the evaluation index system of teaching reform, divide the course teaching objectives, teaching content, learning resources, online learning and teaching design and classroom organization into five first-level indexes, establish the weights of the evaluation index system, and complete the construction of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system of 3D animation blended teaching. Examine the design and teaching effects of 3D animation that blends learning from different dimensions, and examine the correlation between learners’ multidimensional recognition of teaching reform and its learning impact. By combining the weights of each index, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results are obtained by determining the affiliation degree of each index using the fuzzy statistical method. The operation results show that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation scores of the five first-level indicators of teaching reform are 0.754546, 0.69943, 0.638926, 0.66888, and 0.5966. It can be seen that the comprehensive evaluation results of the five aspects have achieved good results. The evaluation of teaching reform’s effects can be targeted and feasible using a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model.

Research on the construction of digital village evaluation model based on AHP-entropy TOPSIS method

Abstract The swift advancement of cutting-edge information technology is reshaping the global economic landscape and industrial structures. Emerging from this backdrop, the concept of digital village construction has surfaced as a strategic cornerstone and a priority in the drive for rural revitalization. This study uses Nanjing City as a case study to develop an evaluation system for digital village construction. It incorporates five key dimensions: information infrastructure, digital economy, intelligent green village, digital governance, and digital lifestyle. By applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy value method for weight assignment, this paper constructs a TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation model to analyze the progress in digital village development over recent years. The results of the study show that the use of a comprehensive assignment method to calculate the weight of the indicators results in the use of hierarchical analysis of the value of the indicator weight interval of [0.0118, 0.1166], entropy weight method derived from the weight of the indicators of the interval of [0.0308, 0.0875], the combination of the weight of the interval of [0.0292, 0.0944], the combination of the weight of the more scientific and reasonable. The comprehensive evaluation score of the digital village construction level in the sample city shows a gradual increase from 2019 to 2023, and the comprehensive evaluation scores of digital village construction in 2021 and 2022 are 0.475 and 0.745. This study shows that with the development of rural revitalization strategies, the level of digital village construction tends to increase.

Evaluating the Teaching Effectiveness of Business English Courses in Colleges and Universities Based on the DPSIR Model

Abstract This paper takes the drive and pressure of teachers and students in the process of English teaching as the basis of evaluation, focuses on the state of the two in the process of teaching and the influence of teaching on teachers and students as well as the feedback of teachers and students on teaching, and constructs a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of business English teaching based on the model of “Drive, Pressure, State, Influence, Response”. After two rounds of expert consultation, the number of evaluation indicators was reduced from 34 to 21. Finally, the evaluation index system was constructed by combining the weight calculation of the hierarchical analysis method. The data show that A3 (state factors) &gt; A1 (driving force factors) &gt; A5 (response factors) &gt; A2 (pressure factors) &gt; A4 (influence factors), and the comprehensive evaluation score of the teaching effectiveness of business English courses in colleges and universities is 3.5944, which indicates that the evaluation grade of the teaching effectiveness of the university is located in the range between medium and good. This study aims to promote digital innovation and reform in the teaching of business English courses in colleges and universities by evaluating their teaching effects.