Comprehensive Evaluation Method Research Articles

Designing preschool children's educational games for enlightenment through decision analysis methods

As an innovative form of digital online education, educational games have potentially significant impacts on preschool children's enlightenment education. Identifying key factors for effective design is crucial in game development. This study identifies key factors for the design of educational games aimed at preschool children's enlightenment through decision analysis methods. The specific research steps include using SET analysis method to identify gaps in development opportunities, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process to construct an interactive system design model for enlightenment educational games, calculating the weight value of each factor, and pinpointing the key factors for design practice. Based on this methodology, an enlightenment educational game has been developed, and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method has been utilized to assess the practical implementation. The approach outlined in this study enables designers to swiftly recognize the critical elements in designing educational games for preschool children's enlightenment, facilitating a responsive design process, achieving effective game designs, and ultimately enhancing preschool children's learning interest and outcomes.

Perioperative complications of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats alleviated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.

For acute ischemic stroke treatment, the limitations of treatment methods and the high incidence of perioperative complications seriously affect the survival rate and postoperative recovery of patients. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) have multi-directional differentiation potential and immune regulation function, which is a potential cell therapy. The present investigation involved developing a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by thrombectomy after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90min in rats and utilizing comprehensive multi-system evaluation methods, including the detection of brain tissue ischemia, postoperative survival rate, neurological score, anesthesia recovery monitoring, pain evaluation, stress response, and postoperative pulmonary complications, to elucidate the curative effect of tail vein injection of hucMSCs on MCAO's perioperative complications. Based on our research, it has been determined that hucMSCs treatment can reduce the volume of brain tissue ischemia, promote the recovery of neurological function, and improve the postoperative survival rate of MCAO in rats. At the same time, hucMSCs treatment can prolong the time of anesthesia recovery, relieve the occurrence of delirium during anesthesia recovery, and also have a good control effect on postoperative weight loss, facial pain expression, and lung injury. It can also reduce postoperative stress response by regulating blood glucose and serum levels of stress-related proteins including TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, NE, cortisol, β-endorphin, and IL-10, and ultimately promote the recovery of MCAO's perioperative complications.

Qualitative evaluation of a multidisciplinary master of cancer sciences: impacts on graduates and influencing curricular factors

BackgroundEvaluations of continuing professional development programs typically focus on short-term knowledge and skill acquisition. There is a need for more comprehensive program evaluation methods that assess a broader range of impacts and can elicit how and why these outcomes occurred. We conducted a qualitative study to investigate the impacts of a multidisciplinary, online health professional postgraduate degree and to gain insights into the factors that led to these impacts.MethodsParticipants were graduates of the University of Melbourne’s Master of Cancer Sciences who could participate in an online interview. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted exploring a broad range of impacts, including changes in professional practice and career trajectory since graduation, and how the degree influenced these impacts. Data were analysed inductively.ResultsFifteen participants (female: 80%, 31–50 years old: 67%) from a range of professions were interviewed. A number of major themes were uncovered. Impacts on career trajectory included expanded career horizons (e.g. increased role diversity and complexity), and increased confidence in their professional identity. Impacts on professional practice included individual improvements in patient care and research, as well as changes in organisational practice. Factors identified as leading to these impacts were: (i) active, interactive and interprofessional learning; (ii) networking, informal mentoring, and role-modelling; and (iii) support at multiple levels.ConclusionThis study provides preliminary evidence of the positive impact of a Master of Cancer Sciences on graduate career trajectory and professional practice. In addition, the inductive methodology enabled identification of the curricular features (both planned and emergent) that influenced these impacts, facilitating potential transferability of learnings to other teaching programs.

Spatiotemporal Coupling Analysis of Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in Southeastern Fujian

Revealing the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services can help to clarify regional development differences, optimize the implementation path of urbanization, and improve the quality of ecosystem services. Taking southeastern Fujian, a region with a good ecological foundation and strong urbanization potential, as a case study, the levels of multidimensional urbanization systems and typical ecosystem services of this region in the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 were quantified using the index comprehensive evaluation method and the InVEST model. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the coupling coordination degree model were used to analyze the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services, and suggestions for improving regional coordinated development were proposed. The results showed that： ① The comprehensive urbanization level in southeastern Fujian increased continuously, with an average annual growth rate of 7.3%, of which social urbanization was the fastest, followed by economic urbanization and population urbanization, and spatial urbanization was relatively backward. Ecosystem services tended to decline, especially food and water provision services, which decreased by 61.9% and 46.9%, respectively. The spatial distribution showed a mismatch pattern of "high urbanization level and weak ecosystem services" in the southeast coastal area and "low urbanization level and strong ecosystem services" in the northwest inland area. ② The correlation between urbanization and ecosystem services was mainly negative. The negative effect of economic and social urbanization on ecosystem services was weaker than that of population and spatial urbanization, with a clear weakening tendency. As population and spatial urbanization slowed down sharply and economic and social urbanization accelerated, the driving force of urbanization development gradually shifted from "quantitative increase" to "qualitative improvement." Thus, the decline of ecosystem services was alleviated. ③ Comprehensive urbanization and various ecosystem services experienced three stages of "imbalance-transition-reconciliation," with an average increase of 60.5% to 120.6% in the coupling coordination degree. However, highly coordinated regions remained scarce, indicating that there is still significant room for improvement. The relative relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services evolved from urbanization lag to ecosystem services lag. The fluctuation problem of backward coupling coordination level caused by excessive urbanization had initially appeared in the southeastern coastal area. Therefore, in future construction, southeastern Fujian should improve economic quality and social benefits； strengthen the overall management, protection, and restoration of ecological space； and enhance the order and stability of the coordinated development of urbanization and ecosystem services.

Microseismic comprehensive evaluation method for coal burst: a case study in the Zhaolou Coal Mine

To explore the multiparameter precursor characteristics of pre- and post-coal burst. Based on a coal burst of LW 1305 in the Zhaolou Coal Mine, an early warning method combining stress‒strain curve and microseismic multiparameter is proposed. The research results show that coal burst was induced by the intrinsic static high-stress concentration and the strong external impact loading generated by fracturing of the key stratum. The precursors mainly characterize the enhancement trend of the S value, the sudden and sharp increase in the A(t) value, the continuous and abnormal decrease in the b value, the increasing absolute value of Z sharply and larger than 2, the continuous and abnormal decrease in the Qt value, and the dominant frequency moving to the low-frequency band. Essentially, many micro-fissures inside the key stratum initiated, converged and connected to form macro-fractures, which was verified by the attenuation rate of the K value. Considering the time-varying effect of the overlying stratum movement, the curves of the six parameters agree well with those of stress vs. strain, which indicates that it is reasonable to take the observed zone as a whole system to investigate the variation in the multiple parameters and fracturing of the key stratum. The research results can be applied to the monitoring, early warning and control of coal burst so that effective safety measures can be taken in real time.

Application of a multi-criteria decision support system for assessing development potential in flood risk areas - Case study of the Warta River

The paper discusses the concept of a proprietary decision-making model that allows for determining whether the planned development in areas not protected by flood embankments and at risk of flooding can be shaped in a safe manner. The model was used to evaluate the possibility of shaping the development in flood-risk areas on the example of one of the types of Olęder villages – a dispersed village located in the floodplains of the Warta River (western Poland). So far, there has been no comprehensive evaluation method supporting proper spatial planning for flood-risk areas. The use of multi-criteria analysis methods enabled to specify the key criteria of this evaluation, which form the basis of the decision-making support system. Additionally, the elaborated method enables to determine whether the localities under study can retain their current functional nature and if there is a potential for further spatial development based on the characteristics of an Olęder village. The presented methodology can be easily adapted to other cultural areas located in countries with different levels of development, traditions, landscape or climate.

Water chemical formation mechanism and water quality analysis of Shichuan River under the influence of human activities

ABSTRACT It is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the water environment and factors influencing the basin in order to determine its current ecological status. This study aims to investigate the chemical properties in the Shichuan River Basin using Gibbs diagram, Piper triangle diagram, correlation analysis, factor analysis, and main ion ratio method. The enhanced Nemerow comprehensive index method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are employed for river water quality assessment. The findings reveal that runoff water has a weak alkaline nature with low salinity. The hydrochemical type of river water includes Ca2++Mg2++Na+-SO4 2-, Ca2++Mg2+-SO4 2-+Cl-+HCO3 -, Ca2++Na+-SO4 2-+Cl-+HCO3 -. Silicite and dolomite weathering are identified as primary influencing factors, while evaporite weathering also contributes to variations in chemical composition within the basin's waters. Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2- and HCO3 - originate from carbonate rock and silicate rock weathering processes, whereas Na+, K+ and Cl-, are primarily derived from evaporite weathering influenced by domestic sewage and agricultural activities. Agricultural production practices along with discharge of domestic sewage have an impact on Na+, K+, Cl- and NO3 -concentrations in aquatic systems. Water quality at all three monitoring sections falls under level IV classification. Phosphorus emerges as a key limiting factor for eutrophication within this basin's watersheds.

Evaluation of grouting effectiveness for Semi-Rigid pavement base layer cracks based on Time-Frequency domain signal characteristics of 3D GPR

This study aims to address the deficiency of rapid, comprehensive, and non-destructive methods for evaluating the effectiveness of grouting treatment on semi-rigid pavement base layer cracks. By integrating radar simulation with empirical measurements, we establish a comprehensive evaluation method for the grouting treatment effectiveness of pavement base layer cracks. Initially, we propose a GprMax simulation of crack models with varying grout-filled volumes, analyzing the time–frequency domain signal characteristics before and after grouting. Based on data sensitivity, thirteen time–frequency domain signal characteristics are selected as grading evaluation indicators. Subsequently, relying on an engineering case study, we conduct a graded evaluation of the grouting effect on base layer cracks, analyzing the correlation and weight of evaluation indicators to derive a comprehensive evaluation method. Field coring results confirm the accuracy of the comprehensive graded evaluation method.

Collaborative Planning and Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Energy Storage System and Flexible Interconnection in Distribution Networks Considering Island Operation

Introduction: When the superior power grid fails and loses power, due to the traditional single power supply radial grid structure of low-voltage substation areas, all loads in the lowvoltage substation area will lose power, causing a poor electricity consumption experience for low-voltage users. To enhance the resilience of low-voltage distribution areas against faults and power outages from higher-tier power grids, a collaborative planning and comprehensive evaluation method for grid-forming energy storage systems (GFM-ESS) and flexible interconnection in distribution networks, considering island operation, is proposed. Method: This method integrates GFM-ESS and flexible interconnections, taking islanding operations into account. Firstly, the structure of GFM-ESS and voltage source converters is analyzed. The control modes of GFM-ESS in parallel or off-grid scenarios are also scrutinized. Secondly, minimizing the annual comprehensive cost and the annual power outage load are the objective functions. A bilevel programming model for GFM-ESS and flexible interconnection of lowvoltage distribution networks, considering island operation, has been established. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process for proposed lowvoltage distribution network structural schemes is introduced. An evaluation index system is established to assess the rationality of these proposed network structural planning schemes. Finally, the superiority of the proposed collaborative planning method is verified through a comparative analysis of three planning methods. Result: The proposed collaborative planning method can effectively ensure the continuous power supply of low-voltage distribution networks under the fault scenario of the upper power network. Conclusion: Moreover, the rationality of the results obtained from the proposed collaborative planning method is verified through a comprehensive evaluation method of grid structure schemes based on the analytic hierarchy process. The proposed comprehensive evaluation method can determine which two areas are optimal for grid planning. result: The superiority of the proposed collaborative planning method was verified by comparative analysis of three planning methods. And the rationality of the proposed collaborative planning method results was verified by the comprehensive evaluation method of grid structure schemes based on analytic hierarchy process.

Prediction of the severity of marine accidents using improved machine learning

Although many studies have focused on the occurrence likelihood of marine accidents, few have focused on the analysis of the severity of the consequences, and even fewer on the prediction of the severity. To this end, a new research framework is proposed in this study to accurately predict the severity of marine accidents. First, a novel two-stage feature selection (FS) method was developed to select and rank Risk Influential Factors (RIFs) to improve the accuracy of the Machine Learning (ML) model and interpretability of the FS. Second, a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to measure the performance of the FS methods based on stability, predictive performance improvement, and statistical tests. Third, six well-established ML models were used and compared to measure the performance of different predictors. The Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) was found to have the best predictive performance for the severity prediction of marine accidents and was treated as the benchmark model. Finally, LightGBM was used to predict accident severity based on the RIFs selected by the proposed FS method, and the effect of risk control measures was counterfactually analysed from a quantitative perspective. This innovative study on the use of improved ML approaches can effectively analyse and predict the severity of marine accidents, providing a novel methodology for and triggering a new direction for using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in safety assessment and accident prevention studies. The source code is publicly available at: https://github.com/FengYinLeo/PGI-SDMI.

A comprehensive study of Tianma Toutong Tablets from the dual dimensions of quality and efficacy using fingerprint techniques and network pharmacology

BackgroundThe quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the prerequisite for ensuring its safe and effective clinical application. With the increasing popularity of TCM worldwide, the quality control of TCM products has become increasingly crucial. Tianma toutong tablet (TMTTT) is mainly used for migraine caused by external wind and cold, blood stasis, or deficiency of blood and nourishment. However, the mechanism of action of TMTTT is still unclear, and there has been a lack of in vitro antioxidant activity research and migraine treatment mechanism research. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a set of comprehensive and effective evaluation methods. Resultsthree fingerprint profiles were established using HPLC, UV, and DSC analysis methods, and established three digital parameters simple complexity index (SX), simple clarity index (SY), simple complexity clarity ratio (Sω), 22 batches of samples were evaluated using a comprehensive linear quantitative fingerprint method (CLQFM). In addition, the antioxidant activity of the samples was determined using the DPPH method, and the relationship between fingerprint peaks in different fingerprints and antioxidant capacity was explored using Pearson correlation coefficients. Finally, network pharmacological research was conducted to investigate the potential targets, compounds, and pathways involved in the treatment of migraines with TMTTT. The results showed that the 22 batches of samples were classified into different quality grades. TMTTT exhibited good antioxidant activity, the fingerprint-efficacy relationship showed that gastrodin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, imperatorin and isoimperatorin had strong antioxidant capacity, providing directions for the identification of active compounds. A total of 36 core targets were identified and screened by network pharmacology, which AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), albumin (ALB), insulin (INS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and compounds such as β-sitosterol, chrysophanol, vanillin are the key to the treatment of migraine, providing references for subsequent clinical research and new drug development. Significance: This study examined the consistency of the quality of TMTTT and the mechanism of action in treating migraines from both quality and efficacy perspectives, providing a favorable direction for further research on TMTTT and offering new ideas for the quality control of TCM compound formulations.

Comprehensive evaluation methods for photovoltaic output anomalies based on weather classification

This article analyzes the relationship between abnormal photovoltaic output events and different weather types based on the output data of distributed photovoltaic stations and meteorological reanalysis data of corresponding time periods using methods such as K-means clustering. The analysis finds that abnormal high output events in photovoltaics are related to high-temperature clear weather brought by stable low-pressure systems, and clear windy cooling weather processes controlled by high pressure. The abnormal low output events of photovoltaics are related to transitional weather processes such as cold waves, cloudy and precipitation free weather, and cloudy and rainy weather processes in low-pressure systems. Building upon this analysis, the study constructs a simple extreme output prediction model and examines the atmospheric circulation anomalies corresponding to extreme output events. Using a January 2023 photovoltaic low-output event as an example, the study validates both the extreme output model based on weather type classification and the subjective weather forecast method based on atmospheric circulation patterns, both of which show potential for improving photovoltaic extreme output predictions. The combination of the two can be used to comprehensively evaluate the photovoltaic extreme output events.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Interactive Effect between Urbanization and Sustainable Urban Development: Evidence from Yangtze River Delta

Complex dynamic interactions exist between urbanization and sustainable urban development, and clarifying the collaborative relationship and interactive response mechanism between the two systems is key to ensuring high-quality urban development. Taking Yangtze River Delta as a typical case, dynamic coordinated and interactive response relationships between urbanization and sustainable urban development were measured using a multi-index comprehensive evaluation method, grey correlation analysis, and panel-data vector autoregressive (PVAR) model. The results indicate that: (a) a high urbanization level and significant polarization characteristics of regional central cities alongside low economic development in more peripheral cities and insufficient attraction to factors including population, capital, and technology, which widens their development gap with regional central cities; (b) a significant increasing trend in sustainable urban development, coupled with a spatiotemporal evolution trend of urbanization; (c) bidirectional Granger causal relationship between urbanization and sustainable urban development, with the PVAR model results indicating a positive interactive response relationship, which has certain path-dependent characteristics and an inertial development trend; and (d) in the long run, urbanization has a greater impact on changes in sustainable urban development than vice versa.

Optimal intensity measure for seismic performance assessment of shield tunnels in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils

Relating the ground motion intensity measure (IM) and the structural engineering demand parameter is a crucial step in the performance-based earthquake engineering framework. This study investigates the selection of IM for development of probabilistic seismic demand model of urban shield tunnels subjected to earthquake ground motions in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils. Nonlinear dynamic effective stress analyses are conducted to develop a database of the intensity measures and structural seismic responses exposed to ground shaking and soil liquefaction. Two advanced soil constitutive models (i.e., Pressure DependMultiYield03 and PressureIndependMultiYield for liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils, respectively) are employed to capture the nonlinear behavior. A suite of 23ground motion intensity measures is selected and assessed based on the evaluation criteria of correlation, efficiency, practicality and proficiency. Eventually, the multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to comprehensively consider the four evaluation criteria and establish the optimal ground motion IM suitable for probabilistic seismic demand analysis of shield tunnel structures. The obtained results show that the sustained maximum acceleration is the optimal IM for evaluating the structural seismic response, followed by the peak ground acceleration in both liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils. Peak pseudo velocity spectrum, displacement square integral and Housner spectral intensity are found to be not suitable for the probabilistic seismic demand analysis of shield tunnel structures.

Evaluation of adaptability of software-defined telemetry systems for operational use

Abstract Aimed at solving the key problem of operational adaptability assessment of software-defined telemetry systems, the evaluation method of improved hierarchical method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed. In the “general + expand + unique” flexible method to build an index system, the “expert decision matrix” index weight assignment and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method using operational adaptability assessment are used. According to the principle of maximum membership, the calculation results tend to be the largest. The proportion of 0.6524 shows that the equipment’s operational performance is good. At the same time, it was found that the proportion of qualified was 0.157, exposing its weaknesses and putting forward targeted suggestions, which provided a reference for the technical optimization and improvement, and forward-looking deployment of new equipment.

Larval occurrence prediction of Dendrolimus punctatus based on fuzzy integrated evaluation method

AbstractTo improve the prediction accuracy of Dendrolimus punctatus larvae of overwintering, first and second generation and to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of D. punctatus, six mathematical models of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to predict accumulative amount with the data of 1989–2014. The cumulative amount for the overwintering and the first generation was predicted in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. The forecasted results of six models were all level 1, which was consistent with the actual results. Five forecasted results of six models and the actual results were level 1. The actual accumulative amount of D. punctatus for the second generation was level 1 in 2015, 2016, and 2017, which were consistent with the six models' forecasted results.

Meat of Sheep: Insights into Mutton Evaluation, Nutritive Value, Influential Factors, and Interventions

Meat from sheep offers an abundance of essential amino acids and trace elements essential for optimal human health and a delectable culinary delight. Because it has fewer calories and a lower cholesterol content than other meats, this succulent meat is not only delicious but also a nutritious choice. Globally, discriminating consumers have expressed profound appreciation for its irresistible flavor and nutritious composition. High-quality sheep breeds and lamb quality are in the spotlight as the market for sheep meat grows. Nevertheless, the demand for rapid growth and the use of antibiotics and other drugs have led to a shortage of high-quality mutton on the market. In the face of this emergency phenomenon, people add organic matter to the growth of mutton to improve the quality of mutton. This paper discusses the comprehensive evaluation methods of meat quality; summarizes the relationship between the nutritional components of meat and diet; discusses the genetic factors affecting meat quality attributes; feed nutrition, feeding methods, mutton storage methods, and related measures to improve the quality of mutton; and provides information on the current status of mutton and the challenges of ensuring high-quality meat supply in the future.

Objective Evaluation of Automatic Ambulance Performance and Weight Determination Through Analytic Hierarchy Process and Gray Correlation Theory

This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for testing and evaluating automatic ambulances, crucial for ensuring their reliability and safety in real-world scenarios. The framework includes designing test scenarios with varying complexity, covering environmental factors like road conditions, weather, and obstacles. An evaluation index system is introduced, comprising driving security, ride comfort, intelligence, and efficiency. Methodologies for calculating indicator weights, using the CRITIC and AHP methods, are presented to ensure fair evaluation. Additionally, evaluation methods including qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as grey correlation theory, are discussed. The test results show that the assessment results of the traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the grey correlation theory evaluation method are highly consistent. The change in vehicle speed has less of an effect on accuracy during the real-time assessment process when the time interval is set to 0.1s, and the evaluation time of 0.098s can satisfy the requirement that the planning time of autonomous driving vehicles be shorter than 200 ms.

A Grid-Wide Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Power Quality Based on Complex Network Theory

To achieve a hierarchical and quantitative evaluation of grid-wide power quality in the distribution network, reflecting the overall power quality level of the distribution network, a comprehensive evaluation method for power quality in a grid-wide system based on complex network theory is proposed. Firstly, based on the propagation characteristics of power quality disturbances, a power quality evaluation index system is constructed. Secondly, to reflect the constraint effect of the local power quality level of nodes on the overall power quality level of the distribution system, corresponding indices such as improved node degree, improved node electrical betweenness, and node self-healing capability are proposed based on complex network theory, and the power quality influence degree of nodes is calculated. Then, the GRA-ANP (Grey Relational Analysis–Analytic Network Process) subjective weight calculation method is improved by introducing grey relational analysis to address the impact of differences in different decision-making results. Based on power quality monitoring data, the entropy weight method is used for objective weighting. To avoid the partiality of a single weight evaluation result, the game equilibrium algorithm is employed to calculate the comprehensive weight of each power quality index. Subsequently, considering the correlation and dependency among indices, the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) method is used to obtain the power quality grade of each node. Combining this with the calculation of the power quality influence degree of nodes, the overall power quality grade of the distribution network is determined, achieving a hierarchical and quantitative evaluation of power quality in the entire distribution system. Finally, through a case study analysis of an improved 13-node distribution network, it is verified that the proposed method can fully extract data information and produce comprehensive and accurate power quality assessment results by comparing it with other methods. This provides strong support for the safe and stable operation of the distribution system and the subsequent optimization and management of power quality.

Evaluation of energy performance and environmental benefits for transcritical CO2 thermal system in high-speed trains

The conventional air conditioning system used in high-speed railways has limitations in heating performance and environmental impact, necessitating the exploration of alternative refrigerants. The transcritical CO2 system has gained popularity due to its exceptional heating efficiency and environmental benefits. This study aims to evaluate the energy and environmental potentials for transcritical CO2 systems in high-speed trains based on four-vertical-and-four-horizontal railway lines within different climatic regions of China. A high-fidelity transcritical CO2 system model was first developed and validated through experiments. Then, a comprehensive energy and environmental evaluation method was proposed and applied to the four-vertical-and-four-horizontal railway lines. The results indicated that the transcritical CO2 system had a superior heating performance and competitive cooling performance based on daily and annual operations. Furthermore, the transcritical CO2 system exhibited significant environmental advantages with lower total life cycle climate performance for all lines, with an average emissions reduction ratio of 17.6% and a maximum emissions reduction ratio of 26.98%. These findings highlight the competitive energy performance and outstanding environmental benefits offered by transcritical CO2 systems as promising alternatives to air conditioning systems in railway transportation.