Concept Of Comprehensive Security Research Articles

‘그린데탕트’를 통한 남북협력의 추진 과제

Despite the uncertainty in inter-Korean relations, the Yoon Seok-yeol government proposed a plan for inter-Korean cooperation utilizing the inter-Korean border areas, such as the North-South Green Détende. The Yoon administration's 110 national tasks include strengthening inter-Korean environmental cooperation, such as joint response to fine dust and natural disasters through the implementation of 'North-South green détente', and a plan to 'turn the border area into a green peace zone'
 With the emergence of the importance of human security in the 21st century, efforts are being made to appropriately integrate gender issues, environment and climate-related issues into the peace and security policy framework, and establish a peace system. The concept of comprehensive security can also be applied to inter-Korean relations. Since the DMZ, the border area between North and South Korea, is a space for peaceful use, research on inter-Korean cooperation in this area have to continue. Therefore, this paper examines discussions on ways to promote inter-Korean cooperation using the DMZ area and discusses sustainable North Korea policy measures that the Korean government should pursue, such as the ‘green détente’ policy using the North-South border area.

The Concept of Comprehensive Security as a Tool for Cyber Deterrence

Cyber deterrence is often studied from the point of view of deterrence by punishment or offensive cyber strategies. A vast amount of studies claim that deterrence in cyberspace can never be successful with cyber means alone due to technical challenges and the problem of attribution. Some scholars argue that cyber resilience is an essential part of cyber deterrence, since not every cyberattack can be countered. These reviews are usually technical and concentrate on investigating the balance of offensive and defensive cyber strategies. The technical view leaves gaps in the physical and cyber-persona layers of cyberspace. This paper examines resilience from a societal perspective and reflects on the findings of cyber deterrence theories. The Concept of Comprehensive Security (CCS) is a Finnish model for building and sustaining resilience in society. Preparation for disruptive situations is carried out with the operating principle of overall safety, where society´s vital functions are protected in collaboration between the authorities, the business world, organisations, and citizens. The growing importance of cyber security has led to emphasising the importance of cyber resilience in the Concept of Comprehensive Security. This study investigates the possibilities to utilize the CCS as a tool for cyber deterrence and aims to create a new perspective on the international academic discussion of cyber deterrence. The research method is content analysis. The investigated material consists of Finnish CCS documents, as well as academic cyber deterrence and cyber resilience literature. The characteristics of the CCS are compared to the factors found in the cyber deterrence material to answer the research question. The key observation presented in this study is that a comprehensive approach to building resilience in the society is essential for the credibility of cyber deterrence. Resilience in cyberspace should be viewed from the perspective of every layer, including logical, physical and cyber-persona layers.

Reflections on Religious Freedom and Security in Europe – 2019 OSCE Guidelines

Freedom of thought, conscience and religion as one of the fundamental freedoms and human rights, the source of which is inherent, inalienable and inviolable human dignity, is guaranteed in addition to the provisions of international law also in documents issued by the Conference/Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE/OSCE). They emphasize a clear link between religious freedom and the need to ensure security. Of special importance to this issue are the political guidelines: Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security: Policy Guidance, which are entirely devoted to this subject in accordance with the concept of comprehensive security. The document formulates guiding principles, practical tips and recommendations on many important issues related to freedom of religion or belief and security in the OSCE region. In the study, the content of the indicated document was analyzed and an attempt was made to evaluate it. This allows for the conclusion that ensuring religious freedom is an important element in ensuring security.

Asean Comprehensive Security in Managing Covid-19 Pandemic In Myanmar

The COVID-19 pandemic has globally affected all people’s life aspects in every country in the world, including the Southeast Asian region. Not all countries can have stable domestic capabilities and conditions to face COVID-19 as happened in Myanmar. Their domestic situation has been negatively impacted by conflicts between the community and the government. The people of Myanmar are exacerbated by the coup by the Myanmar military against the legitimate government. This has caused the political and security situation in Myanmar to become chaotic because Myanmar people who oppose the military junta stage demonstrations that triggered the military junta to be repressive by arresting the protesters including health workers, teachers, and others. This results in less optimal handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and causes the spread of COVID-19 is getting worse and out of control. Therefore, ASEAN which is a regional organization in South East Asia has decided to take strategic steps to make the spread of the virus remain under control in the region, especially Myanmar. This article describes ASEAN's approach to Myanmar in tackling COVID-19 and providing humanitarian assistance to the Myanmar people who are struggling during an unstable situation. This research uses a comprehensive security concept framework with a qualitative approach. The data are collected using literature studies consisting of books, journal articles, official ASEAN and government websites, and online news sites. The results show that ASEAN has taken an approach with its typical characteristics to cope with COVID-19 amid pressure and criticism from state and non-state actors toward Myanmar.

The Chinese Concept of National Security in the "New Era": Preliminary Results of the XX National Congress of the Communist Party of China

The object of the study is the relations in the field of international security arising from the exercise of State sovereignty by the People's Republic of China. The subject of the study is presented by the normative legal acts and sources of "soft law" of China, as well as the doctrinal developments of Chinese and Russian scientists in the field of national security. The idea of a "community of a single destiny of mankind" promoted in international relations is considered. Objective prerequisites for clarifying the concept of national security are characterized as signs of the onset of an "era of change" in international relations. The role of the speech of Secretary General Xi Jinping at the opening of the XX National Congress of the Communist Party of China in consolidating the content of the foreign policy and domestic policy of the state is determined. The concept of China's national security is embodied in the "comprehensive security concept" model, its implementation in the "new era" has the following features. First, it is strengthening coordination and positive interaction with other major States to build relations characterized by peaceful coexistence, general stability and balanced development. Such relations will help counteract unilateral economic sanctions. Secondly, it is government support for the key technology sector as a counterbalance to radical trade policy measures of unfriendly countries. Thirdly, it is a direct dependence of national security on social stability. And finally, it is the promotion of the idea of a "new international order" as a natural way out of the impasse in the development of a unipolar world system in which countries representing a tenth of humanity. The new type of global order emphasizes peace, development, equality and democracy. This idea of the Chinese leadership is very popular all over the world and sharply contrasts with the anachronistic principles of the current system.

Comprehensive Security: The Opportunities and Challenges of Incorporating Environmental Threats in Security Policy

In security and foreign policy discourse, environmental issues have been discussed increasingly as security threats that require immediate action. Yet, as the traditional security sector does not provide straightforward means to deal with climate change and other environmental issues, this has prompted concerns over undue securitisation and ill-placed extreme measures. We argue that an effective policy to address foreseeable environmental security threats can only be developed and maintained by ensuring that it remains resolutely within the domain of civil society. In this article, we consider the case of Finland, where the policy concept of comprehensive security has been presented as the official guideline for security and preparedness activities in different sectors. Comprehensive security aims to safeguard the vital functions of society through cooperation between authorities, business operators, organisations, and citizens. We analyse the opportunities and challenges of Finland’s comprehensive security policy in addressing environmental changes through a three-level framework of local, geopolitical and structural security impacts. Our empirical evidence is based on a set of expert interviews (n = 40) that represent a wide range of fields relevant to unconventional security issues. We find that the Finnish comprehensive security model provides an example of a wide and inclusive perspective to security which would allow for taking into account environmental security concerns. However, due to major challenges in the implementation of the model, it does not fully incorporate the long-term, cross-sectoral, and cascading aspects of environmental threats. This weakens Finland’s preparedness against climate change which currently poses some of the most urgent environmental security problems.

POLICE STRESS by Gender and Age

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the difference according to gender and age among general characteristics as stress factors in the Korean security police in terms of public value. Through the verification of the difference between these two factors, a discussion was conducted about which gender and age group per-ceived more occupational stress and how to effectively control it. Method: In this study, among police officers in the security department as of 2020 who had experience in work related to North Korean defectors, 100 trainees in the Police Human Resources Development Institute were surveyed via self-administration method. Among the collected survey questionnaires, 91 were selected as valid samples, excluding those whose answers were incomplete or missing. Results: As a result of the study, there was a significant difference in Q-5 as a difference in stress according to sex. Specifically, men were higher than women at the 1% significance level. Significant differences were found in Q-6, Q-7, and Q-8 in stress according to age. In all three questions, those in their fifties and above showed the highest at the 5% significance level, and those in their twenties showed the lowest stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, there were significant differences in stress according to gender and age, and as a measure to reduce stress, organization should actively clarify the work environment, job system, and promotions, the direction and goals of the security police organization within a comprehensive security concept, and maintain efforts to reduce the burden of work in a male-centered organizational culture.

Are freedom of religion or belief and security reconcilable?

This paper presents the OSCE / ODIHR document on "Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security", placing it in the broader context of the debate about securitization of religion.
 The author proposes to consider the document in three stages: 1) to put the document in its context; 2) explain the concept of comprehensive security developed by the OSCE; 3) to suggest several considerations regarding its application to freedom of religion or belief.
 The political and cultural context is one of the two global processes that today most affect freedom of religion or belief around the world - the nationalization of religion and its securitization. Addressing the potential danger to religion by security, the author criticizes the position of those countries which believe that violence and terrorism, which is becoming more frequent in many parts of the world, is inspired by religious behavior. And so not only in totalitarian or authoritarian states that do not care for human rights, but also in some democratic societies.
 Understanding the relationship between religious freedom and security, the author proposes to move away from the traditional, state-oriented concept of security, which focuses primarily on the security of states against military aggression, to one focused on the security of people, their protection and empowerment. It is proposed to treat national, state, and military security as tools for personal and public security, which are the basis of today's security concept.
 The document proposes three guiding principles that provide a sound basis for resolving the conflict between the right to religious freedom and the right to security.
 1) the principle of teaching that offers educational programs that promote knowledge of different religions and their social manifestations.
 But learning to live in a religiously diverse environment is not enough. By itself, it will not create a cohesive and inclusive "common life" so we need
 2) the principle of interaction. Without personal involvement in the dialogue, knowledge alone cannot create mutual respect.
 Training and interaction are needed
 3) an enabling environment that can be built through political and legal measures that create confidence and trust through the recognition of rights, including the right to freedom of religion.
 
 Based on these guidelines, the article proposes to address the four cases discussed in the document: conversion, religious extremism, places of worship and meetings, registration of religious organizations. The author analyzes in detail the conversion and registration. Registering a religious or religious organization is far from a technique that only applies to lawyers. This can be a matter of life or death for the whole organization, since simple transactions such as opening a bank account or renting a meeting room are subject to registration. The picture becomes more problematic for so-called "extremist" religious organizations. we need distinc extremism and violent extremism and address security-related measures behaviors rather than thoughts or beliefs.
 The recommendations are not just for the States. Religious communities, civil society organizations and the media "play an important role in the relationship between freedom of religion or religion and security." They are responsible for creating a cultural and social environment based on responsibility and dedication, the two virtues needed to harmonize freedom and security.

Comprehensive Security in a Conflict Environment

For the past five years, the osce Special Monitoring Mission has been implementing its mandate, partially in an environment of ongoing violence. This article describes ways in which the conflict continues to impact the lives of civilians and describes the humanitarian-security nexus in the Ukrainian conflict. As well, the article draws conclusions, which contributions an international monitoring mission can make to mitigate the human cost of the conflict and pursue a comprehensive concept of security and to prevention, even while operating under the conditions of an ongoing conflict.

Governing illicit finance in transnational security spaces: the FATF and anti-money laundering

This article analyzes the global anti-money laundering (AML) regime from the perspective of security governance, examining the creation of a transnational security space by the FATF. Security is often mentioned as relevant context for AML measures, and the Financial Action Taskforce (FATF) as its central institution. Yet, most analyses – implicitly or explicitly – present the FATF as an important banking regulator. Arguing that this perspective on the FATF is too limited, the article outlines the changing security context in which AML emerged as an important tool for governance. Unlike traditional ideas of international security, the idea of security governance emphasizes new forms of cooperation to ensure safety and security across multiple levels. Based on International Relations (IR) and criminological research, the article develops a framework with five dimensions of security governance: a comprehensive security concept, multi-purpose rationalization, public-private cooperation, multi-nodal governance, and transnational security spaces as a result. Unlike other efforts of global crime governance, the global AML regime provides a prime example of security governance in all of these dimensions. At the same time, the link to security also explains why the global AML regime expanded in some areas more than in others: AML is still a weak governance instrument for regulating financial crimes such as tax evasion or corruption, but it is a strong one for security-related crimes. While the FATF remains a special case in global governance, the creation of transnational security spaces in AML – caused by FATF activities – is likely to be a model for future security governance in other fields.

Proposed training needs for teacher development and development in the light of the concept of overall security: احتياجات تدريبية مقترحة لإعداد وتنمية المعلم في ضوء مفهوم الأمن الشامل

The current study seeks to provide some proposed of training requirements for the development of the instructor's performance in the view of the comprehensive security concept and to achieve the objective of the study, the researcher has sought to achieve some of the sub- goals which are: clarify the conceptual framework of national security, identify the reasons and the requirements of the integration between educational institutions and security institutions. The curriculum: The Researcher used the descriptive approach in her study Results: the study reached many proposed training needs through extrapolation of the literature related to the subject and deduce the following results: Clarification of the national security concept for instructors and its publishing strategies and strengthening it among students. defining the Indicative roles requirements of the instructor in the view of the national security concept. The development of the instructor’s capacity to integrate lessons of the Curricula and its implementation, in the view of the national security concept. The development of the instructor’s capacity on how to direct and guide the students in the view of the national security concept. The development of the instructor’s capacity to the curricula recruitment in the light of the students’ needs and the comprehensive security requirements. teacher training to reach the assets and skills of the scientific research starting from data collection methods, about the security problems and the ending to Directing research outputs and outcomes, to the application areas. recruitment of social communication networks in the service of the educational operation recruitment of social communication networks in addressing the students' behavioral deviations. recruitment of curricular and extra- curricular activities in promoting intellectual security to the of instructor’s ability of the dialogue culture with students to contain them.

Approaching the unsynthesizable in international politics: Giving substance to security discourses throughbasso ostinato?

This article addresses the question of how spatial difference manifests itself in International Relations discourses in an effort to theorize difference in international politics. In doing so, we focus on the concept of security in particular and demonstrate a paradox in its conceptualization. Despite the aspiration to capture global diversity, contemporary security discourses largely leave out the moment of subjectification in knowledge-construction. Rather, a form of subjectivity construction is promoted in these discourses, which is reliant on the other. In contrast, this article considers the unsynthesizable cognitive void between the self and the other through the work of the Japanese political scientist Maruyama Masao and his basso ostinato concept. By drafting it as a heuristic device to avoid the potential of determinism for which basso ostinato was criticized, we apply it to the concept of comprehensive security with the intention to demonstrate that ostensibly similar concepts can have different...

Security Implications of Forced Migration and the Refugee Flows

This article analyzes the current migration and refugee flows and the security implications that it poses to the receiving as well as the transit countries. Recent public debates, underline the importance and concerns of the ever wider character of the mixed mass flow phenomena, followed by its implications in the humanitarian, economic, financial, social, political and security domain. It does so, by highlighting the concept of a broadened comprehensive security through the lens of the Copenhagen School. The broadened concept of comprehensive security provided by the aforementioned school, offers the most inclusive approach in analyzing the linkage between the migration and security nexus. The purpose of the paper is to present the point of interaction between the established rules of the receiving nations and the anarchic situation that migration and forced refugee flows may spur. The recent refugee flows into Europe brings to attention this very complex discourse, as it generates public debates which in turn call for extra ordinary institutional measures, namely by securitizing migration. The securitization of migration has significant implications for the analysis and the construction of national security policies at local and regional level.

Security Implications of Forced Migration and the Refugee Flows

This article analyzes the current migration and refugee flows and the security implications that it poses to the receiving as well as the transit countries. Recent public debates, underline the importance and concerns of the ever wider character of the mixed mass flow phenomena, followed by its implications in the humanitarian, economic, financial, social, political and security domain. It does so, by highlighting the concept of a broadened comprehensive security through the lens of the Copenhagen School. The broadened concept of comprehensive security provided by the aforementioned school, offers the most inclusive approach in analyzing the linkage between the migration and security nexus. The purpose of the paper is to present the point of interaction between the established rules of the receiving nations and the anarchic situation that migration and forced refugee flows may spur. The recent refugee flows into Europe brings to attention this very complex discourse, as it generates public debates which in turn call for extra ordinary institutional measures, namely by securitizing migration. The securitization of migration has significant implications for the analysis and the construction of national security policies at local and regional level.

The OSCE's uncertain future

The credibility of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) as a regional security provider is increasingly in doubt. With a mandate covering hard security issues and conflict, as well as economic and human security, it is the only organisation in Europe to embody the concept of comprehensive security. Its 56 members include the United States, all west European countries, Russia and all states of the former Soviet Union, including five central Asian nations, but its very inclusiveness means that it is hampered by disagreements among its members. And it cannot be a normative body on human rights and democratic freedoms as long as its membership includes undemocratic regimes in post-Soviet Eurasia.

Security in Building Automation Systems

Building automation systems are traditionally concerned with the control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, as well as lighting and shading, systems. They have their origin in a time where security has been considered as a side issue at best. Nowadays, with the rising desire to integrate security-critical services that were formerly provided by isolated subsystems, security must no longer be neglected. Thus, the development of a comprehensive security concept is of utmost importance. This paper starts with a security threat analysis and identifies the challenges of providing security in the building automation domain. Afterward, the security mechanisms of available standards are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, two approaches that provide both secure communication and secure execution of possibly untrusted control applications are presented.

Comprehensive Security and Crisis & Emergency Management for Protecting Critical Infrastructure

Recently, interest has heightened over 'critical infrastructures' and their reliability in the face of potential terrorist attack. Assault on any of the critical infrastructures as transportation, power, water, telecommunications, and financial services, entails great consequences for their users as well as the other interdependent critical infrastructures. How to protect our vital critical infrastructures is the key question in this paper. The purpose of this article is to suggest the implications for crisis and emergency management to protect the critical infrastructures in our society. For achieving the purpose, we examined the concept of comprehensive security, national crisis, and critical infrastructure and, using the holistic approach, we examined the comprehensive emergency management for suggesting the implications for establishing the critical infrastructure protection system; building up the high reliability organization, organizing and partnering, assessing the risk, preparing first responders, working with private owners of critical infrastructures, working with communities, improving the administrative capacity.

(Рецензия) Фiторiзноманiття Украïнського Полiсся та його охорона / Ред. Т. Л. Андрiєнко. Киïв: Фiтосоцiоцентр, 2006. 316 с. (Фиторазнообразие Украинского Полесья и его охрана / Ред. Т. Л. Андриенко. Киев.: Фитосоциоцентр, 2006. 316 с.)

The authors have dedicated the monograph to the memory of Elizabeth Bradis, a famous scientist-bolotoved, an indefatigable researcher of Ukrainian Polissa. As her followers, the creators of the monograph presented the results of the modern study of vegetation and flora of the region, as well as the concept of comprehensive security at the local, regional and international levels.

Repression, political violence and terrorism. The case of Uzbekistan

Until about a decade ago, terrorism was foreign to the republics of Central Asia. Today, the region is regularly confronted with this deadly phenomenon. In particular Uzbekistan has experienced serious violent incidents in recent years that have been ascribed to Islamist terrorists. This article concentrates on the factors that contribute to the rise of political violence and terrorism in Uzbekistan. It compares the theoretical assumption that repression produces terrorism with findings of experts on Central Asia regarding the case of Uzbekistan. The article focuses on the consequences of increasing political violence and terrorism and a possible collapse of the regime. It investigates the need and ways to replace Tashkent's narrowly defined concept of security with a more comprehensive concept of security to prevent such a collapse. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) as the champion of a wide approach to security and as one of the international organizations with a permanent presence in the region, could be of assistance to the authorities to set a new and more sustainable course to fight political violence and terrorism. The article concludes by stressing the need to increase a sense of urgency among the members of the Karimov regime and to show them that they have something to gain from a more liberal and a more comprehensive approach to security.

SARS in Asia: Crisis, Vulnerabilities, and Regional Responses

This article examines lessons learned from the recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome crisis in East and Southeast Asia, arguing that the wide-ranging impact of infectious diseases makes it imperative for states to treat these diseases as security concerns. “Securitizing” infectious diseases provides urgency for mobilizing resources and strengthening regional cooperation. Adding infectious diseases to the security agenda allows for better handling of sudden outbreaks that endanger lives and threaten the survival of nation-states; this is also in line with the region's concept of comprehensive security.