Comprehensive Capacity Research Articles

Kant on Reason as the Capacity for Comprehension

ABSTRACT This essay develops an interpretation of Kant’s conception of the faculty of reason as the capacity for what he calls ‘comprehension’ (Begreifen). In doing so, it first discusses Kant's characterizations of reason in relation to what he describes as the two highest grades of cognition—insight and comprehension. Then it discusses how the resulting conception of reason relates to more familiar characterizations as the faculty for inference and the faculty of principles. In doing so, it focuses on how the idea of reason as aiming at comprehension expresses the modesty about reason that is essential to Kant’s critical philosophy. It concludes by showing how this grounds an elegant account of the unity of theoretical and practical reason—one that does justice both to the ‘primacy’ that Kant assigns to practical reason and the fact that this ‘primacy’ is grounded in a more basic unity.

Effects of Cognitive & Metacognitive Strategy for Developing Reading Comprehension Capacity

Reading comprehension ability is potency of students to comprehend meaning of written texts, text details and main ideas. Furthermore, ability of reading comprehension activated learners to communicate with writers. To understand main ideas of written texts, help learners to be aware and to get particular messages from texts. Cognitive and metacognitive knowledges help readers to analyze, to summarize, to judge, and to distinguish main idea of reading texts and also more details about writer viewpoints to predicate and decision making to monitor text contents too. Monolingual students are those groups which must be aware about impacts of metacognitive strategy upon reading development and comprehension through to prepare and emanate bio feedbacks with teachers. Hence, monolingual groups have to be taught more than bilingual ones due to their low – proficiency levels and also their weak knowledge capacities about reading development strategies. Indeed, today understanding the effective strategies which help to learn language skills for all of scholars in TESOL domains is very significant, so every teacher that is aware about efficacy of those psychological strategies like cognitive and metacognitive or both; he or she is able to teach language skills particularly reading comprehension very conveniently and more productive language learning results. Without understanding reading strategy text comprehension to learn language skills is impossible.

Unity-Rate Coding Improves the Iterative Detection Convergence of Autoencoder-Aided Communication Systems

A forward error correction (FEC) and unity-rate coded (URC) autoencoder (AE)-assisted communication system is proposed for the first time, which relies on soft iterative decoding for attaining a vanishingly low error probability. The AE-demapper is specifically designed for directly calculating the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">extrinsic</i> logarithmic likelihood ratios (LLRs), which can be directly entered into the URC decoder for soft iterative decoding. This avoids the potential degradation due to the conversion of symbol probabilities to bit LLRs. A comprehensive capacity analysis of the AE is performed, which demonstrates the capacity advantage of the AE-aided constellation design over its conventional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)/ phase shift keying (PSK) counterpart. Furthermore, we carry out its EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis, which indicates that as a benefit of our URC, the EXIT curve always reaches the [1,1] point of perfect convergence, leading to a vanishingly low error probability. More explicitly, our bit error ratio (BER) and block error ratio (BLER) results demonstrate that the proposed FEC-URC-AE system achieves significant iterative gains both in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels, outperforming both its model-based FEC-AE and its conventional coded QAM/QPSK counterparts.

Research on the application of collaborative learning in the practice teaching of garment 3D virtual fitting

With the integration of information science into the fashion field, both industry and university expect more informatics technology to be utilized in the fashion-related course and teaching of practical exercises. Among this informatics technology, virtual simulation, as an important experiment tool, has become very popular support for fashion students since it is possible to validate design ideas very efficiently and fast. However, because virtual simulation is quite technical, and it is very difficult to gain all the essential skills about the operation of the virtual simulation software within a short time, in the process of virtual simulation exercises, students largely rely on the guidance of teachers, which leads to the negative impact on students’ learning motivation. To optimize the application of virtual simulation in the fashion-related course and teaching of practical exercises, this paper proposes a teaching method based on collaborative learning for fashion virtual simulation exercise teaching. 3D virtual fitting exercises realized by virtual simulation were adopted as the research object to verify its effectiveness. Two groups of students were involved in the experiments. One group was taught traditionally while another group was taught by the proposed collaborative learning. Through a set of learning and teaching process evaluation, experiment results demonstrated that collaborative learning will be beneficial to improving students’ learning interest, efficiency, quality and facilitate the comprehensive capacity of autonomous learning, communication and cooperation, reduce the individual distinction and enhance self-confidence. This paper provides support for the future application of collaborative learning in other fashion related virtual simulation courses and exercises.

Examining the Elemental Spectrum: Unravelling the Levels of Bloom's Taxonomy within Chemistry Question Papers for Secondary Education

This study aimed to utilize the cognitive subcategory of Bloom's taxonomy in analyzing chemistry tests administered to high school students from 2009 to 2013. The study aimed to investigate if the Peshawar Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) assessed students' cognitive abilities beyond memory. The study involved five experts who assessed the importance of the objectives of individual inquiries. The majority of participants in the study were high school sophomores who had completed chemistry exams within the past five years. The study's questionnaire underwent expert review to ensure the accurate allocation of points to each cognitive subcategory. The grades were computed based on a percentage scale. This study aimed to assess chemistry exam questions using a standardized set of criteria. The capacity for synthesis, application, comprehension, and knowledge acquisition.

An Improved Approach of Integrated Carrying Capacity Prediction Based on TOPSIS-SPA

Regional coordinated development is an important policy to promote socio-economic development, especially in the Yangtze River Delta, Greater Bay Area and others, which is one of the guidelines of the 14th Five-Year Plan for economic development. The relative stability of the carrying capacity (CC) is the precondition for long-term rapid development, whereas the comprehensive capacity of natural resources, ecological environment, social economy, population and others, defined as integrated carrying capacity (ICC). Due to the complexity of the CC quantitative assessment, constructing an accurate ICC predication model is the core challenge of dynamic adjustments of socio-economic development planning. In this study, four critical issues, which focused on indicator value estimation, optimal ICC value screening, ICC tendency prediction and study area application in order to formulate a novel prediction framework, are investigated as follows: (1) The proposal formulated an estimation model of indicator value in the future based on the grey model. The grade ratio and the relative residuals of all third-class indicators are less than 0.1, which is highly accurate for indicator value estimation. (2) The optimal ICC value screening model was proposed based on the multi-objective decision-making theory. The optimal ICC values of Suzhou, Ningbo and Zhoushan were 0.7002, 0.6797 and 0.5982, which were also the maximum values from 1996 to 2019. However, the values of Nantong, Jiaxing and Shaoxing were recorded in 2018, 2001 and 1999, which were not the maximum ICC values, and the difference ratio was more than 10%. The optimal ICC value of these three cities were improved. (3) The ICC prediction model was constructed based on the theory of set pair analysis and Euclidean distance. The ICC prediction result of eight cities maintained a relative fluctuation during 2020–2030. Compared with the polynomial fitting curve predication, there were some differences in Nantong, Shaoxing and Zhoushan over the next 5 years. This study provided an improved approach of ICC prediction model, focusing on indicator weight, indicator data estimation and optimal ICC value screening. The model and conclusion aim to validate the rationality of economic planning target for government policymakers and stakeholders.

Research on Algorithm Complexity of Spatial Structure of Urban Economic Logistics Specialty

In order to study the spatial structure characteristics and optimal layout of regional air logistics networks, a quantitative analysis system for the spatial structure of directed multivalued networks is constructed based on relational data using the social network analysis (SNA) method. Core-edge structure, cohesive subgroups, Burt’s structure hole, and topological analysis models were used. Characteristics of logistics spatial linkages of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone, the identification of logistics centre cities, and the construction of hub-and-spoke networks are explored, and the driving forces for the formation of logistics spatial linkage patterns are analysed using the Durbin model. The complexity of the designed model algorithm is investigated, and it is found that the comprehensive logistics capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt region is increasing year by year, and the strength of interregional linkages is also growing, showing a spatially divergent trend of “strong in the east and weak in the west”; the multicore network linkage pattern is obvious, and the structure of the spatial linkage network is gradually becoming more complex.

Analysis on Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Ecological Carrying Capacity in Greater Bay Area Around Hangzhou Bay

The Great Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay is the intersection of multiple national strategies the coastal open zone, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and the Belt and Road Initiative. Ecological carrying capacity is the maximum capacity of an ecosystem to bear human activities on the premise of maintaining its normal operation, which can provide a reference for judging the degree of regional sustainable development and future planning and construction. In this study, the evaluation index system of ecological carrying capacity was constructed based on the PSR model. The spatio-temporal evolution of ecological carrying capacity in the Great Bay Area around Hangzhou from 2006 to 2019 was analyzed using the TOPSIS model, exponential smoothing method and GIS spatial analysis method. The results show that the pressure is carrying capacity generally decreases, and it is predicted to decrease from 2020 to 2022. the state bearing capacity tends to be ideal, and the development prospect is good; response bearing capacity and comprehensive bearing capacity are highly overlapped, reaching the minimum and maximum in 2012 and 2016, respectively; the ecological carrying capacity of cities in the northwest of Hangzhou and Shanghai is in good condition. After the unified planning, the ecological carrying capacity of Jiaxing and other cities has been significantly improved, and the ecological carrying capacity of cities in the bay area is more inclined to balanced development. Combined with the correlation analysis, it is concluded that the proportion of fixed assets investment in the construction of landscaping public facilities in GDP is the key factor restricting the comprehensive carrying capacity. The research results are of great significance to formulating policies for sustainable socio-economic development in the Bay Area.

Construction and Analysis of Governance Evaluation Index System of Beijing Urban Subcenter Based on System Theory and Information Theory

The construction of subcenters is considered an effective measure to solve the diseases in big cities and improve urban competitiveness. China takes the planning and construction of the Beijing urban subcenter as a major national decision-making deployment. Therefore, the establishment of a scientific and reliable evaluation index system for the urban subcenter is of great significance to the public sector to diagnose urban problems and improve urban performance management. Under the guidance of system theory, this paper establishes the governance evaluation index system of the Beijing subcenter based on the five subsystems: economic subsystem, social subsystem, cultural subsystem, ecological subsystem, and administrative subsystem, and 29 secondary indicators. After comprehensively examining the panel data of the overall Beijing urban system during the construction of the subcenter (2010–2019), the entropy method is used to objectively assign the value of the Beijing urban subcenter (Tongzhou District), and it is compared with other 15 municipal districts. The derivation of the development dynamic evolution of the Beijing urban subcenter is completed through the geospatial visualization and the linear regression fitting. It is found that the comprehensive index of urban subcenter governance in Beijing shows an upward trend year by year and has developed by leaps and bounds under the promotion of the central policy. Driven by Beijing’s subcenter strategy, the development model of the whole of Beijing has moved from a typical center diffusion model to a dual center to a subcenter and even a diversified development pattern. This paper proposes to lead urban development with the concept of high-quality development, adhere to innovation-driven, improve urban comprehensive carrying capacity through urban software and hardware construction, and realize regional coordinated development on a larger spatial scale.

National Quality Infrastructure System and Its Application Progress in Photovoltaic Industry

With the rapid development of economic construction, National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) has received increasing attention from countries and international organizations. NQI is a comprehensive system and capacity building, which plays a key role in promoting healthy and sustainable economic and social development. However, the photovoltaic industry has not yet established an NQI system and lacks an overall quality supervision mechanism. This will hinder the comprehensive development of the photovoltaic industry in terms of standards, metrology, conformity assessment, etc. In this paper, first, the concept and overall framework NQI is sorted out; the three most important elements of NQI are pointed out. Then, on the basis of fully explaining the NQI, an NQI system for the photovoltaic industry is established for the first time, and the construction of the NQI elements of the photovoltaic industry internationally is sorted out in detail. Finally, the possible solutions to the problems existing in the overall construction of the NQI system are proposed. Points for improvement are listed for each element of the NQI system for the photovoltaic industry.

Cognitive Constructivist Theory of Multimedia for Appreciative Response: An Approach to Decode Sociolinguistic Appropriations in Texts’ of Nigeria

The paper aims to explore Multimedia as a cognitive tool to enhance the study of appropriated texts of Nigeria and the sociolinguistic reasons behind appropriating the English language to carry the native's experiences. The writers of Nigeria deploy the strategies to reconstruct Africa's taunted imageries and cultures. An ethnographic study exposes the strategic method of representing authentic versions through abrogation. The article examines and re-evaluates, identified resistant strains that are consciously or unconsciously integrated in the texts, according to their level of contact with the English language to ensure their text's authenticity. The palm-wine Drinkard and Purple Hibiscus are the texts(novel) representing the first and third generation of Nigerian authors selected for the study. Bakhtin’s theory on Heteroglossia and dialogism also analyses the selected novels. The novelists resist the hegemonic speech pattern to incorporate indigenous practices within their utterances. Multimedia as a tool can enrich the cognitive process in comprehending the appropriated texts. A Quasi-experimental research design was used to evaluate the comprehensive capacity of tertiary learners before and after using Multimedia to capture the quintessence of an indigenised novel. While some may criticize Appropriation as a market-driven exoticism, it has successfully fashioned familiarization of Indigenized culture, rather than alienating the knowledge about it using multimedia.

HgTeO2F(OH): A Nonlinear Optical Oxyfluoride Constructed of Active [TeO2F(OH)]2- Pyramids and V-Shaped [HgO2]2- Groups.

Oxyhalides possessing the merits of oxides and halides have widely received attention for their comprehensive physical performances, especially as potential nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. Here, based on conventional strategy for obtaining acentric compounds, a Te4+ lone-pair cation was introduced into oxyhalides, and one oxyfluoride, HgTeO2F(OH), was obtained via a hydrothermal reaction. Crystallized in the polar space group Pca21, the layered structure of HgTeO2F(OH) is composed of V-shaped [HgO2]2- groups and [TeO2F(OH)]2- pyramids, in which the [TeO2F(OH)]2- pyramid first served as the NLO functional motif. Its powder sample exhibits a phase-matchable SHG response of 1.1 × KH2PO4 at 1064 nm, and its birefringence (0.09@1064 nm) is sufficient for phase-matchable behavior, which manifests its comprehensive capacity as a promising NLO candidate. Theoretical calculations about electronic structure and optical properties are also carried out, revealing that the Te4+ lone-pair cation makes the predominant contribution to the SHG effect and synergizes with the [HgO2]2- groups.

An Analysis of the Effects of the English Language and Literature on Students' Language Ability from a Multidimensional Environment.

One of the most crucial components of a student's language proficiency is basic language proficiency, which is also its fundamental component. The development of students' language skills is greatly aided by ELL (English Language and Literature). It can not only foster the growth of students' language thinking but also widen their perspectives and enhance their capacity for language comprehension. In this essay, the rules of English are examined from the multifaceted ELL viewpoint. This study extracts personality characteristic data from practical texts and incorporates it into a modelling process of students' knowledge changes based on DM- (data mining-) related technology and multidisciplinary expertise. According to the t-test results, ELL, which incorporates communicative competence, has started to take on a role in education and is helping students' language skills. The performance gains are 3.95, 4.21, and 3.66, when the number of computing nodes is increased to 10, 20, and 30 times that of the original nodes, and the linear expansion indices are 0.914, 0.928, and 0.93. This proves that the Hadoop+Hive-based data cleaning tool has excellent linear scalability.

Evaluation of the Number of Visits to Chinese Medical Institutions Using a Logistic Differential Equation Model

In this study, we established a two-dimensional logistic differential equation model to study the number of visits in Chinese PHCIs and hospitals based on the behavior of patients. We determine the model's equilibrium points and analyze their stability and then use China medical services data to fit the unknown parameters of the model. Finally, the sensitivity of model parameters is evaluated to determine the parameters that are susceptible to influence the system. The results indicate that the system corresponds to the zero-equilibrium point, the boundary equilibrium point, and the positive equilibrium point under different parameter conditions. We found that, in order to substantially increase visits to PHCIs, efforts should be made to improve PHCI comprehensive capacity and maximum service capacity.

Pharmaceutical subsidy policy in Iran: a qualitative stakeholder analysis

BackgroundOver the past three decades, allocation of foreign currency subsidies has been the primary strategy of various administrations in Iran to improve access to medicines. This strategy has resulted in several challenges, including stakeholder conflicts of interest.ObjectiveTo identify the power, interest, and role of the stakeholders in allocating foreign currency subsidies to medicines in the Iranian health system.MethodsIn this qualitative study, 39 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Key informants were recruited using a purposive sampling technique. The theoretical framework adopted by Varvasovszky and Brugha was employed. The data were analysed using directed content analysis.ResultsThe foreign currency subsidy for medicines included 21 stakeholders in five main categories: governmental organizations, Iranian Parliament, general population, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the pharmaceutical industry. Stakeholders varied in their level of participation and support in the policy-making process. Among them, the Iranian Government, Planning and Budget Organization, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), and Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA) were the most important stakeholders, with highly supportive positions, while domestic drug manufacturers were the strongest opponents of this policy. The Government of Iran is the most powerful institution with regard to the ability to allocate foreign currency subsidies to medicines, followed by the MoHME and the IFDA.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that identifying and analysing the stakeholders involved in allocating foreign currency subsidies to medicines can provide valuable information for policy-makers to enable a more comprehensive understanding and better capacity to determine whether or not to eliminate these subsidies. Moreover, decision-making in this process is a long-term issue that requires consensus among all stakeholders. Because of the political and social consequences of eliminating foreign currency subsidies, the necessary political will is not institutionalized. We recommend a step-by-step approach in eliminating foreign currency subsidies if the requirements are met (i.e., those related to the consequences of such interventions). Therefore, revision of the current policy along with these requirements, in addition to financial transparency and enhanced efficiency, will facilitate progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by improving access to medicines.

Analysis of the lithium-ion battery capacity degradation behavior with a comprehensive mathematical model

The influence of transition metal deposition on the capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can not be ignored. The current model lacks a comprehensive analysis of the coupling phenomenon. Based on the classic P2D model, we propose a comprehensive capacity degradation model of LIBs, with a complete description of the side effects of transition metal dissolution in the positive electrode, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and metal deposition in the negative electrode. Simulations are implemented and compared for the evolution of the battery capacity as cycling progressed in different cases of only SEI layer growth, SEI growth couples with Li plating, SEI growth couples with Mn dissolution and deposition, and all the three factors fully couples. The capacity degradation behavior is revealed from the perspective of lithium-ion inventory, diffusion coefficient, and porosity. The results show that the plating of Li leads to a significant decrease of the lithium-ion concentration, which is the prime for the attenuation of capacity. The growth of SEI alone has little effect on the capacity, which maintains 95.9% even after 2500 cycles. Although the dissolved content of Mn is just ppm scale, it can accelerate the growth of SEI layer and thus obviously affect the battery capacity. • Presenting a comprehensive lithium-ion battery model. • A lithium-ion battery model to predict capacity degradation. • Revealing the coupling relationship of side reactions. • Clarifying the influence level of each side reaction on capacity degradation. • The model fully reflects the behavior of Mn-ions.

Equivalent Firm Capacity Assessment of HDR-PV Hybrid Power System: A Distributionally Robust Approach

Aiming at the reliable grid connection of photovoltaic (PV) systems in frigid plateau regions, this work first designs a flexible hot dry rock (HDR) hybrid power system (HPS), making full use of the potential of HDR for energy storage and power generation. Based on the operation of HPS, a comprehensive energy system credible capacity assessment method considering the overall economy of the system and the reliability of the grid is established. In this method, the power allowable fluctuation rate of the grid as the equivalent firm capacity (EFC) constraint is considered. Then, the constraint is converted into a set of linear chance conditions through the distributionally robust method so that the capacity assessment of the HDR-PV HPS can be converted into a mixed-integer linear optimization problem for a solution. The proposed assessment method is verified by real HDR-PV HPS in the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai Province. The results show that the flexible HDR plant increases the credible capacity of the HPS by 113.38%. The profit of the flexible HDR plant was increased by 3.02% at the same time. The parameter analysis shows that the HDR-PV HPS obtains the most profit when the allowable fluctuation rate is 7%, but 10% can fully utilize the geothermal. The assessment method can effectively assess the credible capacity of the system under the premise of ensuring the overall economy of the HPS, thereby guiding power grid dispatching.

Research on the Evaluation of Elderly Care Service Supply Capability from the Perspective of Welfare Pluralism

Based on the welfare pluralism analysis paradigm, an elderly care service supply capability evaluation system with five dimensions, including family, government, market, society and collaboration is constructed. The entropy weight method is used to determine the weight, and the weighted sum method is used to calculate the comprehensive score. The differences in the supply capability of different subjects in 30 provinces (cities) in China in 2018 are analyzed. The study found that there is regional imbalance in the comprehensive supply capacity of elderly care services in China, and the eastern region is higher than the central and western regions: Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong and other eastern regions have strong supply capability, while Shanxi, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Jilin and other central and western regions have weak supply capability. In addition, the supply of elderly care service also presents the different characteristics. Therefore, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as establishing a balanced development strategy, narrowing the regional gap of elderly care service supply capability, enhancing the supply capability of various subjects, and accelerating the formation of a multi-subject responsibility sharing system for elderly care service.

Performance enhancement of an FSO link using polarized quasi-diffuse transmitter

Free space optics (FSO) system has received much interest in recent years as a technology that exhibits cost-effective, better security, license-free, and comprehensive capacity access techniques for transmission of Giga data rate. However, despite all the many advantages demonstrated by its signal, alignment distortion from building sway, atmospheric disturbances from aerosol, scattering, turbulence, and scintillation have shackled the development of the high-speed FSO link and made it less attractive. These atmospheric disturbances have led to the cultivation of spatial diversity techniques for its performance improvement. This work proposes applying a polarized quasi-diffused system with a power divider/holographic beam splitter as a spatial diversity scheme instead of using multiple transmitters. The idea of both analytical and simulation design is considered. The proposed model with power divider/holographic beam splitter has shown a very high maximum quality factor, improved received power, better bit error rate (BER), and eye height depicting the link visibility as compared to the conventional point to point single input single output (SISO) 1TX/RX FSO system for the same transmitted power and link range. The results and data were collected through the help of optisystem software. The obtained results show better performance of an FSO link by using a single transmitter with multi-beam spots from a power divider/hologram instead of using multiple transmitters as a spatial diversity scheme.

Environmental substances associated with Alzheimer's disease – A scoping review

Abstract Background Dementia is an overarching term for memory-affecting and progressive diseases interfering with cognitive abilities, behaviour and daily living of persons affected. Deterioration of cognitive function influences the processes of memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, learning and language capacity as well as judgement. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, prevalent in approximately 50-70% of the dementia cases. In 2015, there were 47 million people affected by dementia worldwide, and the figure was estimated to increase to 75 million by 2030 and to 132 million by 2050. Genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle patterns are risk factors for developing AD. Methods In the framework of the “European Human Biomonitoring Initiative” (HBM4EU, https://www.hbm4eu.eu/), a set of 18 substances or substance groups were prioritized for investigation. For each of these, a scoping document was developed, summarizing current knowledge and policy-related knowledge gaps. This work presents a scoping review of chemical substances, which may be associated with AD, based on the HBM4EU scoping documents and relevant recent scientific literature. Results Exposure to pesticides is possibly a risk factor for AD. Exposure to mercury is possibly associated with AD development, but results are inconsistent. Though results on cadmium and arsenic and AD are conflicting, they are possibly associated with the risk of disease. The evidence regarding lead is weak. Harmful exposures to these substances in Europe were mostly connected to occupational settings. Conclusions Although there is tentative evidence on exposure to environmental substances and risk for AD, more research is needed. Some evidence is inconsistent and there is a lack of extensive human studies. Attention should be paid to certain occupations, such as farmers exposed to pesticides and workers exposed to heavy metals, since these substances may be linked to increased disease rates of AD. Key messages Exposure to pesticides, mercury, cadmium and arsenic may adversely affect cognitive abilities and contribute to risk of AD. High-quality epidemiological research is needed to confirm the findings. Because adverse environmental chemical exposures affect both workers in certain occupations and general public, protecting humans from the chemical hazards is an essential public health issue.