Comprehension Of Symbols Research Articles

Technology integration to improve numeracy skills of dyscalculia students: Obstacles of inclusion schools in Indonesia

Several studies related to numeracy and technology have been carried out a lot, but researchers have not paid much attention to inclusion organizers in developing numeracy skills in dyscalculia-students by integrating technology. Therefore, this study aims to describe what obstacles are experienced by inclusion schools in developing the numeracy skills of technology-integrated dyscalculia students. This study is a qualitative study with a phenophysiological approach. The subjects of this study are 6 Headmasters and 12 teachers of inclusive schools in 6 junior high schools in Riau Province, Indonesia. Data was collected using interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that there are several obstacles as follows: First, the limitation of human resources. Second, government policies and regulations have not presented comprehensive program guidelines. Third, the implementation of the curriculum in the learning process is inadequate. Fourth, the inclusive school culture is not conducive and some teachers are not used to integrating technology in mathematics learning for children with special needs. Fifth, the numeracy skills of dyscalculia students still has problems in calculation operations, and comprehension of mathematical symbols, and Sixth, the participation and support of the family have not been well communicated.

Symbolism of Space in Artem Chekh’s Novel «District “D”»

The study of space is extremely relevant for post-Soviet literature, because, according to Yaroslav Polishchuk, virtual topography, which is carried out, in particular, through the means of fiction, is important for the consolidation of the population, because ethnic groups and territories are first born in the mind and then marked on maps. The article focuses on the spatial symbolism of Artem Chekh’s novel «District “D”». The subject is the elements of space, their meaning and influence on the characters of the novel. The problem is to classify spatial images through which the author conveys the cultural and social realities of late Soviet and early independent Ukraine. To solve it, the author used Marc Auge’s classification of the developed space, which includes places (relational, directly related to social and individual identity) and non-places (transitory, where a person appears sporadically and does not stay for long). The symbolic comprehension of space in Artem Chekh’s novel «District “D”» occurs within the categories of “familiar” / “foreign” on the basis of which all spatial images were grouped. The methods of textual and aspectual analysis are applied, in particular, the relationship of spatial images with the characteristic features of the urban environment and their impact on the life and identity of the characters is considered. The main results are to highlight how urban space relates to social problems, personal searches of the characters and the internal and external conflicts they go through. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the Ukrainian provincial urban space in the novel by Artem Chekh as a complex ecosystem, the elements of which cannot be interpreted unambiguously. Particular attention is paid to the image of home, which in the novel appears contradictory and quite distant from the established characteristics of reliability and security with which it is usually associated. A deeper analysis of spatial symbolism in contemporary Ukrainian novels and its relationship to national identity and social change is promising for further research.

발달장애 및 언어청각장애인 대상 장애유형 맞춤형 설문지 그림 상징 인식 타당도 연구

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the validity of picture symbols included in a questionnaire developed for the survey of needs and satisfaction at the G Lifelong Education Center for People with Disabilities in 2021, considering the characteristics of disabilities. Methods: A survey on the iconicity and comprehensibility of picture symbols included in the questionnaire was conducted on 38 adults with developmental disabilities, 32 adults with language-hearing impairments, and 27 professionals working in related institutions. Two experts were consulted to assess the suitability of the questionnaire based on the Easy-to-read guidelines. Results: For individuals with developmental disabilities, overall accuracy in tasks related to iconicity was low, while comprehension of symbolic representation was high. In contrast, individuals with language-hearing impairments generally showed low comprehension of symbols, and symbols that exhibited low average accuracy in iconicity testing also showed low average scores in comprehension tests. The analysis of symbol comprehension in professionals working in related institutions was similar to that of individuals with language-hearing impairments but differed from those with developmental disabilities. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate differences in the ability to infer the meaning of symbols included in the questionnaire based on the type of disability. Furthermore, it was anticipated that by incorporating feedback from experts based on Easy-to-read guidelines to modify and improve the questionnaire, a more tailored questionnaire for different types of disabilities could be developed to better serve its intended purpose.

Cognitive Mechanisms in Temporally Controlled Rhythm Reading

Music-reading research has not yet fully grasped the variety and roles of different cognitive mechanisms that underlie visual processing of music notation; instead, studies have often explored one factor at a time. Based on prior research, we identified three possible cognitive mechanisms regarding visual processing during music reading: symbol comprehension, visual anticipation, and symbol performance demands. We also summed up the eye-movement indicators of each mechanism. We then asked which of the three cognitive mechanisms were needed to explain how note symbols are visually processed during temporally controlled rhythm reading. In our eye-tracking study, twenty-nine participants performed simple rhythm-tapping tasks, in which the relative complexity of consecutive rhythm symbols was systematically varied. Eye-time span (i.e., “looking ahead”) and first-pass fixation time at target symbols were analyzed with linear mixed-effects modeling. As a result, the mechanisms symbol comprehension and visual anticipation found support in our empirical data, whereas evidence for symbol performance demands was more ambiguous. Future studies could continue from here by exploring the interplay of these and other possible mechanisms; in general, we argue that music-reading research should begin to emphasize the systematic creating and testing of cognitive models of eye movements in music reading.

발달장애 초등학생의 AAC 상징 이해 정확도 및 선호도

Background and Objectives: Children with Complex Communication Needs(CCN) can use Augmentative and Alternative Communication(AAC) to support their communication. AAC systems include graphic symbols and it is important that they are comprehensible by these children. DAS (Developmentally Appropriate Symbols) were developed for the children, but there is very limited evidence on comprehension and preference of this symbol set by children with developmental disabilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate comprehension and preference of AAC graphic symbols including DAS, Ewha-AAC symbols, and wetok. Method: Ten elementary school students with developmental disabilities(DD group) and 10 children without disabilities (language age matching: LA group) participated in this study. Seven abstract words (Eat, come, big, none, who, what, up) were selected and different AAC symbol sets(DAS, Ewha-AAC symbols, wetok) for these words were presented to the participants. After an instruction session on the meanings of the symbols, their comprehension and preference data were collected. Results: The results showed significant differences between the participant groups with higher accuracy from children without disabilities. The results also revealed that most of the DD group preferred DAS, while most of the other group preferred wetok. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it is suggested that comprehension and preference for DAS, Ewha-AAC symbols, and wetok were different in children with/without developmental disabilities. Therefore, it is recommended that AAC symbol design and selection should be based on children’s characteristics and profile, particularly for children with developmental disabilities.

Relationship between Academic Achievement and Intelligence of Class X students in Rural Schools

In general the performance of any student is measured by their achievement in their education. Only academic achievement is considered as the prime basis for admission purpose. Even in selection of different professional courses and jobs also educational achievement play a vital role. This research deals with the relationship between academic achievement and intelligence of X class students in Ramakrishnpur of Mancherial District of Telangana State of India. As per the Garrett: “Intelligence as including the abilities demanded in the solution of problems which requires the comprehension and use of symbols.” The present study is focusing on the relation between the intelligence and Academic achievement of X class students in rural area and that too from the Government school. Intelligence plays a vital role on their children’s academic achievement. Different levels of intelligence are influencing the performance and curriculum achievement of the children’s in their different levels.

Exploring Students’ Proficiency in Mathematical Symbolization

This study examined the students’ proficiency in using mathematical symbols. The need to carry out the study was prompted by the Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) report that revealed dismal performance in mathematics. Therefore, the study objectives explored how symbols affect learning of mathematics, students’ perception of the role of symbols in mathematics learning and students’ use of mathematical symbols. The basis of the study relied on a conceptual framework of epistemological approach to notations and supportive and problematic conceptions as a lens that helped in dissecting the kind of symbol sense that exist amongst students. The study targeted mathematics teachers and form four students and was therefore conducted in a public secondary school in Rarieda Sub-County, Siaya County, Kenya. A qualitative approach with a case study research design was employed with sampling techniques such as convenience, purposive, and stratified sampling used to locate the research site and recruit participants. Data collection instruments included interview guides and document analysis protocol. Thematic analysis was used. The findings of the study showed that symbols influenced the learning of mathematics in terms of prior knowledge and symbol meanings at hand, thereby posing challenges in the learning of mathematics. Also, the findings revealed that students had a perception of the role of mathematical symbols in giving easy time in understanding concepts due to their precise and succinct nature, conserved time and assisted in the solution of mathematics problems and that use of symbols is profound in the linkage of concepts across topics, multiple representations and problem-solving. It may be recommended that prominence ought to be put on various ways of symbol representation to enable comprehension of symbols and meanings; better instructional techniques ought to be used to reduce the symbol cognitive load on students.

The Effects of Animation on the Guessability of Universal Healthcare Symbols for Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether animation can help to improve the comprehension of universal healthcare symbols for middle-aged and older adults. The Hablamos Juntos (HJ) healthcare symbol system is a set of widely used universal healthcare symbols that were developed in the United States. Some studies indicated that HJ healthcare symbols are not well-understood by users in non-English-speaking areas. Other studies found that animations can improve users' comprehension of complex symbols. Thus, we wanted to test whether animation could help to improve users' comprehension of HJ symbols. The participants included 40 middle-aged and 40 older adults in Taiwan. We redesigned the 12 HJ symbols into three visual formats-static, basic animation, and detailed animation-and compared them to find which best improved the participants' guessability scores. (1) Middle-aged adults' comprehension of static and basic animated symbols was significantly better than that of older adults, but there was no significant difference in the guessability scores between the two age groups in terms of detailed animated symbols; (2) In general, both basic animation and detailed animation significantly improved the guessability score, but the effect with detailed animation was significantly greater than that with basic animation; (3) Older women were more receptive to detailed animation and showed better guessing performance. Detailed animation contains more details and provides a more complete explanation of the concept of the static symbols, helping to improve the comprehension of HJ symbols for middle-aged and older adult users. Our findings provide a reference for the possibility of new style symbol design in the digital and aging era, which can be applied to improve symbol comprehension.

Classification of Dynamic Cartographic Symbols applied to Augmented Reality (AR) Systems

Abstract. Paper maps were widely used during centuries; however, these maps do not change dynamically regarding its use context, the user behaviour and the change in the representations through time. Considering the research related to digital cartography, maps started to be seen both digitally and in a dynamic way due to the application of static and dynamic visual variables. During the process of navigation supported by maps, the comprehension of certain cartographic symbols can be a complex task for people. When using representations for virtual environment, specifically the Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), an advantage is the complementing of the information communication through virtual objects, which reduces the cognitive effort to decode all the representation as in the traditional maps. Until now, several scientific investigations about adjusting the cartographic design aimed to personal and vehicular navigation maps in AR are being developed. However, few studies investigate the application of dynamic symbols in AR built from the dynamic visual variables of Cartography. In this way, the aim on this research is to classify the symbols that use the dynamic variables. In addition, verify the presence of these variables in Augmented Reality systems in mobile devices that use AR to represent spatial information in the context of personal navigation in an outdoor environment.

Regular soft contact lens wearers’ comprehension of graphical symbols labelled on multipurpose solutions

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Symbols are commonly used to represent information of health care products included multipurpose solutions (MPSs) for contact lens (CL) care. Background Little knowledge is available about recognition and comprehension by regular soft CL wearers of commonly used symbols in the instructions of CL MPSs marketed worldwide. Methods CL wearers from the UK and Spain were invited to answer an anonymous on-line questionnaire (distributed though Facebook and Twitter) concerning the recognition and comprehension of seven common symbols (ISO 15223:2017 and EN 980:2008) included in MPS package instructions. Results Answers of one hundred-ten soft CL wearers who use MPS (27 in the UK and 83 in Spain) were analysed showing low recognition and comprehension of the surveyed symbols even in wearers with > 5 years of CL wear (71.8%). The CE marked was the most recognised (96% in the UK and 88% in Spain, P = 0.29) and understood (78% in the UK and 85% in Spain, P = 0.25) symbol, but other important symbols, such as ‘Caution’ and ‘Do not reuse’, were under recognised (22% in the UK and 19% in Spain, P = 0.78 and 11% in the UK and 6% in Spain, P = 0.40 respectively) and understood (close to 30% in both countries P > 0.15). Participants with > 5 years of experience, showed slightly higher comprehension (P < 0.05) in some symbols (‘Sterilised’; ‘Do not reuse’; ‘Use by date’ and ‘CE marked’). Conclusion These results suggest an insufficient comprehension of seven common symbols included in MPS instructions among regular CL wearers in the UK and Spain without high impact of CL wear experience. Improving the education and symbol comprehension of regular CL wearers could help to get better patients’ behaviour and safe use of MPS in soft CLs care.

Children’s reading performances in illustrated science texts: comprehension, eye movements, and interpretation of arrow symbols

ABSTRACT The study aims to explore the effect of illustrations on young readers’ comprehension of science passages, including how they decode specific symbols such as arrows when viewing illustrations. We investigated reading behaviours and interpretation of arrow symbols of 64 sixth-graders in three illustrated science passages using an eye tracker and by conducting tests and interviews. Results showed no significant difference between the illustrated and text-only groups on reading comprehension, total fixation duration for the text section, and FD/P ratio (the total fixation duration for each paragraph divided by their area [numbers of pixels]) of the paragraphs with spatial structure information. Furthermore, the average duration of the illustrated group’s fixation upon illustrations was less than ten seconds. Regarding reading sequence, the illustrated group’s referencing behaviour between text and illustrations were limited and had inappropriate timing. Participants could be aware of the semantic roles of the arrows in major categories but had difficulty distinguishing subcategories. Furthermore, their use of the semantic role of ‘labelling’ was overextended and that of ‘vector’ was underextended. The words that young readers use most frequently to refer to the subcategories signified by the arrow symbols were identified. The implications of instructions for understanding diagram conventions are discussed.

A Philosophical Path from Königsberg to Kyoto

‘Mathematics is the science of the infinite, its goal the symbolic comprehension of the infinite with human, that is finite, means.’ Along this line, in The Open World, Hermann Weyl contrasted the desire to make the infinite accessible through finite processes, which underlies any theoretical investigation of reality, with the intuitive feeling for the infinite ‘peculiar to the Orient,’ which remains ‘indifferent to the concrete manifold of reality.’ But a critical analysis may acknowledge a valuable dialectical opposition. Struggling to spell out the infinity of real numbers mathematicians come to see the active role of emptiness. Pondering over the essence of self-awareness, the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō comes to see the ‘place’ where it abides as absolute nothingness. Thus, the two ways of seeing coalesce into a perspective in which infinity and nothingness mirror each other.

Hablun Minannas Wanita Bercadar (Studi Fenomenologi Interaksi Sosial Wanita Bercadar di Kecamatan Manggala Makassar)

Cultural identity of women with veil in the concept of the development of relationship with social ernironment perpetually becomes pros-and-cons phenomenon due to its accordance with the comprehension of religious symbols that is the wering of veil. The objectives were to recognize and describe the empirical reality of habluminannas concept that is the process of social interaction of women with veil. To comprehensively and deeply achieve these objectives, the methodology employed was descriptive qualitative research with in-depth interviews and observations (field research) as data collection techniques. The results show that the concept of habluminannas, that is social interaction of women with veil, is based on the essence of each need in daily social life. The process of interacting with other individuals both within the family and people in general depends on the interests and needs of each. Social interaction within the family is divided into two those are interaction that shows flexibility in communication and behavior patterns, and interaction that is closed and bounded. In the community, the process of social interaction that is associative process shows the flexibility of women with veil in the patterns of cooperation among citizens and relatives, mutual respect, and respect for the values ​​of decency and politeness. On the other hand, the attitude of acceptance by community in general towards women wearing veil is still not prevalent due to the negative stigma against the use of veils.

Brief Report: Associations Between Preverbal Social Communication Skills, Language and Symptom Severity in Children with Autism: An Investigation Using the Early Sociocognitive Battery.

We investigated the early sociocognitive battery (ESB), a novel measure of preverbal social communication skills, in children with autism participating in the Paediatric Autism Communication Trial-Generalised (PACT-G). The associations between ESB scores, language and autism symptoms were assessed in 249 children aged 2-11years. The results show that ESB subscale scores (social responsiveness, joint attention and symbolic comprehension) were significantly associated with concurrent autism symptoms and receptive and expressive language levels. The pattern of association between the ESB subscale scores differed between the ADOS-2 symptom domains and expressive and receptive language. These findings indicate the potential utility of the ESB as a measure of preverbal social communication in children with autism.

학령기 아동의 그림상징 이해 및 선호도

학령기 아동의 그림상징 이해 및 선호도

Recall of Pharmaceutical Pictograms by Older Adults

Low health literacy and high medication burden in the older adult population are contributing factors to the misunderstanding of medication instructions, leading to an increased risk of poor adherence and adverse events in this group of patients. To evaluate the ability of older adults to recall the meaning of 13 pharmaceutical pictograms 4 weeks after receipt of feedback on pictogram meaning. Older adults (aged 65 or older) were recruited from one community pharmacy in Canada. One-on-one structured interviews were conducted to assess the comprehensibility of 13 pharmaceutical pictograms from the International Pharmaceutical Federation's database of pictograms. Each participant was then told the meaning of each pictogram. Recall was assessed 4 weeks later. A total of 58 participants met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. The number of pictograms meeting the ISO threshold for comprehensibility of symbols increased from 10 at the initial comprehensibility assessment to 13 at the recall assessment. Analysis of demographic data showed no associations between initial comprehensibility of the pictograms and age, sex, education level, or number of medications taken. The results of this study indicate that after being informed of the meaning of pharmaceutical pictograms, older adults were able to recall the pictogram meanings for at least 4 weeks.

Symbol Comprehension in Patients With Alzheimer Disease Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Major Depressive Disorder.

Previous research suggests that specific symbol features attenuate symbol comprehension deficits in seniors suffering from Alzheimer disease dementia (ADD). However, it remains unclear whether these findings also apply to other disorders associated with cognitive dysfunctions. Ninety healthy controls, 30 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 35 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 55 patients with ADD performed a Symbol Processing Task with 4 different symbol categories. Nonparametric between×within subjects analyses were conducted to examine the impact of different symbol categories on performance accuracy in all experimental groups. Analyses revealed a higher symbol comprehension accuracy in healthy seniors than in MDD, MCI, and ADD patients, with the lowest accuracy rates shown by ADD patients. Although the type of symbol hardly affected performance accuracy in healthy seniors and MDD patients, different symbol categories influenced the performance of MCI and ADD patients significantly. Our findings indicate that symbols with distracting features impede symbol comprehension in ADD and MCI. Symbols with visual cues, by contrast, facilitate symbol comprehension in ADD and may even be advantageous over standardized symbols used in public life.

Impact of aided AAC interventions on speech comprehension of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: A critically appraised topic

A critically appraised topic (CAT) is one form of rapid review that can be particularly useful for informing practice. The purpose of this CAT was twofold: to determine (a) the impact of aided augmentative and alternative communication interventions on speech and graphic symbol comprehension in children, aged birth-18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities and (b) whether there are any potential learner characteristics that serve as moderators or mediators regarding intervention outcomes. In addition to the methodology, the authors present and discuss the findings of this CAT. The authors propose an update to this CAT in January 2022.

What Our Hands Tell Us: A Two-Year Follow-Up Investigating Outcomes in Subgroups of Children With Language Delay.

Purpose This study followed up children identified with expressive language delay (ELD) or receptive/expressive language delay (R/ELD) at 2 years of age, Time 1 (T1), in order to identify their language profiles at 4-5 years, Time 2 (T2), and explore relationships to T1 language, gesture use, and symbolic comprehension. Method Nineteen of 22 children were seen at follow-up (9 of 10 from R/ELD group, 10 of 12 from ELD group). T1 measures assessed receptive and expressive language, gesture use, and symbolic comprehension. At T2, we assessed receptive and expressive language, sentence repetition, and expressive phonology. Results Outcomes for the R/ELD group were significantly poorer, with all children continuing to have delay in receptive and/or expressive language compared to just 20% of the ELD group. Expressive phonology delay was common in both groups. T1 receptive language showed the most pervasive correlations with T2 language measures, but categorical performance on all three T1 measures correctly predicted language outcomes in 16-17 of the 19 children. Conclusion Findings add to evidence that receptive language is a strong predictor of outcomes. Gesture use and symbolic comprehension are also strong predictors and clinically valuable as part of play-based assessments with implications for theoretical understanding and intervention planning.

Історія української музичної педагогіки: віденські зустрічі

The article substantiates the features of the history of musical pedagogy as meta-history, the content of which is immutable values, spiritual constants of mankind, as well as such phenomena as coincidence, meetings in time and space, their sign and symbolic interpretation. Along with people, cities are important participants in the complex drama of the Ukrainian history. They are spiritual and cultural centers important for the development of national culture and education. Many of them received symbolic names, for instance, Second Jerusalem (Kyiv), Chernihiv Athens, Galician Piedmont (Lviv, Galicia in general). Among the Western European cities, which have a leading role in the drama of national history and culture there is Vienna, “the golden apple of Europe”, a metropolis, at different times the political and artistic capital of Europe, and for many Ukrainians the juridical capital. Vienna holds the mission of the world’s city, which has summed up the experience of history and has become a stage of human drama, drama of events and nations. The cultural archetypes of Vienna, which finally determined the direction of further development of the European musical culture, include the works of “Viennese classics”, the era of Biedermeier, “Viennese waltz”, “Viennese secession”. Many significant events, real and symbolic meetings in the history of Ukrainian culture took place in Vienna. It was the Austrian capital, where a considerable part of the scientific and creative elite of Ukraine obtained European education. This was the place where the fighters for the Ukrainian statehood found political protection. The article briefly describes the activities of “the Ukrainian Viennese” Eusebius Mandychevsky and Serhiy Bortkevich, two artists, musicians, heroes of the national historical drama, representatives of different generations and regions, united by the time and space of the Ukrainian history and culture, whose life reflected the tragic fate of the people, took place transformation of the history into person’s destiny. The meta-history approach substantially expands and enhances the possibilities of traditional methodology. Sign and symbolic comprehension of the past requires highlighting spiritually significant processes in the development of history, their contrast, comparison, reading the “text” of historical events, the discovery of its “subtext”, which is “the semantic and vital awareness of being”.