Abstract
Abstract. Paper maps were widely used during centuries; however, these maps do not change dynamically regarding its use context, the user behaviour and the change in the representations through time. Considering the research related to digital cartography, maps started to be seen both digitally and in a dynamic way due to the application of static and dynamic visual variables. During the process of navigation supported by maps, the comprehension of certain cartographic symbols can be a complex task for people. When using representations for virtual environment, specifically the Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), an advantage is the complementing of the information communication through virtual objects, which reduces the cognitive effort to decode all the representation as in the traditional maps. Until now, several scientific investigations about adjusting the cartographic design aimed to personal and vehicular navigation maps in AR are being developed. However, few studies investigate the application of dynamic symbols in AR built from the dynamic visual variables of Cartography. In this way, the aim on this research is to classify the symbols that use the dynamic variables. In addition, verify the presence of these variables in Augmented Reality systems in mobile devices that use AR to represent spatial information in the context of personal navigation in an outdoor environment.
Highlights
Dynamic maps are called maps with visual animations, to emphasize its difference in relation to static maps (Kraak; Brown, 2001). These maps are the consequence of the technological advance applied to cartography (Slocum et al, 2009)
Dynamic temporal maps represent variations of attributes and feature locations on the map over time translated by the successive time transformations
The project of dynamic maps can consider the aspect of the dynamic graphic variables defined by DiBiase et al (1992) and MacEachren (1995), as well as considering the variables with visual animation mentioned by Peterson (1995)
Summary
Dynamic maps are called maps with visual animations, to emphasize its difference in relation to static maps (Kraak; Brown, 2001) These maps are the consequence of the technological advance applied to cartography (Slocum et al, 2009). Several researchers point the need to evaluate the efficiency of dynamic maps, as well as questions of visual attention (Griffin et al, 2006; Harrower, 2007) For this purpose, different types of dynamic representations include different manifestations of change. According to Xiaofang et al (2014), maps with animated and interactive functions can be more efficient than printed maps (static) This way, users can perceive the dynamic visual sense of the map’s feature, which can move to a spatial direction and/or its attribute can be transformed with the use of visual variables. All these AR systems are compatible with the Android system and can be used at no charge after its download in the official repository
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