Sulfur Research Articles

Optimal liquid sulfur deposition dynamics for fast-charging Li-S batteries

Optimal liquid sulfur deposition dynamics for fast-charging Li-S batteries

Features of Idiopathic Halitosis and Its Association With Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation.

Idiopathic halitosis is occasionally encountered in clinical practice, yet with scarce reports. This work aimed to investigate its features and potential association with low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI). This retrospective study reviewed idiopathic halitosis from 2469 halitosis patients and compared them with 63 healthy controls (HCs). Organoleptic score (OLS), exhaled volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), serum inflammatory cytokines, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO200) to indicate LGSI were determined. Totally, 54 (2.19%) idiopathic halitosis patients were identified and they were extraoral. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was found to be the primary exhaled VSC. Inflammatory cytokines were slightly elevated in 5.56% (3/54) of idiopathic halitosis compared to none of HCs (p = 0.095). FeNO200 was elevated in 79.63% (43/54) of idiopathic halitosis compared to none of HCs (p < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 79.63% and specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of idiopathic halitosis. The FeNO200 level had positive correlations with OLS (r = 0.871) and DMS level (r = 0.485). Idiopathic halitosis is a rare condition which is closely associated with LGSI and possibly caused by unexplored extraoral pathologies. FeNO200 is recommended for its diagnosis with a high diagnostic power.

Job Stress Can Lead to Intestinal Inflammation and Subsequent Gut-Originated Extraoral Halitosis.

Reports on stress-associated halitosis are scarce and have only focused on intraoral halitosis. This work aimed to study stress-associated extraoral halitosis (EOH) and further investigate its potential association with stress-induced intestinal inflammation. This retrospective study included 664 white-collar employees with self-reported stress-associated halitosis. They underwent the organoleptic score (OLS) to assess halitosis, modified Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ) score to assess job stress, OralChroma breath test to measure volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in breath, and hydrogen/methane breath test (HMBT) and nitric oxide breath test (NOBT) to detect intestinal inflammation. They were classified into high-stress and low-stress groups based on their modified BJSQ score. Totally, 106 eligible patients were identified as having stress-associated EOH, and 61 of them had high stress. Additionally, 70 (66.04%) and 73 (68.87%) of them tested positive for HMB and NOBT, respectively. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was found to be the predominant VSC in breath. High-stress patients had significantly higher positivity rates for HMBT and NOBT, OLS, and exhaled DMS levels compared to low-stress patients. HMBT-positive patients and NOBT-positive patients had significantly higher OLS and exhaled DMS levels compared to their respective negative counterparts. Job stress can lead to intestinal inflammation and subsequent gut-originated EOH.

Heat-Killed Lactobacillus paracasei SMB092 Reduces Halitosis by Stimulating the Expression of β-Defensins in Oral Keratinocytes

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Lactobacillus paracasei SMB092 as a prophylactic agent for oral pathogens. We examined the physical interaction of SMB092 with a host by identifying the presence of mucus-binding (MuB) protein domains and the capacity of the mucin binding. We determined the role of heat-killed SMB092 in host oral immunity by quantifying the mRNA levels of β-defensins (BDs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their cofactors (CD14/CD36) in normal human oral keratinocytes (HOK-16B cells). To assess the clinically relevant oral health effects of heat-killed SMB092, the growth of Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis and the production of a volatile sulfur compound (H2S) were also measured in the filtered condition media (FCM) obtained from its cultures with HOK-16B cells. SMB092 possessed 14 putative MuB protein domains and was attached to mucin. Significant amounts of hBD1/2 and TLR2/6 were expressed in heat-killed SMB092-treated HOK-16B cells. The specific neutralization of TLR2 attenuated the expression of hBD1/2 and CD14/CD36. The FCM inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis and the production of H2S. Our data indicate that heat-killed SMB092 may contribute to a healthy oral microbiome as an immune stimulant in the production of BDs via the activation of the TLR2/6 signaling pathway.

Impact of Long-term Fasting on Breath Volatile Sulphur Compounds, Inflammatory Markers and Saliva Microbiota Composition.

Despite substantial evidence supporting the role of resident bacterial communities in therapeutic fasting outcomes, research has primarily focused on gut microbiota, leaving changes in oral microbiota largely unexplored. The clinical significance of oral health changes during fasting is nonetheless underscored by the documented development of halitosis in fasting individuals. However, no scientific studies have comprehensively examined the interplay between salivary microbiota alterations, inflammatory changes in the gingival crevice, and the production of malodorous volatile compounds. We examined volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in breath during fasting, cytokine levels in the gingival crevice, and oral microbiota composition of the saliva in a single-arm interventional study involving 36 subjects who fasted for 10 ± 3 days. Participants fasted according to Buchinger fasting guidelines. VSC were evaluated every morning before any food or drink intake using the OralChroma gas chromatography device. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at the clinical site before fasting, at the end of fasting, and at the end of food reintroduction. Follow-up saliva samples were sent to the patients after 1 and 3 months. Saliva samples were processed and analysed by targeted sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, whereas the expression of 6 inflammatory markers in the GCF were analysed using a multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. The quantification of volatile compounds in the breath demonstrated a statistically significant increase in dimethylsulfide levels during fasting, which corroborates the occurrence of bad breath as a common side effect of fasting. Salivary microbiota profiling showed a shift in microbial composition, including reduction in the levels of Neisseria, Gemella and Porphyromonas spp., concomitant with an increase in the levels of Megasphaera, Dialister, Prevotella, Veillonella, Bifidobacteria, Leptotrichia, Selenomonas, Alloprevotella, and Atopobium. We further demonstrated a reduction in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 in the GCF. Dimethylsulfide concentrations in the breath increased during fasting, and this was correlated to changes in the oral microbiota. Future studies are needed to illuminate the possible impact of these changes on oral and general health status.

Achieving Ultra-Low-Sulfur Model Diesel Through Defective Keggin-Type Heteropolyoxometalate Catalysts

Various Keggin-type heteropolyoxometalate catalysts with structural defects and surface acidity were synthesized by immobilizing 12-phosphotungstic acid (HPW) on mesoporous SBA−15, to produce near-zero-sulfur diesel fuel. As the calcination temperature increased, the W=O and the corner-shared W–O–W bonds in the Keggin unit partially broke, creating oxygen defects, as evidenced by the Rietveld refinement and in situ FTIR characterization. All the catalysts contained Lewis (L) and Brønsted (B) acid sites, with L acidity predominant. The relative intensity of the IR band (I980) of W=O bond inversely correlated with the number of L acid sites as the calcination temperature varied, suggesting that oxygen defects contributed to the Lewis acid sites formation. In the oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in a model diesel within a biphasic system, DBT conversion exceeded 99% under the optimal reaction conditions (reaction temperature 70 °C, reaction time 60 min, H2O2/sulfur molar ratio 8, H2O2/formic acid molar ratio 1.5, catalyst concentration 2 mg/mL). The influence of fuel composition and addition of indole and 4,6-DMDBT on DBT oxidation were also evaluated. Indole and cyclohexene negatively impacted the DBT oxidative removal. Oxygen defects served as active centers for competitive adsorption of sulfur compound and oxidant. Both L and B acid sites were involved in transferring O atom from peroxophosphotungstate complex to sulfur in DBT, resulting in DBTO2 sulfone, which was immediately extracted by polar acetonitrile. This study confirms that structural defects and surface acidity are crucial in the deep oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction, and in enabling the simultaneous oxidation and separation of refractory organosulfur compounds in a highly efficient model diesel.

Designing Catalytic Desulfurization Processes to Prepare Clean Fuels

Sulfur compounds in fuels are the primary causes of acid rain and environmental pollution [...]

Deodorising Garlic Body Odour by Ingesting Natural Food Additives Containing Phenolic Compounds and Polyphenol Oxidase

Garlic consumption is a well-known cause of unpleasant breath and body odour, with volatile organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl disulfide (DADS) and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) responsible for the characteristic odour. Certain foods that are rich in polyphenols (PPs) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) are known to deodorise garlic breath. However, no study into garlic body odour has been reported owing to the very low amounts of emitted volatile organosulfur compounds. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of ingesting natural food additives rich in both PPs and PPO on the emissions of skin-derived DADS and AMS using a passive flux sampler in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Three healthy male subjects were subjected to garlic-consumption testing, with all subjects commonly observed to exhibit remarkably higher dermal DADS- and AMS-emission fluxes after consuming 45 g of cooked garlic, which then gradually decreased toward their initial baseline levels. In comparison, remarkably lower emission fluxes of both organosulfur compounds were observed after consuming a natural food additive following garlic consumption in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal amount of ingested natural food additive required to reduce garlic body odour was found to be 1–2 g. Considering the metabolic pathway associated with garlic-derived sulfur compounds and elimination reactions involving PPs and PPO, allyl mercaptan is likely to be a key substance involved in reducing garlic body odour through the ingestion of natural food additives.

Evidence of short chains in liquid sulfur.

High energy x-ray pair distribution function measurements show the average coordination number of the first shell in liquid sulfur is 1.86 ± 0.04 across the λ-transition, not precisely 2.0 as widely accepted. This indicates that upon melting, liquid sulfur does not comprise solely of S8 rings but also possesses a significant number of short chains. Intensities of the pre-peak and first diffraction peak of the x-ray structure factor and third peak height of the pair distribution function all show deviations at the λ-transition temperature Tλ, associated with the break-up of S8 rings and the start of oligomer polymerization. A significant number of non-bonded or loosely bonded "interstitial atoms," with an average coordination number of 0.20 ± 0.005, are also observed in the so-called "forbidden zone" between the first and second shells upon melting. The number of interstitial atoms is found to decrease to a minimum at the λ-transition, but the majority persist into the high temperature polymerized liquid. The existence of short chains and nearby interstitial atoms represent the two main factors required to initiate the S8-ring to chain transition, as proposed by recent molecular dynamics simulations.

Enhanced hydrothermal liquefaction of tires using zinc and MoS2

This study introduces a novel approach for tire liquefaction employing zinc and unsupported catalyst MoS2 to mitigate oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content, while inhibiting poly-aromatic formation. Autoclave experiments were conducted under subcritical water conditions at 360 and 410 °C. Comprehensive characterization of char and oil was performed, encompassing elemental analysis, functional-group assessment, and composition analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). During the liquefaction, zinc metal pellets react with water to form ZnO and hydrogen, aiding hydrogenation, and MoS2 preserves its catalytic stability. ZnO shows a catalytic effect on deoxygenation, desulfurization, and denitrification reactions. However, the reaction between ZnO and H2S is not favorable under hydrothermal conditions. Zinc and MoS2 synergistically promote cracking of heavier compounds into lighter ones, particularly evident at higher temperatures, without diminishing the overall oil yield. Incorporating zinc pellets and MoS2 slightly facilitates sulfur and oxygen migration from liquid to solid and gas phases. FT-ICR MS analysis reveals oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-containing compounds in heavy fraction of oils. The oxygen-containing compounds, predominantly comprised of stearic acid and its derivatives, are identified. Concurrently, the nitrogen-containing compounds manifest primarily as basic nitrogen compounds. MoS2 possesses the capability of forming more N-containing compounds, leading to the generation of a broader spectrum of N-containing compounds. This work elucidates the synergistic role of zinc-assisted catalysis and MoS2, offering insights into tire liquefaction mechanisms and product composition, vital for sustainable waste management and resource recovery.

Preparation and oxidative desulfurization performances of modified SBA-15 supported polyacid metal oxolates

In this study, eight composite catalysts were prepared by loading (CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40] (active components) onto amino-functionalized mesoporous titanium silicate Ti-SBA-15(supports). In order to study the effects of different Ti contents and different active components on the catalytic performances of the catalysts, 30 %(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-X (X = 0, 25, 50, 75, 100) and X%(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-50 (X = 20, 40, 50) were obtained and characterized. The oxidative desulfurization performances of the composite catalysts were explored. It was found that catalyst 40 %(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-50 exhibits the optimal oxidative desulfurization performance. This is because the incorporation of SBA-15 with an appropriate amount of Ti (n(Si)/n(Ti) = 50) can improve the acidity and stability of mesoporous silica. The successful substitution of CTAB (n(CTAB)/n(H6PW9V3O40) = 3) in the active component can reduce the mass transfer resistance and speed up the reaction rate. 3-Aminopropyltriethyl silane (APTES) acts as a silane coupling agent to graft amino groups onto mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15, which can enhance the interaction between heteropolyacids and carriers. Under the synergistic effect of the active component and the support, the total removal rate of the optimal catalyst with a total concentration of 1000 ppm sulfur compounds in the simulated fuel was 94.44 %. After four cycles, the total desulfurization rate of the catalyst can reach 91.28 %.

Diversity and ecology of microbial sulfur metabolism.

Sulfur plays a pivotal role in interactions within the atmosphere, lithosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and the functioning of living organisms. In the Earth's crust, mantle, and atmosphere, sulfur undergoes geochemical transformations due to natural and anthropogenic factors. In the biosphere, sulfur participates in the formation of amino acids, proteins, coenzymes and vitamins. Microorganisms in the biosphere are crucial for cycling sulfur compounds through oxidation, reduction and disproportionation reactions, facilitating their bioassimilation and energy generation. Microbial sulfur metabolism is abundant in both aerobic and anaerobic environments and is interconnected with biogeochemical cycles of important elements such as carbon, nitrogen and iron. Through metabolism, competition or cooperation, microorganisms metabolizing sulfur can drive the consumption of organic carbon, loss of fixed nitrogen and production of climate-active gases. Given the increasing significance of sulfur metabolism in environmental alteration and the intricate involvement of microorganisms in sulfur dynamics, a timely re-evaluation of the sulfur cycle is imperative. This Review explores our understanding of microbial sulfur metabolism, primarily focusing on the transformations of inorganic sulfur. We comprehensively overview the sulfur cycle in the face of rapidly changing ecosystems on Earth, highlighting the importance of microbially-mediated sulfur transformation reactions across different environments, ecosystems and microbiomes.

Research Progress on the Mechanism of the Impact of Myofibrillar Protein Oxidation on the Flavor of Meat Products.

Myofibrillar proteins primarily consist of myosin, actin, myogenin, and actomyosin. These proteins form complex networks within muscle fibers and are crucial to the physical and chemical properties of meat. Additionally, myofibrillar proteins serve as significant substrates for the adsorption of volatile flavor compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which contribute to the overall flavor profile of meat products. A series of chemical reactions occur during the processing, storage, and transportation of meat products. Oxidation is one of the most significant reactions. Oxidative modification can alter the physical and chemical properties of proteins, ultimately impacting the sensory quality of meat products, including flavor, taste, and color. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the effects of protein oxidation on meat quality and its regulation. This study investigates the impact of myofibrillar protein oxidation on the sensory attributes of meat products by analyzing the oxidation processes and the factors that initiate myofibrillar protein oxidation. Additionally, it explores the control of myofibrillar protein oxidation and its implications on the sensory properties of meat products, providing theoretical insights relevant to meat processing methods and quality control procedures.

Selective Separation of Thiophene Derivatives Using Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Membranes.

The removal of sulfur compounds, particularly thiophene derivatives, from oil is crucial due to concerns about environmental issues. Therefore, the deep desulfurization of transportation fuels is currently an urgent problem, and numerous attempts have been made in this direction. Membrane-based desulfurization can be a good alternative to the traditional hydrodesulfurization method, which has several limitations. In this work, the use of membranes containing a metal-organic framework, MOF-5, doped with transition metals (Ag, Cu, Ni), in the adsorptive desulfurization process was studied. The efficiency of membranes was evaluated based on selective removal of thiophene and dibenzothiophene from model oil. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirmed the successful synthesis and incorporation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Desulfurization experiments showed that MOF-5/Ag exhibited the highest thiophene adsorption efficiency (86.8%), outperforming MOF-5/Cu and MOF-5/Ni. The enhanced performance is attributed to the strong interaction between silver and sulfur. These findings demonstrate the potential of MOF-based MMMs for efficient and selective desulfurization, offering a viable alternative to traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) methods.

The role of microwave radiation in extractive desulfurization of real diesel fuel for green environment: an experimental and computational investigation

The process of removing sulfur compounds and aromatic compounds to produce clean fuel is an important and effective contribution to the processes of mitigating and adapting to climate change. In contrast, it is necessary to find an innovative way to remove sulfur and carcinogenic aromatic compounds because clean, low-sulfur diesel is commonly used in all countries of the world at the present time. Therefore, in this work, we have studied the effect of the microwave radiation power and the irradiation time with the use of more than one type of organic solvent; methanol, acetonitrile and ethyl acetoacetate; as an extractant and solvent to feed ratio impact on the removal of sulfur and aromatic compounds of a real diesel fuel feed which has 450 ppm sulfur content and 16 wt% aromatic Content. The results showed that the best solvent used during this work was ethyl acetoacetate. According to the results, high sulfur removal (≈ 92%) was accomplished with microwave-assisted extractive desulfurization technique under the following ideal conditions: the irradiation time is 7 min, the solvent feed ratio is 3:1 and the microwave intensity is 180 W. To reveal the mechanism of microwave-assisted extractive desulfurization via different organic solvents, a theoretical study including structural examination and interaction energy analysis on the interaction between dibenzothiophene (DBT) or dimethyl dibenzothiophene (DMDBT) and the different organic solvents was also conducted.

Mechanism of Intracellular Elemental Sulfur Oxidation in Beggiatoa leptomitoformis, Where Persulfide Dioxygenase Plays a Key Role

Representatives of the colorless sulfur bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa use reduced sulfur compounds in the processes of lithotrophic growth, which is accompanied by the storage of intracellular sulfur. However, it is still unknown how the transformation of intracellular sulfur occurs in Beggiatoa representatives. Annotation of the genome of Beggiatoa leptomitoformis D-402 did not identify any genes for the oxidation or reduction of elemental sulfur. By searching BLASTP, two putative persulfide dioxygenase (PDO) homologs were found in the genome of B. leptomitoformis. In some heterotrophic prokaryotes, PDO is involved in the oxidation of sulfane sulfur. According to HPLC-MS/MS, the revealed protein was reliably detected in a culture sample grown only in the presence of endogenous sulfur and CO2. The recombinant protein from B. leptomitoformis was active in the presence of glutathione persulfide. The crystal structure of recombinant PDO exhibited consistency with known structures of type I PDO. Thus, it was shown that B. leptomitoformis uses PDO to oxidize endogenous sulfur. Additionally, on the basis of HPLC-MS/MS, RT-qPCR, and the study of PDO reaction products, we predicted the interrelation of PDO and Sox-system function in the oxidation of endogenous sulfur in B. leptomitoformis and the connection of this process with energy metabolism.

Hydrogenation Studies of Iridium Pyridine Diimine Complexes with O- and S-Donor Ligands (Hydroxido, Methoxido and Thiolato)

For square-planar late transition metal pyridine, diimine (Rh, Ir) complexes with hydro-xido, methoxido, and thiolato ligands. We could previously establish sizable metal-O- and S π-bonding interactions. Herein, we report the hydrogenation studies of iridium hydroxido and methoxido complexes, which quantitatively lead to the trihydride compound and water/methanol. The iridium trihydride displays a highly fluctional structure with scrambling hydrogen atoms, which can be described as a dihydrogen hydride system based on NMR and DFT investigations. This contrasts the iridium sulfur compounds, which are not reacting with dihydrogen. According to DFT and LNO-CCSD(T) calculations, hydrogenation of the methoxido complex proceeds by a two-step mechanism, i.e., an oxidative addition step of H2 to an Ir(III) dihydride intermediate with consecutive reductive O-H elimination of methanol. Based on PNO-CCSD(T) calculations, the reactivity difference between the O- and S-donors can be traced to the stronger H-O bonds in the water/methanol products compared to the S-H bonds in the sulphur congeners, which serves as a driving force for hydrogenation.

Assessment of Aerotechnogenic Effects of Industrial Emissions of Arkhangelsk Pulp аnd Paper Mill by Bioindication Method

Assessment of the aerotechnogenic impact of the Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill on the environment was carried out. It is based on an analysis of the functional stability of representative bioindicator objects according to a set of biochemical parameters: enzymatic activity, content of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. The urbanized territory was mapped according to the degree of influence of the APPM on the components of forest ecosystems in accordance with the tendency of accumulation of sulfur compounds as marker pollutants of emissions of Pulp and Paper Mills. By the correlation analysis, it was shown that changes in the biochemical parameters of bioindicator objects are the manifestation of adaptive responses to the multifactorial effects of anthropogenic, technogenic and climatic impacts.

Development and validation of the Thai Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (T-HALT): an evaluation of psychometric properties.

Halitosis appears to have significant impacts on quality of life, necessitating reliable assessment tools. The Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (HALT) has been validated in various populations, but not among Thai people. While HALT provides a valuable foundation, there is a need for a culturally adapted and expanded instrument for the Thai context. Consequently, this study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire for assessing halitosis-related quality of life in Thai populations, incorporating a Thai version of HALT (T-HALT) as a core component. This cross-sectional study involved 200 dental patients at Mahidol University. The original HALT was translated into Thai using forward-backward translation. Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of T-HALT were evaluated through multiple approaches. Content validity was ensured through expert reviews, while face validity was assessed by patient feedback. Reliability was examined via test-retest and internal consistency measures. Criterion and discriminant validity was evaluated by correlating T-HALT scores with self-perceived halitosis and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) measurements, respectively. VSCs were quantified using the OralChroma™ device, which analyzes breath samples collected directly from patients' mouths. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), providing insights into the questionnaire's underlying structure. T-HALT demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas = 0.940-0.943) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.886). Criterion validity was supported by a significant correlation between T-HALT scores and self-perceived halitosis (r = 0.503, P < 0.001). Discriminant validity was confirmed by the absence of a significant correlation between T-HALT scores and VSC levels (r = 0.071, P = 0.32). EFA revealed a four-factor structure, which was subsequently confirmed by CFA. However, Items 1 and 7 were excluded due to poor standardized factor loadings. T-HALT demonstrates good reliability and validity for assessing halitosis-related quality of life in Thai populations. It performs well as a unidimensional measure, but its multidimensional application requires modifications. Future research should validate a modified version excluding Items 1 and 7 across diverse Thai populations, potentially enhancing its cultural specificity.

Impact of Viruses on Prokaryotic Communities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agricultural Soils.

Viruses are abundant and ubiquitous in soil, but their importance in modulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terrestrial ecosystems remains largely unknown. Here, various loads of viral communities are introduced into paddy soils with different fertilization histories via a reciprocal transplant approach to study the role of viruses in regulating greenhouse gas emissions and prokaryotic communities. The results showed that the addition of viruses has a strong impact on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and, to a minor extent, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, along with dissolved carbon and nitrogen pools, depending on soil fertilization history. The addition of a high viral load resulted in a decrease in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 31.4%, with changes in the relative abundance of 16.6% of dominant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in comparison to control treatments. More specifically, large effects of viral pressure are observed on some specific microbial communities with decreased relative abundance of prokaryotes that dissimilate sulfur compounds and increased relative abundance of Nanoarchaea. Structural equation modeling further highlighted the differential direct and indirect effects of viruses on CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions. These findings underpin the understanding of the complex microbe-virus interactions and advance current knowledge on soil virusecology.