Essential Oil Compounds Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrosols from Oregano, Sage and Pennyroyal against Oral Pathogens

In this study, the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum Lamiaceae, (oregano), Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae (sage), Mentha pulegium Lamiaceae (pennyroyal), and respective hydrosols (HSs) has been investigated by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was assessed against two oral pathogens: Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus mutans and the fungus Candida albicans by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC). Three-fold diluted solutions were dispensed into each well of a 96-well microtiter plate and, after incubation, MIC was determined by visual monitoring. The MBC/MFC was determined by transferring a small quantity of sample contained in each replicate well of the microtiter plates to appropriate culture media using a microplate replicator. The EOs of the tested herbs showed antimicrobial properties, especially the EO oil of O. vulgare, which exerted the highest antimicrobial activity. HSs of S. officinalis and M. pulegium exerted no antimicrobial activity, in contrast to oregano HS, which displayed strong antimicrobial activity. In all cases, a higher number of compounds were detected in EOs than in the corresponding HSs. The major compounds of sage EO were detected to be α-thujone (25.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.8%) and β-pinene (10.0%), while the HS was characterized by the presence of 1,8-cineole (32.6%), borneol (22.6%) and α-thujone (22.4%). Pennyroyal EO and HS consists mainly of pulegone (62.1 and 50.6%, respectively). Carvacrol was the major component present in EO (63%) and HS (97.3%) of oregano, probably contributing to the antimicrobial activity. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanisms of specific compounds present in essential oils and hydrosols of Lamiaceae grown in Greece against oral pathogens.

Essential oils work synergistically to mitigate pathogenic impact of Meloidogyne incognita, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia rolfsii

The phytochemical analysis and potential synergistic interactions between the essential oils (EOs) of Vitex negundo L. Piper longum L. and Vitex agnus-castus L. and their pesticidal efficacy were the main focus of this study. To examine their synergistic interactions with pesticidal activities, the recovered EOs were mixed in binary and ternary combinations at similar ratios and the nematicidal activity of individual EOs and their mixtures was evaluated. Using the disc-diffusion method, antifungal activity was evaluated. For comparison means of biological activities, a two-way ANOVA was carried out, at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). The main EO compounds were subjected to a molecular docking investigation to look into how they interacted with target proteins in comparison with standard inhibitors physostigmine (AChE), ethacrynic acid (GST-1), and hexaconazole (CYP51). The chemical compounds of EOs were identified via GC-MS analysis. Based on GC-MS analysis β-pinene, cis-nerolidol, 2-heptyl acetate, and α-pinene were the major compounds identified in PLAO; while in VACAO viridiflorol, β-caryophyllene, and 5-(1-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyl bicyclo [4.3.0]nonan-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-pentenol acetate were detected as main components. Similarly, 1,8-cineole, (E)-β-ocimene, α-terpinyl acetate, and (Z)-β-ocimene were identified as major compounds in VACAO. When three EOs of P. longum, V. negundo, and V. agnus-castus were mixed, pesticidal activity results revealed a high synergy. These results validate synergistic interactions amongst the studied essential oils, which may support sustainable agriculture when applied as natural products against pathogens. The molecular docking results showed good binding affinities and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to 5-(1-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyl bicyclo [4.3.0]nonan-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-pentenol acetate for all the target proteins.

PETROSELINUM CRISPUM (MILL.) FUSS (PARSLEY), A FOOD AND MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT: A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES BETWEEN 2013-2023

Objective: Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss is a bright green biennial medicinal and aromatic herb that grows almost all over the world. Today, it is one of the most commonly used culinary herbs. In addition to its use as food, it has been shown to possess broad pharmacological activities in several in vivo and in vitro studies. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the current studies on the traditional use, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, clinical studies, toxicity, and drug interactions of parsley. Result and Discussion: According to the literature data, parsley is used as a diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue and for the prevention and treatment of kidney stone formation, the treatment of conditions such as urinary tract infections and stomach disorders. Its phytochemical composition consists of flavonoids, coumarins, phenolic compounds, organic acids, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, fixed oil, essential oil, and other compounds. Studies on P. crispum have shown that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antinephrotoxic, anticancer, antiurolithiatic, wound healing, antiobesity, estrogenic and neuroprotective effects. This review comprehensively summarizes the scientific data of the last ten years (2013-2023) on P. crispum.

Effects of varieties, pre-treatment and ultrasound assisted extraction on yields and characteristics of essential oils from young pomelo (Citrus Grandis L.) peels

Essential oils were extracted from two Vietnam local varieties of pomelo namely Citrus Grandis L. CV Nam Roi and Citrus Grandis L. CV Da Xanh. Storage methods by freezing or drying of young fruit peels affect the yield of extracted essential oils. The yield of essential oils obtained from Da Xanh variety was higher in Nam Roi variety. The extraction under ultrasound assisted condition increased the yield by two folds. The composition of volatile compounds in pomelo essential oils varied with different pomelo varieties and storage methods of the materials. The dominant compound in young peels essential oils Nam Roi, Da Xanh is limonene (55 – 90%). Nam Roi peels essential oils have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (inhibition ability against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) higher than Da Xanh peels’ essential oils.

Comparison of antimicrobial activities of oregano, lavender, sage, anise and clove extracts obtained by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction and essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare the extraction yields, chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and volatile extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction extraction (SFE) from oregano (Origanum onites), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), sage (Salvia officinalis), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). Essential oil compounds (EOCs) of the obtained materials from both techniques (HD and SFE) were determined by GC-MS/FID. Agar well diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial activities on five different foodborne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae). According to the results; extraction yields of SFE were found to be higher than HD for all tested aromatic plants. Active ingredient ratios (carvacrol, camphor, anethole, eugenole and linalol) varied depending on the extraction methods. SFE extracts were higher antimicrobial activity than HD essential oils, except clove extract on E. faecalis.

Effect of gamma rays on the essential oil and biochemical characteristics of the Satureja mutica Fisch & C. A. Mey.

There are 16 species in the genusSaturejaL. (Lamiaceae), of which10are native.This research aimed to investigate the effect of gamma rays and storage conditions and duration on the percentage and components of the essential oil and some biochemical characteristics ofSatureja muticaFisch & C.A. Mey at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.Plants were collectedat the full floweringstageand exposed todifferent doses of gamma rays (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and10kGy)at the Atomic EnergyOrganization, Iran.The samples were keptin a refrigerator (4°C)and in the shade(25 ± 2°C) for 0, 120, and 240h. This experiment was performedin acompletely randomizeddesign. Essential oil extraction was done by water distillationfor2h. The composition of their essential oil components was identified usingGC and GC/MS.Somebiochemicaltraits, including phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and carbohydrate content, were measured. The results indicated that irradiation on the percentage of essential oil showeda statistically significant difference. In addition, theinteraction effect of irradiation × storage conditions, irradiation × duration of storage, on the percentage of essential oilwassignificant. According to a comparison of the means, 2.5kGy irradiation produced the highest percentage of essential oil (0.4%); in contrast, a significant decreasewas detectedin components with 7.5 and 10kGy irradiation. It was observed thatthepercentage of some essential oil compounds decreasedwith the gamma-ray intensity increase.2.5kGy of gamma rays and shade storage conditions for 240h led to the highest content of p-cymene and carvacrol. Nevertheless,the highest thymol content wasobtained under refrigeration conditions without irradiation. The maximum phenol content and antioxidant capacity were obtained when the plants were irradiated with 2.5 and7.5kGy gamma rays.However,the maximum carbohydrate ratewas observed in non-irradiated plants.It was concluded that low-intensity gamma rays could improve the percentage of essential oil and main components like p-cymene and carvacrol in S. mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey.

Coat protein of alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) from Türkiye: genetic inference and in silico docking analysis for potential antiphytoviral purposes

In 2021, a study was conducted in the Denizli region of Türkiye to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and presence of alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) infecting pepper plants exhibiting viral disease symptoms. A total of 57 samples were collected, of which twenty-four tested positive for AMV with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Samples from pepper plants displaying virus symptoms gave positive bands on the agarose gel, while healthy plants yielded negative results. One of the positive samples was randomly selected, cloned and sequenced. This sequence of the Denizli AMV isolate (753 bp) was recorded in the GenBank database with accession number OQ845956. The nucleotide sequence showed a high nucleotide consensus of 97%-99% compared with the nucleotide sequences of the same variants from different origins in GenBank. According to the phylogenetic tree generated through the Neighbour Joining (NJ) method, this AMV isolate belongs to the same group as Iranian isolates from various of hosts. Furthermore, in silico docking analysis of the coat protein (CP) of the AMV isolate and promising 12 essential oil compounds was performed to enable potential antiviral drug development. Docking study showed that eucalyptol, eugenol and carvacrol can make important contributions to the advancement of drug-based strategies for the managing of plant viruses by interacting with the virus coat protein of high binding energies, -5.3, -5.2 and -5.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. Although the presence of AMV in Denizli province has been reported previously, this study reports the phylogenetic relationships and docking analysis of the new AMV isolate in pepper crops.

Identification and variation analysis of the composition and content of essential oil and fragrance compounds in Phoebe zhennan wood at different tree ages.

Wood essential oil and wood products with special fragrances are high value-added forest products. Despite the availability of essential oil and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Phoebe zhennan wood, their variation and dependence on tree age have not been examined. After essential oil extraction and wood processing, the yields and compositions of essential oils and VOCs in wood from P. zhennan trees of different ages (10a, 30a, and 80a) were determined. The yield of essential oil from 30a wood was significantly greater than that from 10a and 80a wood. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed 672 and 41 volatile compounds, respectively, in the essential oil and wood, the majority of which exhibited large fluctuations in relative content and composition depending on tree age. Sesquiterpenoids, fatty acids and conjugates may greatly contribute to the main components of essential oil from wood. Almost all major sesquiterpenoid compounds, such as caryophyllene α-oxide, eudesmo, and cubebene, were identified in the essential oils from the 30a and 80a wood, and their relative contents were much greater than those in the 10a wood. The main components of the wood fragrance were sesquiterpenoids. The types and relative contents of sesquiterpenoids from wood increased with tree age. These results suggest that choosing wood from trees of a suitable age will significantly improve the efficiency of wood utilization.

Essential oil production, chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris as affected by harvesting season and drying conditions

In this study, the effects of seven distinct were assessed in two harvesting seasons (spring and autumn) on the essential oil (EO) content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). The drying methods tested included sun-drying, shade-drying, freeze-drying (FD), oven drying at 40 °C (OV40) and 70 °C (OV70), and microwave 360 W (MW360) and 720 W (MW720). The analysis of essential oils facilitated the identification of numerous compounds, 18 of which accounted for approximately 64.94% to 67.84% of the total thyme EO compounds. Six significant compounds were investigated, including thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol, linalool, and borneol. The results demonstrated that the thyme samples harvested in spring possessed higher amounts of γ-terpinene, thymol, carvacrol, EO content, and TFC, while samples harvested in autumn exhibited the highest amounts of borneol, p-cymene, TPC, and higher antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis (PCA) findings revealed that thyme samples harvested in spring, dried in the sun, shade, and FD conditions were rich in EO content, γ-terpinene. The samples dried in MW720, OV40, and FD conditions possessed the highest amounts of thymol, carvacrol, and TFC. Drying the samples under MW360, OV40, and FD indicated significantly higher TPC and linalool. Drying the autumn-harvested samples under the sun and shade also exhibited higher linalool and TFC than other methods. Overall, the results conclusively indicated that the harvesting season and drying conditions significantly affected bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and EO production and quality. Such findings may add value to the product at the producers’ levels to produce more quality thyme depending on the harvesting season.

Univariate and Multivariate Approaches for Identifying Key Differential Volatile Compounds in Wedelia trilobata Essential Oils from Four Different Locations

Univariate and Multivariate Approaches for Identifying Key Differential Volatile Compounds in Wedelia trilobata Essential Oils from Four Different Locations

Simultaneous Impact of Rhizobacteria Inoculation and Leaf-Chewing Insect Herbivory on Essential Oil Production and VOC Emissions in Ocimum basilicum.

Inoculation with rhizobacteria and feeding by herbivores, two types of abiotic stress, have been shown to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plants as part of the defense response. This study explored the simultaneous effects of inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 (a PGPR species) and herbivory by third-instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae on essential oil (EO) yield and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in Ocimum basilicum plants. The density of glandular trichomes was also examined, given that they are linked to EO production and VOC emission. Herbivory increased EO content, but inoculation on its own did not. When combined, however, the two treatments led to a 10-fold rise in EO content with respect to non-inoculated plants. VOC emissions did not significantly differ between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, but they doubled in plants chewed by the larvae with respect to their undamaged counterparts. Interestingly, no changes were observed in VOC emissions when the treatments were tested together. In short, the two biotic stressors elicited differing plant defense responses, mainly when EO was concerned. PGPR did not stimulate EO production, while herbivory significantly enhanced it and increased VOC emissions. The combined treatment acted synergistically, and in this case, PGPR inoculation may have had a priming effect that amplified plant response to herbivory. Peltate trichome density was higher in inoculated plants, those damaged by larvae, and those subjected to the combination of both treatments. The findings highlight the intricate nature of plant defense mechanisms against various stressors and hint at a potential strategy to produce essential oil through the combined application of the two stressors tested here.

Gram-negative rough mutants used as test bacteria can increase sensitivity of direct bioautography

Currently, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) is an outstanding research field due to antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Thin-layer chromatography‒direct bioautography (TLC‒DB) is an effective, fast method to find components with antimicrobial activity in a mixture of plant compounds, e.g., in EOs. The volatility and hydrophobic characters of EOs require special experimental conditions, and disc diffusion assay is not appropriate to explore the antimicrobial activity of them. The aim of this study was to use “R” mutants, which are more sensitive to synthetic antimicrobial drugs, in DB to increase the sensitivity of this method. Our hypothesis was that these mutants show sensitivity to some EOs (thyme, clove, and peppermint) as well. The chemical composition of our tested EOs was measured with gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). The main compounds (39.8% thymol, 78.8% eugenol, and 50.4% menthol) of EOs showed notable antibacterial activity in TLC‒DB. Based on our results, we suggest to use Salmonella minnesota Re595 rough strain as test bacterium in bioautography, because it showed the highest sensitivity to the tested antibiotics (gentamicin and cephalexin) and EOs. Furthermore, this rough mutant could make TLC‒DB more faster, because only 4 h incubation time was enough to detect the inhibition zones of the active compounds used in this study.

Lipidomics‐based study of lipid quality of fish by‐products: a case study of sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus)

SummaryBy‐products of sea bass are a good source of lipids, among which viscera was the best lipid source containing 66% total lipids. Acid value, peroxide value (POV), p‐anisidine value (p‐AV), and conjugated diene value (CDV) were used to monitor oxidation. Visceral oil has a relatively higher level of POV, AV and CDV than head and belly. Radical production detected by ESR spectroscopy was also high in viscera. Fatty acid analysis showed that visceral oil of sea bass has a very high ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid, which includes oleic acid (C18:1n9), and palmitoleic acid (C16:1n9) accounting for 28.45% and 3.25% of total visceral oil and are rich in omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids accounting for 34.78% of total lipids. Volatile compounds in visceral oil were low with flora and spicy oil wax aroma. Low amounts of aldehydes, ketones and alcohols indicated a low level of oxidation in the early stage of storage. ESR results indicated higher free radical level in visceral oil, which might result in the Inside‐Out quality deterioration.

Screening of volatile compounds of essential oils with acaricidal activity in Rhipicephalus microplus larvae using a new in vitro evaluation method

ABSTRACT The study assessed the acaricidal properties of 20 compounds derived from essential oils against the Rhipicephalus microplus tick, a significant menace to tropical livestock with considerable economic losses. A novel methodology was devised, involving the determination of mortality times for R. microplus larvae upon direct contact with these compounds. Mortality times were compared against a negative control (soybean oil) and two positive controls (commercial pour-on products). Tests were conducted in 48-well polyethylene plates, with around 100 larvae immersed in 200 µl of oil (at a 100% dose). The 10 compounds exhibiting the shortest mortality times were subsequently diluted in soybean oil at varying concentrations. Notably, thymol exhibited potent acaricidal activity, with the lowest effective dose (1.56%) resulting in larval mortality within 15 minutes, whereas positive controls necessitated over 66 minutes. A correlation was established between the molecular structure of the compounds and their acaricidal efficacy, indicating that cyclic compounds containing 10 carbon atoms demonstrated heightened lethality compared to acyclic counterparts. This innovative methodology enables the rapid identification of substances with substantial acaricidal potential in vitro, yielding results within minutes, in stark contrast to the traditional larval immersion test, which demands a minimum of 24 hours for conclusive outcomes.

Essential Oil Compounds in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics for Dermatology.

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant threat to public health, prompting novel combinations comprising of natural sources such as essential oil compounds with conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the possible interactions between six essential oil compounds with eight antibiotics/antifungals against six pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Cutibacterium acnes, and Candida albicans) commonly implicated in skin infections. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the antibiotics and essential oil compounds were evaluated singularly and in combination using the broth microdilution assay. The fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) were calculated to determine the interactive profile of the combinations. The synergistic interactions (FIC ≤ 0.5) were further analysed at varying ratios and depicted on isobolograms. The toxicity of the synergistic combinations was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Eight synergistic interactions were identified against the selected Gram-positive and P. aeruginosa pathogens, and the combinations also demonstrated a reduced toxicity. The combination of amoxicillin and eugenol demonstrated the lowest toxicity (LC50 = 1081 µg/mL) and the highest selectivity index (14.41) when in a 70:30 ratio. This study provides insight into the in vitro antimicrobial interactions of essential oil compounds and conventional antibiotics that can form a basis for newer therapies.

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Repression of Virulence Gene Transcription and Biofilm Formation as Antibacterial Action of Cinnamomum burmannii Essential Oil on Staphylococcus aureus.

This work aimed to identify the chemical compounds of Cinnamomum burmannii leaf essential oil (CBLEO) and to unravel the antibacterial mechanism of CBLEO at the molecular level for developing antimicrobials. CBLEO had 37 volatile compounds with abundant borneol (28.40%) and showed good potential to control foodborne pathogens, of which Staphylococcus aureus had the greatest inhibition zone diameter (28.72 mm) with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 μg/mL) and bactericidal concentration (2.0 μg/mL). To unravel the antibacterial action of CBLEO on S. aureus, a dynamic exploration of antibacterial growth, material leakage, ROS formation, protein oxidation, cell morphology, and interaction with genome DNA was conducted on S. aureus exposed to CBLEO at different doses (1/2-2×MIC) and times (0-24 h), indicating that CBLEO acts as an inducer for ROS production and the oxidative stress of S. aureus. To highlight the antibacterial action of CBLEO on S. aureus at the molecular level, we performed a comparative association of ROS accumulation with some key virulence-related gene (sigB/agrA/sarA/icaA/cidA/rsbU) transcription, protease production, and biofilm formation in S. aureus subjected to CBLEO at different levels and times, revealing that CBLEO-induced oxidative stress caused transcript suppression of virulence regulators (RsbU and SigB) and its targeted genes, causing a protease level increase destined for the biofilm formation and growth inhibition of S. aureus, which may be a key bactericidal action. Our findings provide valuable information for studying the antibacterial mechanism of essential oil against pathogens.

The Influence of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) essential oils on the growth of Rhizoctonia sp. in vitro

Rhizoctonia sp. is a soil-borne pathogen that causes damping-off in various forestry plant seedlings. Using plant-based pesticides is a disease control solution that is more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides. Essential oil is a component that can be used as a biopesticide because it contains antifungal properties, such as the compounds in patchouli and turmeric essential oils. This study examines the inhibition of patchouli and turmeric essential oils and their combinations with various concentrations on the growth of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. in vitro. Observations were made using patchouli, turmeric, and a combination of patchouli and turmeric essential oil with concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth). The in vitro pathogen inhibition test results showed that the type and concentration of oil in PDA significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia sp.. In contrast with PDB, only oil concentration significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia sp.. The combination of patchouli and turmeric essential oils with a concentration of 10% on PDA and turmeric essential oil with a concentration of 10% on PDB showed the highest inhibitory response.

Biomorphological features and antioxidant activity of mint species of non-hybrid origin growing in the North Caucasus region

Introduction. Modern researchers note the role of antioxidants in the correction of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, so the search for new raw materials for obtaining substances with antioxidant activity is relevant. Polyphenolic compounds are considered the most powerful natural antioxidants. Our attention was drawn to non-hybrid mint species growing in the North Caucasus region. Objective. Study of biomorphological features and economically valuable characteristics of the species Mentha L. (Lamiaceae), their phytochemical characteristics based on the content of essential oil and some phenolic compounds, determination of antioxidant activity to substantiate the prospects for use in medicine and pharmacy. Material and methods. The studies were carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia (SP) XIV and XV editions. Samples of raw mint (M. arvensis L.), watermint (M. aquatica L.), longleaf mint (M. longifolia (L.) Huds.), flea mint (M. pulegium L.), m spicata (M. spicata L.), harvested in forest-steppe and steppe zones, as well as on mountain slopes, damp places, sometimes in wastelands, in North Ossetia – Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and the Stavropol Territory in their natural places of growth (end of July–August 2021–2023). Objects were dried using the air-shadow method. Antioxidant activity was determined by amperometric and titrimetric methods. Results. Non-hybrid mint species growing in the North Caucasus contain essential oils, hydroxycinnamic and triterpene acids, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. The established antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of mint species, in addition to the traditionally known choleretic and antispasmodic effects, can be considered significant for reducing body weight. Conclusion. The content of essential oil and polyphenolic compounds in various types of mint, as well as the established antioxidant properties of aqueous-alcoholic extracts, in addition to the traditionally known choleretic and antispasmodic effects, can be considered significant for weight loss.

Chemical Composition Analysis of Citrus×limon (L) Osbeck Leaf Essential Oil and Its Activity as an Anti-Cervical Cancer Agent

Cervical cancer is a life-threatening disease. The use of synthetic drugs for its treatment can have serious adverse effects on the body. Therefore, it is necessary to search for natural drugs that are safe for the body. One of the secondary metabolites contained in plants is essential oils (EO), EO are known to have activity as anti-cervical cancer. Genus Citrus is known for containing EO compounds, one of the species of the genus is Citrus×lemon (L) Osbeck. The purpose of this study is to identify the chemical components of the EO isolated from the leaves of C×limon and to evaluate its cytotoxic activity against cervical cancer. EO was isolated from C×limon leaves collected in Padang City, Indonesia using the hydrodistillation method. EO was then analyzed by GC-MS. To determine its cytotoxicity, BSLT was conducted, followed by molecular docking and MTT assays. The experiment yielded a yellow liquid with a density of 0,8684 g/mL and a yield of 0,181%. GC-MS analysis of the EO identified 56 chemical components, with the main compounds are (-)-β-pinene (7.32%), (-)-limonene (28.40%), geranial (5.54%), caryophyllene (5.22%). The EO showed high toxicity against Artemia salina L larvae, with an LC50 value of 3,697 µg/mL. Through molecular docking, it is known the (-)-limonene, geranial, (-)β-pinene and caryophyllene compounds as the main compounds in of EO are known to bind to form complexes with cervical cancer proteins (HPV18E6). MTT assay showed weak cytotoxic activity of EO against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 218.9 µg/mL.

Wound healing effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) cream on second-degree burn in animal model.

Second-degree burn, the most common among burn degrees, underscores the importance of timely and proper treatment in influencing prognosis. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), renowned for its potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, also serves as an effective antiseptic for open wounds. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of nutmeg essential oil and analyze the wound healing effect of nutmeg cream on second-degree burns in an animal model. An experimental study with a completed randomized design was conducted on Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats with second-degree burn. This study had four groups and each group consisting of four rats: B (burn-treated base cream), B+N (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream), B+SSD (burn-treated silver sulfadiazine (BSS)), and B+N+SSD (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream and SSD in a 1:1 ratio). The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The burn diameter and burn wound healing percentage were measured from day 0 to 18. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis using the least significant difference (LSD) was employed to analysis the effect. The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil found that myristicin, terpinene-4-ol, terpinene, safrole and terpinolene were the most abundant putative compounds in nutmeg essential oil. On day 0, the average burn wound diameters were 1.4 cm in all groups and increases were observed in all groups on day 3. The wound diameter decreased until day 18 with the smallest burn wound diameter was found in the B+N group (0.86±0.37 cm), followed by B+SSD (0.93±0.29 cm). The B+SSD group exhibited the highest percentage of burn wound healing (56.80±14.05%), which was significantly different from the base cream (p<0.05). The percentage of burn wound healing in rats given 3% nutmeg cream was 41.88±13.81%, suggesting that nutmeg cream could promote burn wound healing in rats induced by second-degree burns.