Compounds In Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Proximate Composition and Chemical Profiles of Reishi Mushroom (<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> (Curt: Fr.) Karst)

Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom commonly used in folk medicine especially Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) but information on its nutritional and chemical profiles remains insufficient. This work aimed at evaluating proximate composition and identification of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of G. lucidum. Pulverized G. lucidum was suspended in ethanol in 1:10 and extraction was carried out by rotary evaporation to produce G. lucidum extract (GLE). Proximate composition of the sample was analyzed. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify different functional groups in GLE. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the bioactive compounds of the sample. Proximate analysis revealed that the amount of carbohydrate in sample was the highest (44.95%), followed by protein (15.75%). FTIR results showed that OH, C=O, C-OH, N-H 1* and 2* and alkyl halide are functional groups in GLE. A total of twelve (12) bioactive compounds were identified and the most prevailing compound in GLE was ethyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (45.95%), followed by ethylhexadecanoate / ethyl palmitate (18.09%). Guaiacol (4.95%), octadecanoic acid (5.37%), ethylcyclohexane (3.31%) were also present. It can be inferred from this study that G. lucidum is nutritional and contains bioactive compounds that are useful in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Anti-aging potential and phytochemicals of Centella asiatica, Nelumbo nucifera, and Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts.

Centella asiatica, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, and Hibiscus sabdariffa have been used as medicinal plants in Thailand. They are sources of phytochemicals that applications for esthetic and healthcare. The aim of this research was to examine the phytochemical constituents and anti-aging potential of these plants. The phytochemical compounds were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The anti-aging activities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sunfonic acid) (ABTS), anti-collagenase, and anti-elastase assays. The main interest phytochemical compounds of ethanolic extracts of C. asiatica, N. nucifera, H. sabdariffa were ethanol, 2-(-Octadecenyloxy), γ-sitosterol and hexadecanoic acid, and ethyl ester, respectively. The DPPH half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) results of C. asiatica, N. nucifera, and H. sabdariffa were 0.32 ± 0.01, 0.34 ± 0.00, and 0.35 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. The ABTS result of H. sabdariffa extract showed high inhibitory activity at IC50 of the extract was 0.62 ± 0.12 mg/mL. The percentage of collagenase inhibition of C. asiatica, N. nucifera, and H. sabdariffa at 1.0 mg/mL was 78.13 ± 4.42, 85.94 ± 2.21, and 90.63 ± 0.00, respectively. The C. asiatica extract had a high percentage of elastase inhibition. Consequently, these research results suggest that phytochemicals may also provide a range of esthetic and health benefits. The phytochemical constituent could be used as anti-aging active ingredient for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industrials.

Involvement of toll-like receptor 2/myeloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor kappa B/NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 signaling pathways in the hepatoprotective effect of Lagotis brachystachys in rats with alcoholic liver disease

Background: Excessive consumption of alcohol is ranked as one of the leading causes of death from alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Our previous study demonstrated that the whole extracts of Lagotis brachystachys decreased acute hepatic injury in rats. However, the compounds of the extracts that are responsible for the hepatoprotective activity and their underlying mechanism are still unknown. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of whole extracts of L. brachystachys against chronic alcohol-induced ALD in rats. Materials and Methods: Different polar compounds of ethanolic extract from L. brachystachys were orally administered to rats that underwent 8 weeks of alcohol exposure. Results: The histological evaluation of rat liver showed that the rats exposed to 30% and 50% ethanolic extracts of L. brachystachys had significantly less formation of lipid droplets and showed less inflammatory infiltration than that of control rats with ALD. The extracts also inhibited alcohol-induced elevation of serum lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, L. brachystachys restored the levels of antioxidants and inhibited the alcohol-induced activation of the hepatic Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway, thereby decreasing the release of interleukin (IL)-1β. Conclusion: Our data revealed that L. brachystachys showed hepatoprotective effect against chronic alcohol-induced hepatic injury by decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress and by inhibiting the inflammatory processes. The extracts decreased the release of IL-1β via inactivation of the hepatic TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Comment on "Anion Gap Toxicity in Alloxan Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats Treated with Antidiabetic Noncytotoxic Bioactive Compounds of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera".

Comment on "Anion Gap Toxicity in Alloxan Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats Treated with Antidiabetic Noncytotoxic Bioactive Compounds of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera".

GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Stem of Asclepias curassavica L.

Background: The presence of phytochemical constitutes has been reported from species of the family Asclepiadaceae. No reports exist on the phytochemical components and biological activity of leaf and stem of Asclepias curassavica L. Objective: The present study was designed to determine the bioactive compounds in the leaf and stem ethanolic extract of Asclepias curassavica L. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of leaf and stem revealed the presence of some bio-active components. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the leaf and stem ethanolic extract of Asclepias curassavica L. was performed on a GC-MS equipment. Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and protein/amino acids in ethanolic extract of Asclepias curassavica L.. The GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Asclepias curassavica L. A total of 18 and 7 compounds were identified in leaf and stem ethanolic extract composition. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that Asclepias curassavica L. contains various phytocomponents and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

UJI SENYAWA FLAVONOID TOTAL DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA BINARA (Artemisia annua) MENGGUNAKAN HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) TAHUN 2019

ABSTRAK
 Herba binara (Artemisia Annua) is one of the plants that contains flavonoids which are efficacious as antioxidants and anticancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the total flavonoid compounds contained in ethanol extract of binara herbs (Artemisia Annua). Compounds in ethanol extract of binara herbs were identified by phytochemical screening. The results showed that the ethanol extract of binara herbs contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Extraction was carried out in two stages, namely maceration stage with 96% ethanol and fat removal stage by hydrolysis using distilled water solvent. The extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents, then the partitions were examined by TLC using the mobile phase of chloroform and ethyl acetate (7: 3). Ribbon patches that have the same Rf and color prices as the initial detection are taken and searched. Then analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Based on the wavelength as well as the TLC test, a partial structure which was strongly
 suspected of total flavonoids was 0.93 g.
 
 Kata Kunci :Herba Binara (Artemisia Annua), flavonoid, KLT, High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).
 

Dietary Ethanolic Extract of Mangosteen pericarp Reduces VCAM-1, Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Aortic Intimal Medial Thickness in Hypercholesterolemic Rat Model.

BACKGROUND:High-fat diet (HFD) is associated with dyslipidemia which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia causes oxidative stress which induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Oxidative stress also triggers the thickening of tunica intima-media (IMT) and Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Xanthone compound in ethanolic extract of Mangosteen pericarp (EEMP) has an antioxidant property to overcome the oxidative stress.AIM:The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary EEMP administration on the expression of VCAM-1 and thickness of PVAT and IMT in atherosclerotic rat model fed with HFD.METHODS:This experimental laboratory study uses 25 Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus which were divided into 5 study groups. Negative Control group (GT1) was given a normal diet, Positive Control group (GT2) was treated with HFD, and three treatment groups were each treated with HFD with Mangosteen pericarp extract of 200 mg/kg BW (GT3), 400 mg/kg BW (GT4), and 800 mg/kg BW (GT5). Measurements of VCAM-1 expression were performed using immunofluorescence. PVAT and IMT measurements were performed on rat aortic preparations.RESULTS:One-way ANOVA test showed the addition of dietary EEMP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and decreased the thickness of PVAT and IMT in treatment groups as compared with both negative and positive controls. Tukey HSD test showed a dose of 800 mg/kg BW was the most effective dose for decreasing VCAM-1 level, PVAT and IMT.CONCLUSION:Dietary EEMP significantly decreases the expression of VCAM-1, as well as the thickness of PVAT and IMT in Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus treated with HFD.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compound in Ethanolic Extract of Pithecellobium dulce Leaves

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compound in Ethanolic Extract of Pithecellobium dulce Leaves

Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Daun Ketapang yang Tumbuh di Sekitar Univ. Abdurrab, Pekanbaru

Traditionally, ketapang plants are widely used by people to treat diseases of the skin such as scabies, ringworm, and other skin diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical screening on ethanol extract and ketapang leaf extract that grows in Pekanbaru City has never been done. The purpose of this study was to identify active compounds in ethanol extract and extract fraction of ketapang leaves that grew in Pekanbaru City. Based on phytochemical screening results, it is known that ethanol extract of ketapang leaves contains alkaloids and flavonoids, in the hexane fraction contains steroids and ethyl acetate fractions contain flavonoids.

GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn: An Important Fern

The aim of the study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn using GC-MS analysis. In GC-MS analysis, 19 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn the components were identified by using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, the results of GCMS compounds in the extract was relevant to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The major constituents were decane (12.1%), 1,3,7-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl (26.42%) and Limonene (10.89%). Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Pteridophytes, GC-MS, Pteridium aquilinum, NIST

Bioactivity of Flavonoid in Ethanol Extract of Annona squamosa L. Fruit as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

The global gout prevalence was increased rapidly in recent decades, especially in some developing countries. One of the most commonly used to treat gout is allopurinol, that act as xanthine oxidase inhibitor. However, consuming allopurinol in the long term can cause some unwanted side effects. On the other hand, many kinds of flavonoid compounds identified in some Indonesian grown plants have bioactivity as xanthine oxidase inhibitor. One of that is sugar apple (Annona squamosa L. fruit). Therefore, the aims of this study were to isolate the flavonoid compounds in ethanol extracts of sugar apple and to test the activity as xanthine oxidase inhibitor relative to allopurinol. The study has been carried out in some phases: (1) flavonoid extraction using 70% ethanol, (2) purification of the flavonoid isolate using n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate as solvent, (3) flavonoids identification and (4) inhibitory activity test against xanthine oxidase, relative to allopurinol using spectroscopy methods. The results have shown that: from 275 grams of sugar apple fruit can be isolated 6 grams of flavonoid with the purity of 95.26% (according to HPLC peak) and has xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was higher (83%) than allopurinol (48%) at the same concentration (100 ppm). Moreover, based on in silico study, there was also confirmed that a flavonoid compound found in Annona squamosa L., has higher binding affinity to the xanthine oxidase than allopurinol. This result thus indicated the flavonoid isolated from Annona squamosa L. might be a promising herbal drug for gout treatment.

Chemical compound identification and antibacterial activity evaluation of cinnamon extracts obtained by subcritical n-butane and ethanol extraction.

Four important Cinnamomum species in China including C. cassia, C. loureiroi, C. wilsonii, and C. burmannii were chosen to be extracted by subcritical n‐butane and ethanol. The chemical compounds of extracts were identified by GC‐MS and HPLC‐MS, and the antibacterial activities were evaluated by agar‐well diffusion assay and twofold microdilution broth method. There were 47 compounds identified in n‐butane extracts and 11 compounds in ethanol extracts totally. The major compounds in n‐butane extracts varied significantly among different Cinnamomum species, and (E)‐cinnamaldehyde and coumarin were major compounds for C. cassia with area percentage of 74.32%; (E)‐cinnamaldehyde and α‐copaene for C. loureiroi with area percentage of 67.83%; linalool, (E)‐cinnamaldehyde, and citral for C. wilsonii with area percentage of 58.74%; and eugenol, (E)‐cinnamaldehyde, and coumarin for C. burmannii with area percentage of 76.43%. The maximum compounds in ethanol extracts were (E)‐cinnamaldehyde and (Z)‐cinnamaldehyde, and others varied among the Cinnamomum species. All cinnamon extracts showed antibacterial activities that n‐butane extracts were much more sensitive than ethanol extracts. The inhibition zone for N‐butane extracts against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella anatum was from 18.98 to 37.45 mm while for ethanol extracts from 7.11 to 10.11 mm. The minimum bactericidal concentrations for n‐butane extracts were ranged from 0.31 to 2.50 mg/ml and for ethanol extracts ranged from 20.00 to 160.00 mg/ml. N‐butane extracts of C. cassia and C. loureiroi processed much higher antibacterial activities than C. wilsonii and C. burmannii. N‐butane extracts of C. cassia and C. loureiroi have the potential to be used as food biopreservative.

Comparison of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Grape Seed, Rosemary, Green Tea and Olive Leaf

Objective: Total antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of ethanol extract of grape seed, rosemary, green tea and olive leaf were investigated in this study.Material and Methods: The total antioxidant activities of plant extracts were analyzed by two different methods, including 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid in rosemary extract (RE), total catechins in green tea extract (GTE) and oleuropein in olive leaf extract (OLE) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Condensed tannins of grape seed extract (GSE) was analyzed by butanol-HCl method.Results: The total phenolic contents of plant extracts determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method ranged from 141.7 to 315.56 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1. According to results obtained this study, RE exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, and GTE exhibited highest TEAC activity. Additionally, obtained data revealed high linear correlation (r=0.82) between total phenolic contents and TEAC values and low linear correlation (r=0.47) between total phenolic contents and DPPH values.Conclusion: The potent antioxidant activity of plant extracts provided from agro-industrial by-products, medicinal and aromatic plants makes it possible used them as natural sources of antioxidants in feed, food and pharmaceutical industries.

18. Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extracts of Soursop flower (Annona muricata L.) against Salmonella enteritidis

The purpose of this research was to identified the compounds in ethanol extract of soursop flower and determined the antibacterial activity of the soursop flower extract on Salmonella enteritidis. The phytochemistry screening was done to identify the secondary metabolite compounds of this extract. The concentrations used of ethanol extract of soursop flower were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, with ampicillin 10 μg/disc as the positive control and 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control. The antibacterial activity test of soursop flower ethanol extract against Salmonella enteritidis was held in vitro using the paper disc diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The phytochemistry screening showed that the ethanol extract of soursop flower had secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic, and flavonoid. The result of the antibacterial activity test showed that there was no inhibition zone (bright zone) at various concentrations. So, it can be concluded that soursop flower ethanol extract (Annona muricata L.) contained the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic, and flavonoid, and also this extract had no antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis

Distribution and Phytocomponent in the Ethanol Extract of Globba candida Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae) by GC-MS Analysis

Globba is the third largest genera in the Zingiberaceae family, distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with the center of biodiversity in Southeast Asia. The study about phytochemical contents Globba is an interesting especially Globba candida Gapnep which have been never reported. The aims of this study were to observe distribution and phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of G. candida Gapnep. found on Bali Island. Hydrodistillation was used to determine the presence of its essential oil and a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the phytochemical analysis of the essential oil and ethanol extracts of G. candida Gapne. The phytochemical analysis of the rhizomes and leaves ethanol extracts of G. candida Gapnep revealed 36 and 8 identified chemical compounds representing 85,82% and 85,47% of the total analyzed extracts. However, there was no essential oil constituent found in G. candida Gapnep. The main compounds of the rhizome extract of G. candida Gapnep were levoglucosan 19.07%, allylhydrazone acetaldehyde 5.52%, trans-2,3-epoxybutane 6.30%, butan-3-enoic acid methyl ester 4.36%, 2-methylcyclopentanone 4.02%, and 2-n-propyl-oxetan 4.00%. While the dominant contents of the leaves extract of G. candida Gapnep were pinostrobin chalcone 75.63%.

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ETHANOLIC SEED EXTRACT OF ELAEOCARPUS SERRATUS

The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive compounds of ethanolic extract of Elaeocarpus serratus (Elaeocarpaceae) has been subjected to GC-MS analysis. Thirty compounds were detected from the plant E. serratus. The highest peak area percentage of 19.12% was obtained by n-propanol (RT=3.04min.) and lowest peak area percentage of 2.34% was obtained by 1-propylthio-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl acetate (RT=11.57min.). The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms many aliments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Fruit Peel

Introduction: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. has long been used in folkloric medicine for treating arthralgia, fever, hemorrhoids, muscle pain and rheumatism. But no reports were found regarding phytochemical constituents in P. roxburghii fruit peel. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze extract of P. roxburghii fruit peel (PRFP). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extract of PRFP was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment. Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PRFP. The major compounds in PRFP extract are Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (4.56%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (41.07%), Geraniol (2.45%), (1R,2S,5R)-2-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (14.09%), 2,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- (7.04%), p-Menthane-3,8-diol, cis-1,3,trans-1,4- (3.39%), 2,6-Octadien- 1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (6.69%) and 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- (2.83%). A total of 25 compounds identified representing 99.98% of total ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests that PRFP contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as an important source of pharmaceutical ingredients.

SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE SEAWEEDS

Objective: Phytochemical is naturally present in the seaweeds which biologically play a significant role. The intention of this study was designed to screen the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of selected seaweed collected from Rameshwaram and Tuticorin Southern coast of India.Methods: The present study investigated the presence of phytochemical constituents and also total phenol, total carbohydrate and total protein quantity of the brown seaweed. Dictyopteris delicatula, Padina gymnospora, Acanthophora spicifera, Portieria hornemannii and Ulva faciata were extracted with solvents having different polarities like methanol, ethanol, chloroform and water and screened for the phytochemical constituents, total phenol, total carbohydrate, total protein and DPPH with standard procedure. The antibacterial activities of the seaweeds were examined by agar well diffusion method.Results: Among the five seaweeds, U. faciata showed the maximum number of active constituents in the methanol extract likewise P. gymnospora was found to have a number of diligent compounds in ethanol extract. A. spicifera showed minimum compounds in ethanol as well as chloroform extract. Moreover A. spicifera, P. hornemannii have shown the superior quantity of protein and carbohydrate when compared to other species. The scavenging activity of methanol extracts at 5 mg/ml concentration P. hornemannii shows 18.2% and A. spicifera possess 17.1%. In the antibacterial activity, methanol extracts of all the seaweed showed a potential inhibitory activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa compared to other pathogens.Conclusion: The crude extract of seaweed manifest preferable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, hence in the future, it would be good if it is further taken for treatment of human diseases or as new antimicrobial agents to replace synthetic antimicrobial agents.

ACUTE LARVICIDAL TOXICITY AND REPELLENCY EFFECT OF OCTOPUS CYANEA CRUDE EXTRACTS AGAINST THE FILARIASIS VECTOR, CULEX PIPIENS

This study evaluated the acute larval toxicity and repellent effect of solvent extracts of the big blue octopus, Octopus cyanea on the mosquito, Culex pipiens. Results showed that the highest effect of the acute larvicidal activities was recorded for ethanol extract (LC50=24.57ppm), followed by methanol extract (LC50=35.85 ppm). The repellency percentages increased with the increase of concentration producing the highest at 200 ppm and 50 ppm for methanol and ethanol extracts, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 compounds in ethanol extract and 5 compounds in methanol extract with insecticidal activities. The major identified bioactive compounds are Eugenol; Furoscrobiculin B; Hexadecanoic acid, methylester; Hexadecanoic acid, 1(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediylester; Octadecanoic acid, methylester; Oleic acid, eicosyl ester; 2-Methyl-5H-dibenz [b, f] azepine and many polysiloxanes compounds. Generally, results obtained indicated that O. cyanea ethanol extract induced remarkable effects on both acute larvicidal and repellent activities.

Gas chromatography mass spectometry analysis of Volatile compounds in ethanolic extract of propolis from geniotrigonathoracica of Malaysian stingless bees species

Gas chromatography mass spectometry analysis of Volatile compounds in ethanolic extract of propolis from geniotrigonathoracica of Malaysian stingless bees species