Compound Words Research Articles

The Language of the Pandemic (Based on the French Language Materials)

This article deals with creative linguistic processes that take place in the French language during the coronavirus pandemic. The research materials were sourced from the media texts published in 2020-21. The conducted research helped to identify a number of distinctive features of the French language development during this period, such as the specifics of the internationalisms assimilation process, including the COVID-19 nomination, the peculiarities of adaptation of borrowings from the English language, as well as, neologization in general, which was characterized by both the emergence of new linguistic units and the semantic actualization of pre-existing lexemes. It is being noted that a large number of new words and their derivatives has emerged (including jokey compound words such as “covidiot”, “skypero”) that reflect new realities and new social practices. A conclusion is made about the interdiscursivity of the pandemic language, which is explained by the dramatic effect of the pandemic crisis, permeating all aspects of the society. The analysis of media texts also enabled to identify a wide use of precedent texts and to follow the formation of new statements that are precedent for representatives of the French linguistic culture. The article analyzes a large amount of linguistic and cultural material that is of interest to specialists in the field of French discourse, communication and translation.

Semantic Similarity of Inverse Morpheme Words Based on Word Embedding

Inverse morpheme words are compound words that have the same morphemes but are arranged in the opposite order. The majority of related works on the subject have focused on a narrow investigation of dictionary definitions, with few studies based on large-scale corpora. We used the People’s Daily corpus (1946–2017) to add and delete words from a base list and obtained a word list of 668 pairs of inverse morpheme words. Furthermore, the cosine similarity is computed by using word embedding based on the distributed representation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between it and the manually annotated value is 0.907, indicating that this method can measure the semantic similarity of inverse morpheme words very close to human judgment. We also discovered that 76% of inverse morpheme words have a cosine similarity of 0.4 or higher and that word formation, part-of-speech, and frequency all have an impact on semantic similarity.

Conceptual Explorations around “Politics”

This article discusses the ways of conceptualizing politics in parliamentary debates. When the politics-vocabulary is ubiquitous in them, which kind of speech act lies in emphasizing the political aspect? Focusing on thematized uses allows us to identify conceptual revisions in the politics-vocabulary in digitalized plenary debates of the German Bundestag from 1949 to 2017. My fourfold scheme for conceptualizing politics (polity, policy, politicization, politicking) provides the analytical apparatus. The units of analysis in this study are compound words around politics written as single words, a German language specialty. Their frequency has remarkably risen in the Bundestag debates, and the search engine can easily find them. This research interest allows me to speculate with changes in the understanding and appreciation of politics in postwar (West)Germany.

Conceptual Explorations around “Politics”

Abstract This article discusses the ways of conceptualizing politics in parliamentary debates. When the politics-vocabulary is ubiquitous in them, which kind of speech act lies in emphasizing the political aspect? Focusing on thematized uses allows us to identify conceptual revisions in the politics-vocabulary in digitalized plenary debates of the German Bundestag from 1949 to 2017. My fourfold scheme for conceptualizing politics (polity, policy, politicization, politicking) provides the analytical apparatus. The units of analysis in this study are compound words around politics written as single words, a German language specialty. Their frequency has remarkably risen in the Bundestag debates, and the search engine can easily find them. This research interest allows me to speculate with changes in the understanding and appreciation of politics in postwar (West)Germany

A STUDY ON SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RECIPE BOOKS

This study focuses on the syntactic and semantic process of compound words used in the recipe books. This qualitative descriptive study aims to classify the types of compounds and analyse the semantic and syntactic structure of compounds. This study used Lieber’s (2009) theoretical framework of compound words to analyse the data. This study used 40 compound words from selected recipe books. Morphological analysis is used to analyse the compound words, classify the types and the meaning of compound words on the food terms. Based on the samples chosen, mostly hyphenated compounds, attributive compounds and verb compounds were used in the recipe books.

Compound words are decomposed regardless of semantic transparency and grammatical class: An fMRI study in Persian

Processing of morphologically complex words in the brain is a sophisticated phenomenon. In this study, we asked whether the semantic transparency of compound words and their grammatical class played a role in their processing at the neural level in Persian, a language with a relatively productive system of morphological compounding. Twenty-eight native speakers of Persian performed an auditory task during fast-sparse fMRI. Combined univariate and multivariate analyses showed that all compound words were processed similarly regardless of their semantic transparency and grammatical class. Our findings partially support those approaches that claim semantic transparency is a property of processing, not representation. We contend that language-specific properties such as linguistic productivity and task-related manipulations are very important in modulating morphological processing.

Compound Word Transformer: Learning to Compose Full-Song Music over Dynamic Directed Hypergraphs

To apply neural sequence models such as the Transformers to music generation tasks, one has to represent a piece of music by a sequence of tokens drawn from a finite set of pre-defined vocabulary. Such a vocabulary usually involves tokens of various types. For example, to describe a musical note, one needs separate tokens to indicate the note’s pitch, duration, velocity (dynamics), and placement (onset time) along the time grid. While different types of tokens may possess different properties, existing models usually treat them equally, in the same way as modeling words in natural languages. In this paper, we present a conceptually different approach that explicitly takes into account the type of the tokens, such as note types and metric types. And, we propose a new Transformer decoder architecture that uses different feed-forward heads to model tokens of different types. With an expansion-compression trick, we convert a piece of music to a sequence of compound words by grouping neighboring tokens, greatly reducing the length of the token sequences. We show that the resulting model can be viewed as a learner over dynamic directed hypergraphs. And, we employ it to learn to compose expressive Pop piano music of full-song length (involving up to 10K individual tokens per song), both conditionally and unconditionally. Our experiment shows that, compared to state-of-the-art models, the proposed model converges 5 to 10 times faster at training (i.e., within a day on a single GPU with 11 GB memory), and with comparable quality in the generated music

Textual Effects in Compound Processing: A Window on Words in the World

We sought to move beyond single word and sentence processing experiments in order to examine textual effects on the processing of compound words in English. We developed minimal texts (sentences pairs that together constitute a story) that had neutral, semantic or lexical relations between the last word of the first sentence and the second word of the second sentence (which was always a compound noun). This generated minimal text triplets that differed only in the last word of the first sentence (e.g., “She walked down to the path/river/water. The waterfall roared in the distance”). Four experiments were conducted with a total 143 native speakers of English. Experiment 1 employed a Modified Maze Task to identify cross-sentence effects on compound processing. Sentence pairs with lexical links differed from those with semantic links, which, in turn differed from neutral pairs, providing evidence of cross-sentence influence on compound processing. In Experiments 2a, 2b, and 2c, we examined compound production using typing tasks. Results indicated that morphological effects found in single word typing persisted in text typing. In addition, constituent priming effects on typing were seen in both single word typing and sentence typing. Finally, morphological effects were correlated with overall story ratings. We thus conclude that morphological effects are not restricted to single word processing, but rather reflect the dynamics of real-world language processing.

Keywords, Structures of Feeling, and the Novel

Keywords, Structures of Feeling, and the Novel

لادانی زمانی له‌ نوکته‌ی کوردیدا نوکتەکانی ''نوکتەی شاخ'' بە نموونە

The study is under the title of ´´ Language Deviation in Kurdish Jokes (Nuktey şax as an instance) ´´, which attempts to analyze jokes, from its introduction and composition until discovering the reason of its effect that leaves on the receiver. This is due to the basis of concentration on composing compound words and adapting words, sounds as well as word order. The study assumes that the major characteristic feature of jokes is the deviation and transgression from the ordinary basis, whether it is logical or linguistic. This paper only concentrates on and examines the linguistic deviation. For this purpose, the study takes assistance bases and Grice theory as the measurement to discover the rate of linguistic deviations and how they occur through the two-sided basis in using denotative and connotative meaning and playing with words. The scope of the research work examines the jokes that derive from Kurdish culture and society. In addition, jokes from (Ȓştey mirwarî, Nuktey şax and Gepnamey mȇrguĺan) have been chosen to prove the linguistic deviations.

Junctural Alignment in Kyoto Japanese Compound Nouns

Descriptively, in Tokyo Japanese compound words whose second member measures up to four moras in length, compound accent is placed on the syllable immediately preceding or following the boundary, or "juncture," between compound members. The length of the second member of the compound determines which of the two possible syllables is accented. Kubozono (1995) proposes an analysis with a constraint which requires that compound accent be aligned with the juncture. However, Ito and Mester (2018) account for compound accent location without reference to the juncture.Kyoto Japanese compound accent placement is similar to that of Tokyo Japanese (Nakai 2002) with a crucial difference: compound accent is placed on the mora, not the syllable, immediately preceding or following the juncture. This results in a discrepancy in which compound accent is placed on the first mora of a heavy syllable in some cases and on the second mora of a heavy syllable in other cases. I demonstrate that this discrepancy makes alignment to the juncture indispensable for Kyoto Japanese and that general left and right alignment constraints relativized to three levels of recursive word (maximal, minimal, any) cannot by themselves place compound accent in the correct location in all cases.

SẮC THÁI HÓA NGÔN NGỮ THƠ TRONG TRUYỆN KIỀU CỦA NGUYỄN DU

In terms of content, Vietnamese poetry has unique characteristics in relation to the poetry of other countries in the East Asia cultural sphere: Vietnamese poetry is not inclined to neutral meanings but specific, emotional meanings. This article examines the great poet Nguyen Du who had the ability to use nuanced language to express the beauty of the national language in poetry in his masterpiece, “The Tale of Kieu”. We analyze Nguyen Du's writing through the language of “The Tale of Kieu”, especially reduplication and compound words and their role in the work.

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ СЛОВА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

In the article “Morphological structure of words in Modern English” the author conducted research on the study of the Morphological structure of words in the process of learning Modern English. In this article, the author describes the morphological structure of the word. They are: 1) simple words; 2) compound words; 3) words that consist of the same root and never change their meaning; 4) words that are obscured by various additions to the derivative; 5) words formed with the help of various suffices; 6) affixes that change the form of the word; 7) abbreviations. A morpheme is a small part of a word. A morpheme has an independent meaning. A morpheme can be considered the root of the word. The word itself cannot be considered a morpheme. Affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. Both – prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of the word. Key words: suffix, prefix, accent, structure, participate, separate, base

Word or morpheme? Investigating the representation units of L1 and L2 Chinese compound words in mental lexicon using a repetition priming paradigm

ABSTRACT The present study used a repetition priming paradigm to investigate the basic morphological units stored in mental lexicon for Chinese as second language learners (L2) and Chinese native speakers (L1). Meanwhile, the modulation of Chinese morpheme property (bound or free) in lexical processing was examined. The results revealed that for intermediate-level L2 learners, Chinese words could be accessed through either whole-words or morphemes, while advanced-level learners and Chinese natives might employ a whole-word pathway. This might suggest that as language proficiency and reading experience develops, learners tend to rely more on whole-words as a processing strategy. Regarding the morpheme property effect, bound morphemes reported a greater priming effect than free morphemes in lexical decision tasks for both L1 and L2 speakers, which was interpreted with an interactive-activation framework.

Morpho-semantic analysis of ambiguous morphemes in Chinese compound word recognition: An fMRI study

The present fMRI study examined the neural basis of processing context-supported or -unsupported interpretations of ambiguous morphemes during Chinese compound word reading in a masked priming lexical decision task. Targets were Chinese bimorphemic words that contained ambiguous morphemes. Prime words contained the same ambiguous morphemes with either the same meanings (context-supported interpretation) or different ones (context-unsupported interpretation). Lexical-level semantic sharing and unrelated control conditions were also included. Compared to the unrelated control condition, the context-supported morphemic meaning was associated with increased activity in the left SFG and bilateral MTG, and this priming effect could be dissociated from that of the lexical-level semantic-related condition. In broader brain regions, including the left SFG, bilateral MTG, left STG, right IOG, and left precuneus, the context-unsupported meaning condition showed decreased activity compared with the unrelated control condition. These findings indicate that both the context-supported and -unsupported meanings evoke significant priming effects, however, they differ from each other with different brain basis, providing new insight into the neural substrates of ambiguous morpheme processing.

Linguistic features tokenization of text corpora of the Uzbek language

The article deals with the topic of tokenization of text corpora of the Uzbek language, which should take into account the linguistic features of the spelling of the language. The types of words are analyzed and a mathematical model of word formation for complex, paired, repeated, and compound words is proposed. And also based on the models developed a finite state machine to demonstrate the spelling rules of the language, and the rules are implemented by regular expressions

КОРОТКА ФОРМА ПРИКМЕТНИКА У СУЧАСНІЙ НІМЕЦЬКІЙ МОВІ В СВІТЛІ ГРАМА ТИЧНОГО В ЧЕННЯ ПРО СЛОВО

The short form of the adjective in present-day German, which stems from the Indo-European protolanguage and for that matter is found both in the Germanic and Slavic languages, in the German language took its evolutionary path along the way of the rise and establishment of the morphological features and syntactic functions re-forging itself from one of the forms of expression of a qualificator word into a representative nominator of the morphological paradigm. It widened its syntactic functioning on account of the qualitative adverb that due to the reduction of final vowels, i.e. its grammatical markers, coincided by sounding and meaning with the short form of the qualificator words. In German, these processes brought about the appearance of a new part of speech known as Artwort with the categorical meaning of the qualificator attribution. It realizes its grammatical potentialities in the substance-predicate structure of the sentence revealing in this way a bipolar functionality. Proceeding from the lexicon-centric approach to the categorical meaning of the word including the "amorphous” word of the kind of GUT an attempt is being made to describe the specificity of this type of meaning. In the opinion of the authors the categorical meaning of the "amorphous” word”, which determines its morphological paradigm and syntactic behavior, is vested at the level of the mental lexicon of the speaker as awareness and linguistic experience of using this kind of word in communication. In this way the short form of the adjectives comes in possession of all the features of the elementary sign which non-discretely combines the lexical and categorical meaning. The text-centered approach to the identification of the grammatical concept of the elementary sign reduces the word to the root morpheme. The latter attains the categorical status in its usage which is detrimental to the hierarchical construal of language. The syntactically polar bi-functionality of the short form of the adjective as the elementary sign is foregrounded in the system of actual, real and potential predications and, specifically, in the structure of Paul’s "degraded predicates” as well as in the propositions of the sentence deep structure getting explicated by means of logical implicates that represent a bipolar syntactic functionality of qualificator words. The implicit propositions reveal homonymous ties of the short form of the adjective with the first constituents of compound words which in most cases show themselves as units of the phraseological level of language structure.

맛집 리뷰에 나타난 ‘맛’ 표현 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the linguistic characteristics of the expression of ‘taste’ in online restaurant review texts. Although restaurant reviews are written language, they are highly spoken, and they are written in a horizontal relationship, both producers and consumers of information. Therefore, without being bound by existing norms, they write their own experiences as if they were speaking, and freely use various new words and expressions to vividly convey the subjective evaluation of taste. Therefore, examining the linguistic characteristics related to the taste of restaurant review texts can contribute to broadening the understanding of new genres and broadening the study of Korean vocabulary. There are a lot of new vocabulary used in restaurant reviews, including abbreviations, foreign languages, dialects and North Koreans, reiterative, compound words, vowels added or syllables repeated forms, and idioms. In addition, figurative expressions are actively used, and various taste expressions related to texture, coffee, and sweetness are used.

한국어와 중국어 임시어 대조 연구 － 합성어를 중심으로

본 연구는 임시어 유형 중 합성어 유형을 중심으로 한국어와 중국어의 임시어를 대조하는 데 목적이 있다. 임시어는 대화나 문맥에서 상황에 따라 화자의 언어 능력에 의해 즉석으로 만들어진 단어이다. 그러나 이러한 단어는 아직 사회적 공인을 거치지 못하고 사용되자마자 버려질 수도 있다. 또한, 사용하는 사람의 수와 사용 빈도에 따라 사전에 등재되어 고정어휘로 사용될 수도 있다. 임시어에 대한 연구는 한국어 분야에서는 활발하게 이루어지고 있지만 그 에 비해 중국어에서는 연구의 수 자체가 적을 뿐만 아니라 한국어와 대조 연구를 실시한 경우 는 더욱 드물다. 본 연구는 먼저 임시어의 유형 체계를 나열하고 그 중 합성어를 중심으로 임시어에 대하여 다루고자 한다. 본론에서 한국어 임시어와 관련된 예시를 제시하면서 중국어 와 비교 분석하고 다음으로 한국어와 중국어 간 임시어의 공통점과 차이점을 논의할 예정이 다. 합성어를 중심으로 한국어와 중국어 임시어 어휘 현상 및 양 언어 간의 공통점과 차이점 을 이해하면서 중국어 학습자나 한국어 학습자들이 어휘를 학습하는 데 도움이 되기를 기대 한다.

“Bubbling” the Fourth Age in the Time of COVID-19

“Bubbling” the Fourth Age in the Time of COVID-19