Compound Verbs Research Articles

Beyond differences and similarities in codeswitching and translanguaging research

AbstractIn previous research, there has been an emphasis on differentiating and distancingtranslanguagingfromcodeswitching, partly on the basis that the latter refers to the combination of two discrete systems that correspond to named languages. While this is the mainstream view, there are codeswitching scholars who have proposed alternative views that align with some of the same observations and criticisms that have been raised by proponents of translanguaging. In this conceptual paper, I provide an overview of translanguaging alongside opposing views of codeswitching, and I underscore important similarities that have thus far been absent from present discussions regarding translanguaging versus codeswitching. Drawing on data from the understudied Spanish/English codeswitching variety spoken in Northern Belize, I discuss how bilingual compound verbs lend support to alternative views of codeswitching. Despite clear differences in their empirical goals, research conducted by both codeswitching and translanguaging scholars compels us to reexamine fundamental notions about language and linguistic competence. This reevaluation will not only contribute to theoretical advancement, but it will further elucidate our understanding of the complexity and dynamicity that characterizes bi/multilingual speech production and processing.

Compound verbs in Japanese and Bengali with a focus on the Compound Maker verb

Compound verbs in Japanese and Bengali with a focus on the Compound Maker verb

О проблеме оформления сочетаний субъекта с инфинитивом в лексикографических источниках (на примере удмуртского языка)

The work is devoted to the actual problem of modern Udmurt lexicography – the issues of lexicography of combinations of a subject with an infinitive. The research material was composed of dictionaries of the Udmurt language. The work is based on a descriptive method. The purpose of the work is to study the transmission in Udmurt dictionaries of verb combinations expressing emotional and mental states and physiological phenomena in the form of infinitive combinations «subject + infinitive» and to suggest acceptable ways of their design. Udmurt lexicography has come a long way since its inception and achieved certain success. However, due to the lack of continuous work in this area, many problems remain unresolved. One of these problems is the registration in dictionaries of combinations associated with the expression of emotional and mental states and physiological phenomena. In living speech, such constructions often consist of a grammatical subject (yyr ‘head’, kӧt ‘belly’, lul ‘soul; breath’, vir ‘blood’, etc.) and a conjugated form of the verb, for example: yyr kur lue ‘me angry’, kӧt kurekte ‘I’m sad’, vir pote ‘blood flows, oozes’. In the Soviet period, the tradition of presenting verbs in dictionary entries in the form of an infinitive (affix -ny) was established in the Udmurt lexicography. Along with the publication of new dictionaries, the number of structures of the «subject + infinitive» type gradually began to increase, although the subject cannot enter into a syntactic connection with the infinitive, and such structures are not found in living speech. The paper describes possible ways to solve the problem under study, while for different groups of structures, slightly different solution models are proposed.

Compound verbs in Divan-ı Mesabih

Kuloğlu Şeyh Hacı İlyas’a ait Dîvân-ı Mesâbîh adlı eser Klasik Osmanlı Türkçesi dönemine ait bir eserdir. Müellif nüshası olduğu anlaşılan eserde tamamlanma tarihi hicri 1036 (M. 1627) olarak verilmiştir. Şuara tezkirelerinde adı anılmayan Kuloğlu Şeyh Hacı İlyas hakkında fazlaca bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Şiirlerinden IV. Murad devrinde yaşadığı ve Halveti tarikatı şeyhlerinden Alim Sinan Efendi’nin halifelerinden olduğu çıkarılmaktadır. Eserleri dini içeriklidir. Şiirlerinden Arapça ve Farsçaya hakim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bunun dışında yaşadığı yer, ailesi, doğum ve ölüm yılları hakkında kesin bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Dîvân-ı Mesâbîh adlı eserdeki birleşik fiiller tespit edilerek değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Türk Dili sahasında birleşik fiil konusunda bir sınıflandırma karmaşası mevcuttur. Bu konuda farklı tasnifler yapılmıştır. En temel farklılık bir isimle bir yardımcı fiilin birleşmesinden oluşan birleşik fiiller ve anlamca kaynaşmış birleşik fiillerin bir başlık altında incelenip incelenmediğidir. Türkçede yabancı kökenli isimleri fiilleştirmek için birleşik fiillerden yararlanılmaktadır. Ele alınan eserde de bu tutum yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Eserdeki birleşik fiiller; isim+ asıl yardımcı fiille kurulan birleşik fiiller, tasviri fiillerle kurulan birleşik fiiller, sıfat-fiil+yardımcı fiille kurulan (karmaşık) birleşik fiiller, anlam kaymasına uğramış deyimleşmiş birleşik fiiller olarak incelenecektir.

Being in bilingual speech

In the present study, we investigated estar constructions in the Spanish/English code-switching variety of northern Belize, which is well known for its prolific use of hacer bilingual compound verbs in code-switched speech. To this end, we extracted and analysed 364 unilingual Spanish and 158 bilingual estar constructions from naturalistic speech in order (i) to examine the occurrence of estar with predicative adjectives, present participles, and past participles in both unilingual and code-switched discourse; and (ii) to determine how type of bilingualism (emergent versus dynamic) and frequency of use of hacer bilingual compound verbs, influence the naturalistic production of estar constructions. Results revealed that the production of estar with English predicative adjectives and English past participles was favoured in bilingual discourse. Importantly, the use of ‘estar + English past participle’ constructions was favoured by dynamic bilinguals who more frequently employed hacer ‘do’ bilingual compound verbs. Our findings highlight the important role that bilingual competence plays in the naturalistic production of congruent structures in code-switched speech.

TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE YAP- VE ET- YARDIMCI FİİLLERİYLE OLUŞTURULAN BİRLEŞİK FİİLLER

This study emerged from students' questions “who learn Turkish as a foreign language”, “ziyaret et- /ziyaret yap- ; kahvaltı etmek / kahvaltı yapmak is it right? ”; ıf these are true, can I say “namaz yap-?” about using combined actions such as. In fact, it is observed that there is a debate among Turkish-speaking students and teachers on the use of the "yap-" auxiliary verb. For this purpose, in the study, firstly, how combined actions and especially "et-" and "yap-" auxiliary actions are handled in the literature is examined. The research was carried out using qualitative data collection techniques. It is a descriptive study using scanning model. Document analysis method was used to collect data in the study. Then, in order to examine how the compound verbs formed with the auxiliary verb "yap- and et-" from "noun + auxiliary verbs" are handled from basic to advanced level in teaching Turkish as a foreign language, compound verbs (established et- and yap-) at all levels of the textbook "İstanbul Turkish for Foreigners" are listed. It has been determined that there are 133 compound verbs with et- , 68 compound verbs formed with yap- auxiliary verb, and two usages of “ kahvaltı yap- / kahvaltı et-” are also included in the book.

성경에 나타나는 일본어 동사에 대한 고찰 - 성경 잠언을 중심으로 -

This study examines frequently used verbs in the Japanese Bible based on the quantitative survey of verbs in the Japanese Bible “Proverbs”. A comparative analysis was conducted based on the JLPT Japanese Proficiency Test to determine the difficulty of verbs in the Japanese Bible. As a result, I found that a total of 2,374 verbs appeared in the Japanese Bible, and 799 were used in individual words. Acquiring the verbs -230 words- that appear more than three times in terms of frequency of use in the Proverbs, the reader can understand more than 70 percent of the Bible’s Proverbs.<BR> In addition, the Bible verbs were classified by level of the JLPT Japanese Proficiency Test and analyzed in this paper to show that about 35% of the verbs in the Japanese Bible Proverbs were verbs that could not be classified by level of JLPT. These verbs were those with no level classification and no headword and were compound verbs in the latter case. On the other hand, looking at the level-specific verbs of JLPT, about 18% of the verbs(145 words) belong to N1 and about half of the verbs in Proverbs were N1, N2, and N3, suggesting the level of difficulty of verbs in the Japanese Bible.<BR> Since this study is not a quantitative survey of the entire Japanese Bible, it cannot be said that it is the result of the entire verb in the Japanese Bible, but the verb classification and level classification presented in this study can be the basis for step-by-step acquisition of Japanese Bible-related verbs.

PHRASAL VERBS IN THE SYSTEM OF LEXICAL UNITS OF MODERN ENGLISH AND THEIR CLASSIFICATON

The article is devoted to the investigation of phrasal verbs in the system of lexical units of modern English and their classification. Focusing on the consideration of phrasal verbs as combinations of two full words and thus limiting the study to a combination of verb and adverb, it turns out that the semantic center of such combination is shifted under the influence of the adverb towards its meaning. Different classifications of phrasal verbs depending on the features that distinguish them from simple verbs are outlined. It is found out, that the ability of the etymologically original unit of the postpositive to functionally reorient and become part of a phrasal verb is influenced by the frequency of use and the semantic volume of the adverb or preposition. It is distinguished, that phrasal verbs in English are very diverse both in their coherence or compatibility, and in the additional meanings they have in the text. A phrasal verb is the only semantic unit, that has its own specific features. As a result of the research it was revealed that phrasal verbs have been found to help express thoughts more clearly and accurately than ordinary verbs and to convey those aspects of meaning that a simple verb is unable to convey. Phrasal verbs are necessary for free and correct understanding of English texts.

Incorporation or Quasi‐Incorporation? A Constructionist Account in Persian

AbstractNoun incorporation is generally defined as a word formation process in which a noun, typically the direct object, is incorporated into the verb to form a compound verb. The present study, adopting a Construction Morphology perspective, examines the characteristics of the so‐called incorporative structure in Persian, to shed light on the process and to see as what kind of structure it can actually be regarded. Construction Morphology is a lexeme‐based theory taking the words as the starting point of morphological analysis. It makes use of the notion of “construction”, which is defined as a pairing of form and meaning, to describe the properties of complex words. Examining the characteristics of the incorporative structures in Persian makes it clear that these NV sequences form compounds with a specific constructional meaning that often denotes a nameworthy and conventional activity. The qualities examined suggest that this process in Persian and the resulting structure can best be analysed as a case of quasi‐incorporation, schematised as [N0 V0]V0, rather than a purely morphological incorporation.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MEANING OF JAPANESE COMPOUND VERB V1+KOMU THROUGH IMAGE SCHEMA

This research aims to reconstructing the meaning of Japanese V1+Komu compound verbs through images schema theory. The data gathered from The Compound Verb Lexicon (NINJAL, 2015). Based on analysis through image schema, the verb –komu as a second verb (V2) add meaning ‘go in/into’ space or place. These meaning are: (a) go in/into three-dimensional space; (b) go in/into two-dimensional space; (c) go in/into one-dimensional space; (d) go in/into space or place because of gravity law; (e) covering; (f) permeating into something; (g) go in/into something by suctioning

Increased reliance on world knowledge during language comprehension in healthy aging: evidence from verb-argument prediction

ABSTRACT Cognitive aging negatively impacts language comprehension performance. . However, there is evidence that older adults skillfully use linguistic context and their crystallized world knowledge to offset age-related changes that negatively impact comprehension. Two visual-world paradigm experiments examined how aging changes verb-argument prediction, a comprehension process that relies on world knowledge but has rarely been examined in the cognitive-aging literature. Older adults did not differ from younger adults in their activation of an upcoming likely verb argument, particularly when cued by a semantically-rich agent+verb combination (Experiment 1). However, older adults showed elevated activation of previously-mentioned agents (Experiment 1) and of unlikely but verb-congruent referents (Experiment 2). This is novel evidence that older adults exploit semantic context and world knowledge during comprehension to successfully activate upcoming referents. However, older adults also show elevated activation of irrelevant information, consistent with previous findings demonstrating that older adults may experience greater proactive interference and competition from task-irrelevant information.

ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST HEALTH COLUMN ON THIRD WEEK OF APRIL 2020

This study aims to describe the formation and the meaning of compound words that related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020. There are two research question in this study: (1) What are the type of COVID-19 compound words and their lexical categories found in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020, and (2) How does those related COVID-19 compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer uses the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed that there are 26 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of April 2020. Based on the type of compound words, there are 86.4% compound noun, 11.5% compound adjective, and 3.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun+Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are are 80.76% endocentric compounds and 19.24% exocentric compounds.Keywords: Compound words, COVID-19, Morphology, Semantics

Postposition of「Ritual Prayer(のりと)․Order of the King(せんみょう)」

「The Book of Order of the King(せんみょうがき)」including「ritual prayer(のりと)」and「order of the king(せんみょう)」is one of the most common forms of a sentence that is Japanized among Chinese-borrowing transcriptions. The book refers to transcriptions of verb endings, postpositions and an auxiliary verbs. The sentence structure of ritual prayers can be classified into type A, B and C. The order of the king is very similar to typeC which is the most developed type among ritual prayers. In terms of Chinese-borrowing transcriptionss, types A, B and C in ritual prayers contain the following transitional transcriptions for the Book of Order of the king: a turning point, the usage of Chinese characters, verb endings, postpositions, the joint-use of pseudonyms, the pronunciation of Chinese characters in compound verbs and even non-transcription of postpositions and an auxiliary verbs. Types A, B and C have gradually embraced and arranged the transitional transcriptions, and have settled in a regular pseudonym transcription for verb endings, postpositions and an auxiliary verbs. In the same age「Idu」, a Chinese-borrowing transcription, which was similar to the order of the king transcription, existed in Korea. Kono Rokuno(こうのろくろう) described the difference between the two forms as「the difference in the degree of the suitability for Chinese characters」. Through an analysis of the Chinese-borrowing transcription, pseudonyms of postpositions observed in the ritual prayer and the order of the king are unveiled as follows. The ritual prayer covers [ニ(爾/仁)], [ノ(乃/能)], [テ(氐/天/弓)], [ト(止/登)], [ヲ(乎/遠)], [ハ(波)] [ガ(我/可)], [モ(毛/母)] and [ソ曾(1)], while the order of the king contains [ニ(爾/仁)], [ノ(乃/能)], [テ(天/弓/氐)], [ト(止/等/登)], [ヲ(乎/遠)], [ハ(波/方)], [ガ(我/賀)], [モ(毛/母)], [イ(伊)], [ソ曾(11)], [ツ(豆/都/川)], [カ(可/加)], [シ(志/之/自)], [ヤ(夜/耶)], [ユ(由)] and [ヨ(與)].

WORD FORMATION PROCESS OF GEN Z SLANG IN CALLAHAN'S GENERATION Z DICTIONARY

Slang, either the form or the meaning is flexible and temporary, which canchange anytime depending on the user. This phenomenon also occurs in the trendy slang used by Gen Z. Therefore, this study aims to find out the types of word formation process in Gen Z slang. It focuses only on Gen Z slang that is in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. Further, this study is corpus-based, using qualitative analysis in investigating the types of word formation process in Gen Z slang. To analyze the corpus, there are two steps used that are classifying and interpreting. The finding reveals that there are eight types of word formation process, which influence in forming the Gen Z slang. Those types are fanciful formation, compounding, blending, clipping, conversion, suffixation, multiple process, and reduplicatives. Among those types, compounding is the most used. There are ten slang terms come through this types of process and this study presents all types of compounding. Those types are compound noun with one slang term, compound adjective with five slang terms, and compound verb with four slang terms. In conclusion, Gen Z slang is formed through eight types of the word formation process and compounding is the most used.

Noun Derivations in Kigiryama Using Aronoff’s Word Formation Theory

Within the broad field of word formation not only in English but also in other languages, derivation has been observed to be a regular and productive morphological process. Common examples of English derivational patterns and suffixes include –ness which when added to an adjective (slow) changes to a noun (slowness). Derivation that occurs in a noun may be called nominalization and it may involve the use of affixes which include common English examples such as employ employee. However, not much study in derivation has been done in this field particularly in the language in question; Kigiryama.This paper aimed at analyzing Noun derivation in Kigiryama using Aronoff’s Word formation theory and the Extended Level Ordering Hypothesis. Despite the general popularity in current morphological research, it is still an issue of lively debate whether the word is the sole locus of word formation. Shibatani and Kageyama (1988) argue that a new type of noun –verb compound formation is attested in Japanese which involves a sentential structure as its input and presumably takes place in the phonological component. This post syntactic compounding serves to elucidate problems surrounding the delicate and controversial issue of where word formation processes take place. This paper aims at contributing to that debate of whether word formation is word based or morpheme based. This paper while discussing noun derivation within the framework of Aronoff's Word Formation Theory and the Extended level Ordering hypothesis, it also tests the extent to which Aronoff's Word Formation theory (a word based theory) can explain the morphological word formation processes in Kigiryama. This paper was set to address the following objectives:- To identify and describe the noun derivational processes in Kigiryama To formulate the rules governing these processes To assess the extent to which Aronoff’s Word formation Theory and the Extended Level Ordering Hypothesis can account for the noun derivation processes in Kigiryama. The study employed the use of focus group discussions and open ended questions. The focus group discussions (FGDs) comprised of Agiryama males and females aged 18 to 35 years. Data from the FGDs was analyzed transcribed, reviewed and coded to bring meaning and to write the rules of the word formation processes that are stipulated in the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the application of the theory. The findings of this study show that affixation process in Kigiryama can to a large extent be accounted for within the Word Formation Theory, while compounding can be accounted for within the Extended Level Ordering Hypothesis, and contrary to predictions of Aronoff that word formation rules operate solely over words this is not the case in Kigiryama, that they can operate over morphemes and groups of words like phrases.(e.g the Kigiryama adjective morpheme –ii-) which means ‘wicked’ can be used to formulate the abstract noun uwi which means ‘wickedness’and the compound word mutumui which means ‘a wicked person’.

Survey of the Old Persian and Avestan sentences including the verb kar- (With Emphasis on the Verb Valence to Determine Compound and Incorporate Verbs)

One of the challengeable grammatical subjects in New Persian language grammar is, to determine criteria for defining compound and incorporate verbs. Given that in New Persian, combination and incorporation process are productive, it makes so much sense to survey the historical courses of the verbs which are cooperated in making compound and incorporate verbs, in order to find out their semantic and structural development in the evolution of Persian language. Unfortunately, A few scholars pay attention to it. Among Persian verbs, kar- has the most potential in association with non-verbal elements. Emphasizing on verb valence, this paper attempts to answer these questions: has kar- converted to the light verb in association with non-verbal elements in ancient languages (Aveatan and Old Persian)? Thus, has it have a role in constructing incorporate and compound verbs?

A STUDY ON SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RECIPE BOOKS

This study focuses on the syntactic and semantic process of compound words used in the recipe books. This qualitative descriptive study aims to classify the types of compounds and analyse the semantic and syntactic structure of compounds. This study used Lieber’s (2009) theoretical framework of compound words to analyse the data. This study used 40 compound words from selected recipe books. Morphological analysis is used to analyse the compound words, classify the types and the meaning of compound words on the food terms. Based on the samples chosen, mostly hyphenated compounds, attributive compounds and verb compounds were used in the recipe books.

Developing the Persian Wordnet of Verbs Using Supervised Learning

Nowadays, wordnets are extensively used as a major resource in natural language processing and information retrieval tasks. Therefore, the accuracy of wordnets has a direct influence on the performance of the involved applications. This paper presents a fully-automated method for extending a previously developed Persian wordnet to cover more comprehensive and accurate verbal entries. At first, by using a bilingual dictionary, some Persian verbs are linked to Princeton WordNet synsets. A feature set related to the semantic behavior of compound verbs as the majority of Persian verbs is proposed. This feature set is employed in a supervised classification system to select the proper links for inclusion in the wordnet. We also benefit from a pre-existing Persian wordnet, FarsNet, and a similarity-based method to produce a training set. This is the largest automatically developed Persian wordnet with more than 27,000 words, 28,000 PWN synsets and 67,000 word-sense pairs that substantially outperforms the previous Persian wordnet with about 16,000 words, 22,000 PWN synsets and 38,000 word-sense pairs.

Single And Compound Verb In Arabic Grammar, Logic And Methodology

The research definition of the word verb deals with logicians, grammarians, and fundamentalists, is it a word (m escaped d)?: Headrest and backrest for him to reveal his truth? With the problems and responses of the flags to this question.

The mnemonic effects of insight on false memory in the DRM paradigm.

Insight accompanied by an 'aha!' experience has a mnemonic effect. Previous studies of insight have often focused on the mnemonic effect of insight on veridical memories, while the effect of insight on false memories is not known. More understanding of the mnemonic effect of insight on false memories could have implications for the mechanism of insightful mnemonic effects. The present research examined whether insight has a mnemonic effect on false memories. Participants were asked to perform Chinese verbal compound remote associate (CRA) tasks and then complete the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task, the critical lure of which was also the solution to the Chinese CRA problem. Compared to non-insight, insight was associated with a lower critical lures rate in Experiment 1 and with lower critical lures and unrelated words rates in Experiment 2 when the presentation of DRM list words was random. Giving a warning before DRM tasks could reduce the critical lures rate of non-insight but had little effect on insightful solutions in Experiment 3. These findings indicate that insight can reduce false memories.