Compound Sentences Research Articles

Synta-Pragmatics of The Conjunctions in Kurdish Language

The title of this research is (The Syntax-Pragmatics of the Conjunctions in Kurdish Language). The conjunctions have a great role in language by connecting between words, phrases and sentences. They also have a significant role in deletion of reduction extra elements. These are some examples of them in Kurdish; ‘belam, û, belku, ne…ne, keçî, and so on’. They have a great role in clarifying the aims of the speaker and its ideas. The study consists of two main parts and the bibliography. In the first part of the research, the syntactical role of the conjunctions is shown. Furthermore, the places of the conjunctions in compound sentences are explained. According to the Kurdish language grammatical rules, there is not a specified gap for the conjunctions, and their places are changeable within compound sentences. Besides that, compound sentences also categorized according their dual or multi branches. Each part of the compound sentences have its importance, and their level are not same. The second part of the research deals with the pragmatics role of the conjunction. The focus is on the new meaning that are made in collocation with other parts of the sentence to send the message of the speaker. This is because their meaning is very related with the context. Eventually, the conclusion is drawn.

MODEL PANTUN DITINJAU DARI KESEPADANAN STRUKTUR KALIMAT DASARNYA

Sebagai sebuah realisasi berkomunikasi yang khas dalam masyarakat, pantun dapat diteliti dalam berbagai aspek kebahasaan. Masalah kebahasaan pantun yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana model bangun pantun ditinjau dari sisi kesepadanan struktur kalimat dasarnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan berapa model pantun berdasarkan kesepadanan jumlah unsur, susunan unsur, fungsi sintaksis, dan jenis kalimat antarlarik ganjil dan antarlarik genap. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Acuan analisis yang digunakan adalah yang dikemukan oleh Alwi et al. tentang unsur, fungsi sintaksis, dan jenis kalimat. Setelah dilakukan penelitian terhadap 50 pantun, ditemukan tiga model pantun, yaitu (1) Pantun Model 1, (2) Pantun Model 2, dan (3) Pantun Model 3. Tingkat kesepadanan ketiga model pantun itu masing-masing adalah 100%, 62,50--87,50%, dan 12,50--50%. Unsur dalam sebuah larik pantun minimal satu dan maksimal empat. Fungsi sintaksis yang dominan secara eksplisit adalah predikat karena subjek sering dilesapkan. Susunan unsur dalam sebuah pantun dapat dalam susunan biasa, susunan inversi, atau susunan biasa dan inversi. Jenis kalimat yang membangun kalimat dasar pantun adalah kalimat tunggal dan kalimat majemuk.

The Peculiarity of the Compound Sentences in the Text of the Religious- polemical Works Written by Belarusian-Polish-Lithuanian Tatars

The present paper focuses upon syntactic peculiarities of an arabographic text by Belarusian-Lithuanian-Polish Tatars. The text is extracted from manuscript P97 which dates back to the 18th century and is now stored at the Central Scientific Library of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. The object of our study is a compound sentence. The paper concludes that the text under analysis, abundant in bookish constructions, displays no competition between literary Polish of that period, its regional variant and the East Slavic languages at the level of syntax, i.e. in terms of compound sentences.

Working on Сomputer-Assisted Translation platforms: New advantages and new mistakes

The paper presents analysis of errors in translation on the CAT platform Smartcat, which accumulates all tools for computer-assisted translation (CAT) including a machine translation (MT) system and translation memory (TM). The research is conducted on the material of the translation on Smartcat platform (a joint project of a tourist guide translation (35,000 words) from Hebrew to Russian, English, and French). The errors on the CAT platform disclose difficulties in mastering text semantic coherence and stylistic features. The influence of English as lingua franca appears in peculiar orthographic and punctuation errors in the target text in Russian. Peculiar errors in translation on the CAT platform reveal the necessity of advanced technological competence in translators. The peculiar errors uncover problems associated with a source text segmentation into sentences. The segmentation can trigger a translator to preserve the sentence boundaries and use a Russian complicated compound sentence that provoke punctuation errors. Difficulties of the anaphora resolution in distant semantically coherent segments are also associated with the source text segmentation and working window formatting. A joint project presupposes different translators to translate different files of the source document. To generate the coherence, contiguity and integrity of the whole document, the files have to be revised by a third-party editor to avoid conflict of interest. The editor-reviser is also responsible for improving the target text pragmatic and genre characteristics while applying top-down strategy to target text analysis. Thus, the translator’s errors while applying CAT tools reveal the effect of bottom-up text processing alongside with cross-language interference.

АВАРСКИЕ ПАРЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЕДИНИЦЫ С ПРОТИВИТЕЛЬНО-УСТУПИТЕЛЬНЫМИ СМЫСЛОВЫМИ ОТНОШЕНИЯМИ

The article examines lexico-grammatical peculiarities of the Avar paroemiological units built up according to structural models of simple and compound sentences with adversative-concessive relations. Syntactical structural types of the paroemias under study are identified. The role of antonymy in the formation of concessive relations is ascertained. Implicit and explicit means to express the semantics of concession are revealed and described. The role of the alogism principle in the formation of adversative-concessive relations is identified.

THE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIAN PRESIDENTIAL DECREES

President has an authority to establish policies in order to run the government, one of which is through Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Presidential Decree). As written documents, the Decrees have language development which can be seen from the writing patterns. Therefore, this study aims to examine the writing patterns of Decrees from time to time to support forensic linguistic study, such as document forgery analysis. We took sixteen Presidential Decrees from 1945 to 2018 as the data then analyzed them by using qualitative method. The data were obtained from the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia and the official website of the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia (www.sipuu.setkab.go.id). This study indicates that language development in Indonesian Presidential Decrees is found in the structure of the Decrees, diction, and sentence structure. On the Decree structure, 1945 and 1946 Decrees contain one long sentence to explain the intent, whereas in the 1947—2018 Decrees, intents are elaborated in several clauses. Additionally, there are various types of diction used in the consideration sections. On the syntax, various types of sentences can be found in the Decrees. 1940s Decrees contain simple sentences and complex sentences while 1950s—2010s Decrees contain simple sentences, complex sentences, compound sentences, and mixed sentences.

Corrective Feedback on Sentence Structure Errors in Writing 4 Class

This study was done to find out the types of teacher’s corrective feedback and the errors in sentence structure that had teacher’s feedback on Writing 4A students’ first drafts of their four assignments. The writer used theories from Ellis (2009) about written corrective feedback and Ho (2005) about errors in sentence structure. This study was a qualitative study. The source of data was the Writing-4A’s four students’ first draft of their four assignments. The findings showed that the teacher used one type of corrective feedback: indirect corrective feedback to both groups with Electronic Feedback as the media for group B, and group B made more errors than group A did. Most of the errors were fragmented sentences, and happened when the students wrote compound sentences. In conclusion, the teacher did not differentiate the students in giving feedback, and B-students had more difficulties in creating compound sentences. Keywords: Feedback, Written Corrective Feedback, Errors in Sentence Structure

CATEGORY OF CORRESPONDENCE / DISCREPANCY IN MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The category of correspondence / discrepancy indicates the nature of the event or phenomenon which correlates with particular consequence (conformity value) or does not correlate with particular consequence (the value of the discrepancy). In modern studies the category of correspondence / discrepancies and the means of its explication have only been outlined in grammar studies and need to be studied more thoroughly. The purpose of the proposed article is to provide a holistic description of the functional-semantic category of correspondence / discrepancy and means of its implementation in modern Ukrainian language.The object of the research was simple and complex sentences of modern Ukrainian language; the subject is the semantic-syntactic relations of correspondence / discrepancy and the means of their realization. A number of methods have been used in the study: descriptive method was used for a linguistic reasoning of the category of correspondence / discrepancy, inventorying of means of its representation in the Ukrainian language and ranking of implementation areas; structural-semantic analysis was implemented to find out semantic-syntactic relationships; transposition analysis was applied to determine the central and peripheral areas of the implementation of these relationships. The category of correspondence / discrepancy is a functional-semantic category. It is subordinated directly to the subcategory of conditionality and through the last one, is based on the contrast between two grammems – the grammeme of correspondence and the grammeme of discrepancy. The basic means of realization of the category under analysis in the Ukrainian language are complex sentences of correspondence / discrepancy, they form its’ central part. Specialized conjunctions що… то, що не… то (й) are the main representatives of semantic-syntactic relations of correspondence between their predicative parts. The semantics of discrepancy is formed by the correlation of predicative parts’ content, which are connected by an asemantic conjunction що, and conjunctions аби, щоб and бо which are transposed from the spheres of other relations. The half-periphery zone of the category of correspondence / discrepancy consists of simple semantically complicated sentences with secondary predicate syntactical units, which are expressed by prepositional and case forms: з, відповідно до, виходячи з, залежно від, у світлі, у дусі + родовий відмінок; згідно з, за + instrumental case; на + знахідний відмінок – with the meaning of discrepancy; у розріз з + instrumental case – with the meaning of discrepancy. The periphery zone of the functional-semantic category’s implementation of correspondence / discrepancy forms compound sentences with asemantic conjunctions і (й) and a.

MORFOLOGI BAHASA SAMAWA-MATEMEGA

A language is medium for a community to communicate with their own community or others as their neighbors. Three (3) subvillages called Matemega which are located on the high area of Alas district, Sumbawa Besar are included into remote areas. The speakers use Samawa. Linguistically, they have little contact with other communities who use Samawa. Method used is descriptive. Date collected through interview helped by note-taken and recording. Instrument used covered simple and compound sentences containing morphological aspect. Data analyzed using padan method. It is concluded that morphological variants of Samawa-Matemega are not as complex as morphology of Samawa used at Sumbawa Besar or Jereweh dialect.

KALIMAT LUAS DALAM TALK SHOW KICK ANDY EPISODE KISAH SUKSES WANITA TERKUAT INDONESIA DI METRO TV

The syntactic study of compound sentence used in the talk show Kick Andy for the Success Story of the Strongest Indonesian Women on Metro TV. This is as the object of research. The discussion raised by the researcher relates to compound sentences, namely grammatical relationship on compond sentences and grammatical relationship on complex sentences.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The reason the researcher uses descriptive qualitative methods is to describe objectively about the compound sentences and complex sentences. The data source used in this research is the talk show Kick Andy for the Success Story of the Strongest Indonesian Women on Metro TV and the data analyzed in this study are compound and complex sentences.The results of the study found the form of compound sentences using conjunctions of equivalent namely KI1 + but (tapi) + KI2, KI1 + and (dan) + KI2, KI1 + but (tetapi) + KI2 and KI1 + then(lalu) + KI2. The forms of complex sentence are found using conjunctions of unequal, KI1 + because (karena)+ KB, KI1 + which (yang)+ KB, and KI1 + that(bahwa)+ KB.

KONSTRUKSI KALIMAT KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA: KOMUNIKASI MAHASISWA DAN DOSEN STMIK STIKOM INDONESIA

This research aims at analyzing about politeness of STMIK STIKOM Indonesia’s students and lecturers based on their sentence construction in communicating on social media. The data was collected from documentation of their conversation on social media in two semesters of 2017 until 2018. Theory of Pragmatic from Leech and structural theory from Alwi are applied in this research. The research indicates that based on the number of clauses students and lecturers use simple sentence and compound sentence. Based on the syntactic form of the sentence, they use declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamation, and affirmative sentence. Based on the completeness of the sentence element, they use complete and incomplete sentence. Based on the word sequence pattern, they use regular and inversion word sequence pattern

Konstruksi Kalimat pada Dialog Film Rumah Tanpa Jendela Karya Aditya Gumay

The study entitled “Konstruksi Kalimat Pada Film Dialogue Rumah Tanpa Jendela karya Aditya Gumay”. The purpose of this study is to describe the structure, type, and meaning of the sentence in Film Dialogue Rumah Tanpa Jendela. The theoretical basic used in this study is structural theoryaccording to Verhaar (2012) and is supported by operational approaches in semantic cognitive, connotative, and emotive meaning. The method and technique used to collect data in this study is the method refer to thenote taking technique. At the stage of presenting the results of data analysis, the method used is ushed. At the stage of presenting the results of data analysis informal and formal methods are used.The results of this study are foundin the structure of single sentences and compound sentences divided into two sentence patterns, namely single sentence patterns and compound sentence patterns. Single sentence pattern consist of SPO type, SPKet type, SPOKet type, SPPel type, PO type, POKet type, SP type, PS type, Pket type, and PSKet type. Compound sentence patterns consist SPKe+Pket type, SP+SPKet type, SPKet+SP type, SP+SketPO type, PKet+SPKet type, SPKet+Pket type, Konj+SP+SPO, and SP+SP type. Type of sentence based onthe nuber of clauses based on syntatic form, basedon the internal struture ofthe main clause, based on the presence or absence of changes in exclusion, based on syntactic functions.

Language Transformation in Interpretation Between Chinese and English

There exist huge differences between Chinese and English, particularly in terms of syntactic structures. In order to have a good transformation between these two languages, interpreters should know the differences and apply the knowledge in the interpretation process. With specific examples, this paper explores the differences between these two languages in the following aspects: hypotaxis in English Vs. parataxis in Chinese; subject-prominent structure in English Vs. topic-prominent structure in Chinese; Preposition of modifiers in Chinese Vs. Postposition of modifiers in English; passive voice in English Vs. active voice in Chinese; compound sentences and complex sentences; cultural context differences between English and Chinese.

Enhancing ESL Writing using Sentence Variety Checklist

One of the students’ problems in writing is lack of variety in sentence structure. Students seem to learn one basic pattern of subject, verb, and object and stick to it. They may also lack knowledge and practice of the different structures, and connecting words, necessary to create sentence variety. Although this is a fundamental problem in student writing, little emphasis has been put on it in the ESL Writing class because oftentimes teachers and students think that as long as there are no grammatical errors in writing, it is “okay.” Therefore, even if students do show some improvement, most of them have not really achieved more desired marks in their writing assessments. Hence, this classroom research intended to examine the respondents’ writing performance before and after using a sentence variety checklist adapted from Langan (1993) and to analyze respondents’ perceptions towards using the sentence variety checklist in their writing. A total of 20 university students in an intensive English language program participated in the study. Data for the study were collected based on students’ essays and responses from a 20-item survey questionnaire. The results revealed slight increase in students’ writing performance in generating complex as compared to simple and compound sentences. In addition, most students found the checklist made writing more interesting and urged them to become more aware of what they were writing. In conclusion, the usage of sentence variety checklist can be one of the tools for ESL students to ‘add more colors’ into their writing. Keywords: ESL writing, sentence variety checklist, sentence structures, sentence combining

Syntactical analysis of essays

The main purpose of this research is to describe: (1) sentence type; (2) Unity sentence; and (3) sentence structure found in the class VI students elementary school in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province. The data source used to be the subject in this study is a class VI elementary school student in Buleleng Regency, Bali province. Meanwhile, the object is (1) sentence type; (2) unity sentence; and (3) sentence structure found in the class VI students elementary School in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province. The method used in collecting data is a document recording method. Collected data is analyzed with descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) The type of sentence found in the class VI elementary school students in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province can be divided according to (a) the contents, there are 219 sentences; (b) The number of the clauses, there are 74 single sentences, 145 compound sentences; (c) The predicate of the establishment, there are 216 verbal sentences and 3 nominal sentences; and (d) the nature of the actor's relationship, there are 201 active sentences and 18 passive sentences.

Semantic and Syntactic Errors of Using but Produced by Thai University Students

Although both but and its Thai counterpart แต /tɛʹ:/ are coordinators, they consist of different sematic and syntactic features. These differences make Thai university students produce errors when making English compound sentences. A group of 50 Thai university students were asked to answer four items designed to find their semantic and syntactic errors. The results were compared and contrasted in the form of percentage. It is found that the group of Thai university students are more likely to produce syntactic than semantic errors when using but as a coordinator. Most of their errors are more interlingual than intralingual because they result mainly from the students’ faulty partial learning of English, not from their L1 interference.

비정물주어 속성서술문의 구조적·의미적 특징

In general, the event predication is expressed by verb sentence and the attribute predication is expressed by nominal and adjectival sentences. However, each type of sentence does not have a single meaning usuage, each of verbal, adjectival and nominal sentences can convey both event and attribute predications. This study explores special features of the attribute predication by taking a closer look at the adjectival and nominal attribute sentences that have the inanimate subject, with some additional investigation on the verbal sentence in order to supplement Choi (2016) that examined the verbal attribute sentence earlier. Regarding the data, this study drew the data from novels, essays, movie scenarios, textbooks, weelky magazines, dictionaries and the Mainichi Newspapers. I examined special features of the attribute predication in terms of the syntactic and semantic areas. With regrad to the structural features, I analyzed the characterization of sentence patterns, subjectization of non-nominative nouns, usuage of negative forms, characteristics of the compound sentence structure, and formulation of predication. With regard to the semantic features, I analyzed the type of meaning that can be conveyed by the verbal, adjectival and nominal sentences, and clarified the similarities and differences between their meaning types.

Design of GA and Ontology based NLP Frameworks for Online Opinion Mining

Background: For almost every domain, a tremendous degree of data is accessible in an online and offline mode. Billions of users are daily posting their views or opinions by using different online applications like WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, Instagram etc. Objective: These reviews are constructive for the progress of the venture, civilization, state and even nation. However, this momentous amount of information is useful only if it is collectively and effectively mined. Methodology: Opinion mining is used to extract the thoughts, expression, emotions, critics, appraisal from the data posted by different persons. It is one of the prevailing research techniques that coalesce and employ the features from natural language processing. Here, an amalgamated approach has been employed to mine online reviews. Results: To improve the results of genetic algorithm based opining mining patent, here, a hybrid genetic algorithm and ontology based 3-tier natural language processing framework named GAO_NLP_OM has been designed. First tier is used for preprocessing and corrosion of the sentences. Middle tier is composed of genetic algorithm based searching module, ontology for English sentences, base words for the review, complete set of English words with item and their features. Genetic algorithm is used to expedite the polarity mining process. The last tier is liable for semantic, discourse and feature summarization. Furthermore, the use of ontology assists in progressing more accurate opinion mining model. Conclusion: GAO_NLP_OM is supposed to improve the performance of genetic algorithm based opinion mining patent. The amalgamation of genetic algorithm, ontology and natural language processing seems to produce fast and more precise results. The proposed framework is able to mine simple as well as compound sentences. However, affirmative preceded interrogative, hidden feature and mixed language sentences still be a challenge for the proposed framework.

The cumulation of semantically related verbs in literary and artistic texts

Cumulation with verbal near-synonymous lexemes figures significantly in literary artistic texts. This is primarily due to the fact that verbal, as well as adjectival, lexemes are linguistic units with attributive characteristics, and thus offer different choices. Cumulation with reduplication of semantically related verbs is realised within the framework of sentence construction, i.e. conjunctional or non-conjunctional compound sentences. As a dominant of cumulative series, there are verbs of different semantic types, including verbs that denote speaking, verbs of displacement, of moving within space, and so on. The aim of the analysis is to describe the syntactical and stylistic specificities of this type of figurative accumulation and to single out their distinctive models within literary artistic texts.

Language Changes in Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’ s disease (AD) is the most common cause of cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly. Language disturbances appear early in AD and constitute an important element of the diagnosis, although they are usually overshadowed by impairment of memory and executive functions. It is known that language is impaired disproportionally in AD: the semantic and pragmatic language systems are more impaired than syntax. However, syntactic features can also be impaired in the moderate and severe stages of AD. The features of language can be different depending on the onset of AD. AD is classified into two subtypes: early-onset (before 65 years of age) and late-onset (over 65 years of age). Late-onset is the most common form of AD and the aim of this study is to reveal the language changes of 39 patients with late-onset AD and compare it with an age/education-matched control group that has no neurological and psychological problems. The data was transcribed using transcript symbols following Du Bois. The results revealed that although the number of the sentences were more, the speech amount of late-onset AD patients was smaller than the control group. Late-onset AD patients mostly produced sentences in “Picnic” picture description test and fewer sentences in random speech test. Moreover, the sentence length of LAD patients was bigger in “Cookie theft” picture description test and smaller in “Picnic” picture description test. However, their general performance about the speech amount was poor. The other findings were about the coordinated and compound sentences. It was revealed that late-onset AD patients used similar number of coordinated and compound sentences compared to their aged matched peers. In conclusion, it is clear that the syntactic features of LAD patients is not completely different from the people with normail aging.