Compound Nouns Research Articles

Speech, writing and boxsets: a messy linguistic change in English

This article is an attempt to explain an observable change in present-day English in terms of quite disparate influences. Since the change is not yet complete, it is a messy conspiracy of these influences. By studying life-time changes of this sort we may gain insights into how well-understood historical changes work. The change under discussion is most noticeable in the written form, but its trigger has been the phonetic realizations of the forms to be considered. The forms are exemplified by alternations in noun phrases such as box(ed)sets, skim(med) milk, arch(ed) corbel table. The relationship between the very different structures used in speech on the one hand and writing on the other is also relevant in this case. The NPs with -ed have a structure Adjpp N, whereas the forms without it are compound nouns. Some of the Adjpp forms found in such noun phrases are actually pseudo-past participles; that is, they are not formed from a verb, but take the -ed ending, e.g. four-wheeled, gate-legged. Whether native speakers learn such forms from the spoken or written language to some extent determines how they are perceived. This is relevant because the phonetic realization of members of both sets may be the same, so the phonetic form [bɒks set] may be perceived as boxed set or box set. I also consider the stress patterns of the new compounds, the orthography as a reflection of the structural change, and the ‘Germanic’ tendency towards compounding. The resultant picture is a messy one and the change has certainly not yet been completed, but we can see a conspiracy of disparate areas of the linguistic system putting pressure on certain lexical combinations. It should also be noted that ‘English’ is not a consistent linguistic system: we have to be clear about which variety is being discussed. English ‘belongs’ to many different groups of people, including non-native speakers as a lingua franca, so it is subject to many more influences today than the parochial versions of even just a hundred years ago.

English Compound Words Used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on Third Week of June 2020

This study aims to describe the orthographic features, word formation and the meaning of compound words related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of June 2020. There are three research questions in this study: (1) What are orthographic features found in the compound words, (2) What are the type of compound words and their lexical categories, and (3) How do the compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer use the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed there are 34 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of June 2020. The compound words found in this study are written mostly in one word. Then, the rest of compound words are written with a hyphen, and separately in two or three words. Based on the type of compound words, there are 82.35% compound noun, 11.75% compound adjective, and 5.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun + Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are 85.3% endocentric compounds and 14.7% exocentric compounds.

Pampering customers with sweet talk: Negotiating politeness and (mock) conflict talk in Akan marketplace bargaining

This study analyzes bargaining interactions recorded in Ghana's Kumasi Central Market to examine how traders employ kasadϵ (‘sweet/persuasive talk’) in transactional exchanges. Kasadϵ—a compound noun derived from kasa (‘talk’ or ‘language’) and dϵ (‘sweet’)—is a genre of market speech that simultaneously incorporates Akan norms of verbal politeness and the art of persuasion. In interviews on the metapragmatics of kasadϵ, market women highlighted their use of complimentary address forms and deference markers to pamper (krɔkrɔ) potential and recurring customers. My analysis of recorded bargaining interactions, however, revealed that traders also wield rougher, more argumentative language—a style that violates the Akan ideal of politeness and blurs the boundaries between conflict and mock conflict talk. That is, while traders reported that kasadϵ denotes good, polite speech, actual trading talk incorporates a mixture of indirect, direct, antagonistic, and deferential forms. Using two recorded bargaining interactions, this paper presents a detailed analysis of these juxtaposed forms of marketplace talk. I argue that while both styles are critical in economic exchanges—one for maintaining customer relationships, the other for protecting transactional gains—each presents interactional and transactional risks. The tension between these competing motivations creates interactional ambiguity and requires moment by moment navigation.

To combine is to divide: Evidence of the noun-verb distinction at the morphemic level in compound nouns

Research has shown that nouns and verbs exhibit distinctive processing patterns. It remains unclear if the noun–verb distinction is driven by semantic or grammatical differences. The present study investigated the mechanism of noun–verb distinction in Chinese, which has a simple morphological system. Participants made grammatical class judgments on two types of compound nouns in Experiment 1—NN (nominal + nominal morphemes) and VN (verbal + nominal morphemes). The shorter RTs elicited by low frequency NN nouns than those of VN nouns suggest a facilitatory effect of morpheme type. In Experiment 2, preceding contexts for NN and VN were added in an acceptability judgment task to rule out the impact from context. Results showed that the processing of NN conferred a marginal advantage over that of VN, though the underlying source of this marginal NN-VN difference remains undetermined. Experiment 3 therefore pitted semantic versus grammatical class against each other by manipulating the congruency of semantic and syntactic relations between the first morpheme of a compound and its preceding context. Results showed that low frequency NN were processed more easily when the preceding context primed a nominal morpheme both semantically and syntactically than other conditions. Together, these results indicate that the noun–verb distinction in Chinese exists at the sublexical morphemic level and reveal for the first time that such sublexical noun–verb distinction is due to semantic rather than grammatical differences.

Between matter and meaning: the trope of the Kopftuchmädchen

ABSTRACT Recent transdisciplinary formations in the humanities, including new materialisms and ANT, but also in black studies, are recalibrating our understanding of the human and the posthuman as categories of analysis. They have revealed the post-Enlightenment conceptualisation of the universal human to be both epistemologically untenable and violently Eurocentric, and furthermore laid bare how techniques of differentiation along axes of gender, race, sexuality, religion always also serve to institute the human and its nonhuman, posthuman, more-than-human, less-than-human counter parts. Theorising the material-semiotic figuration inhering in the German compound noun ‘Kopftuchmädchen’ (headscarfgirl) – a term that emerged out of and has become synecdotal for anti-Muslim public discourse – this article proposes that the human and the posthuman should be understood as structuring objects and subjects of knowledge in the study of Orientalism. After all, most contemporary Orientalisms mark cultural difference as a grander problem of (intra)human difference, one distinguishing between a (Western) culture of universal humanity and an (Orientalised) culture of problematic posthuman entanglement. The afore-mentioned compound noun points to a self-referential entanglement of matter and meaning that Occidentalises that which it posits as Universal Human and Orientalises its human-nonhuman Other, while thereby also concealing, in Latourian terms, ‘the West’s’ own nonmodern, human-nonhuman constitution(s).

Investigating the word construction and the meaning of nonverb compound nouns in the novel of (The Lost Lamb of Rai) by Houshang Golshiri

A compound noun is a noun that is composed of two or more parts, so that each component has an independent meaning but refers to a whole person or thing as a whole. Compound nouns are divided into two types, 1- present and 2-non-present, in terms of relation to the root of the verb. Composite nouns, on the other hand, are divided into three categories: inverted, direct, and intermediate in terms of depth of construction. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, 5 types of inactive compound nouns have been identified. Non-current compound nouns are directly related, passive compound nouns are dependent, passive compound nouns are homonymous, emphatic and connective compound nouns, and Arabic compound nouns are among these 5 types. All these types of compound names have been used by the lost lamb of Rai Houshang Golshiri.

Numerals in Kokborok

This paper will describe the numerals used in the Kokborok language. Kokborok belongs to the Bodo-Garo sub-group of the Tibeto-Burman language family, spoken in the Northeastern state of Tripura, India. According to the 2011 census, the Kokborok speakers' total population is around 8,80,537 (23.97% of the total population). This language happens to be one of the lingua-franca among the tribes. The numerals in Kokborok are of decimal type, i.e., ten base and purely absent of vigesimal, i.e., twenty base. Structurally, Kokborok categorizes into six numerals viz., (i) cardinals, (ii) ordinals, (iii) multiplicative, (iv) fractional, (v) distributive, and (vi) restrictive numerals. The raw numbers from one to ten are the basic numerals used as compounding for forming higher numerals by addition or multiplication. Syntactically, in compound nouns, the numeral always follows the head noun in Kokborok.

Neosemantization of the lexemes štam and buster and language adaptation of the nominations of coronavirus variants in modern mass media

This article offers a description of the names of COVID-19 variants as used in nowadays media texts. A contrastive analysis of the linguistic data collected from the Den′ and Ukraїns′ka Pravda issues of 2021–2022 and the dictionary show that the nomination štam ‘strain, variant’ has undergone a significant modification so that its semantic range accounts for the naming of COVID-19 variants. This lexeme is often used along with grammatically subordinated nouns kovid ‘COVID’ and koronavirus coronavirus’ and modifiers such as novyj ‘new’, novovyjavlenyj ‘newly discovered’, zaraznyj ‘contagious’, and smertonosnyj ‘fatal’ having a powerful effect on a consumer of mass media content. The role of the functional equivalent of the noun štam is rarely performed by the lexemes variant ‘variant’, mutatsija ‘mutation’, and kovid-mutatsija ‘COVID mutation’, and the respective expressions show at least two synonymous forms, which are an ad jective-noun form as associated with the country where the COVID-19 was first discovered and one-word form as based on the Greek letter. The paper also highlights the lexeme del’takron ‘Deltacron’. The ongoing process of the linguistic adaptation of the ‘variant’ names is reflected in the multivariant spelling of these names. Some compound nouns point out to the use of hyphens, e.g., del’ta-štam ‘Delta variant’ and omicron-štam ‘Omicron variant’, whereas others do not, e.g., štam del’ta. The author discusses the use of the names with the letters of the Greek alphabet in other compound nouns like beta-testuvannja ‘beta-testing’ and the activation of the lexical items vaktsyna ‘vaccine’, vaktsynatsija ‘vaccination’, and buster ‘booster’. Keywords: lexicon, noun, adjective, emotionally expressive vocabulary

Stress Misassignment in the Pronunciation of English by Arabic-speaking Learners: Erratic Practice or Crosslinguistic Influence?

The role of L1 interference in English stress assignment produced by Arabic-speaking EFL learners has received little research attention. This study aims to investigate whether faulty stress assignment by Arab learners is arbitrary or systematic. It also attempts to discover a linkage, if any, between Arabic phonotactic rules of stress placement and stress misplacement in English by Saudi learners. 120 learners from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University were randomly chosen from 3 different levels of English proficiency (lower-intermediate, upper-intermediate, advanced); they were asked to pronounce 72 stimulus words that covered all morpho-syllabic word structures that the learners often mispronounced. The recordings were analysed using WASP spectrogram software and also by two independent raters. Results strongly indicated that crosslinguistic influence may have caused the learners to consistently a) place the stress on a specific syllable in a word even when this word has multiple stress assignments with a difference in meaning, b) stress the second item in a compound noun instead of the first, c) place the stress on the penultimate syllable of most polysyllabic words, d) place the stress on the second syllable of contracted negative auxiliary verbs , and e) misplace stress irrespective of their level of English proficiency..

Neophraseologisms in the Russian-Ukrainian war's context

This paper focuses on interpretations of the term “phraseological innovations” and different terms that linguists use to name the new phraseological units. The study found that phraseological innovations are expressive expressions that have not been registered in dictionaries of modern literary languages, or have been reproduced or updated in new social conditions, or have been created through transformations of already known paremias, winged expressions and phrases, as well as were borrowed from another language. Based on the texts of the electronic media and the texts of the Facebook, new phraseological units were analyzed according to three features: the method of creation, the structure and the morphological belonging of the core word. According to the method of creation, we single out newly created and updated (transformed, modified) units among the studied neophraseologisms. Newly created (відправити услід за російським кораблем, закрити небо над Україною, продати квиток на концерт Кобзона, ядерний шантаж) and modified neophraseologisms (Моя хата всюди, світ ловив його, та не спіймав / Світ ловив його та спіймав, новий Берлінський мур) are substantiated with modern examples of usage. On the basis of the grammatical structure, the units that are structurally related to phrases (бандерівське смузі, влаштувати/зробити Чорнобаївку, колективний Путін) and sentences (Побачити Україну і померти) are singled out. According to the core word, among the studied neophraseologisms, we distinguish three groups: verb combinations (відправити на концерт Кобзона, закрити небо, бути під парасолькою НАТО, піти услід за російським кораблем), noun compounds (економічна спецоперація, смертельні подарунки, ядерний шантаж) and single exclamatory sentences (Доброго вечора, ми з України! ). The main mechanisms of neophraseologisation are identified: metaphorization, change of connotation, partial or complete change of meaning, spread of a commonly used expression, reduction of a component composition, and replacement of one component by another, various morphological and syntactic transformations in the phrase. It was demonstrated the emergence of new compounds, which function with the meanings formed and reproduced in language practice, become constants of the modern language community.

Structural - semantic peculiarities of compound nouns in English and Karakalpak

Structural - semantic peculiarities of compound nouns in English and Karakalpak

Fusion and Non-fusion Accents of Japanese Compound Nouns: The Effect of Focusing on the Meaning of the Posterior Element

Fusion and Non-fusion Accents of Japanese Compound Nouns: The Effect of Focusing on the Meaning of the Posterior Element

Orthographe progressive du français par Isabelle Chollet et Jean-Michel Robert

Reviewed by: Orthographe progressive du français par Isabelle Chollet et Jean-Michel Robert Jessica L. Sturm Chollet, Isabelle, et Jean-Michel Robert. Orthographe progressive du français. CLÉ International, 2019 ISBN 978-209-03457-4. Pp. 176 + CD + online content. Orthography in French is nearly as tricky as in English, and one can never have too many handbooks and references on this topic. Orthographe progressive du français is designed as a resource for class or for independent study. Before the table of contents, the authors include a helpful guide to French phonetics with International Phonetic Alphabet symbols, examples, and pronunciation. The text is divided in three sections, l’orthographe grammaticale, l’orthographe d’usage, and les particularités. L’orthographe grammaticale concerns itself with verb conjugations, tenses, moods, adjective endings, words such as tous/tout/e/s, as well as agreement with the past participle and verbs with collective subjects. L’orthographe d’usage addresses pairs of spellings, e.g., -ic/-ique, -ment/-mment, -s/-ss, along with final e (or not), and double consonants. Other aspects of usage include orthographic anomalies, the plural of compound nouns, and the gender and number of certain nouns. Les particularités refers to mechanics such as accent marks, punctuation, capitalization, apostrophes, and numbers. This section also includes prefixes, suffixes, homophones, often mis-spelled words and phrases, and the 1990 orthographic reform. Each section gives examples, explanations, and tricks before providing exercises to apply the material learned. Finally, at the end of each section there is a bilan to review its contents. Along with the paper text, purchase of Orthographe progressive du français includes a CD and access to the online text. With the online text, learners and instructors can find an interactive Table of Contents, use colored highlighting, and take notes or create bookmarks. This in addition to having access anywhere one takes their device(s). The CD provides audio files for the text, including dictées and communicative activities. Each feature of this book works to provide students not just with rules and tips, but tools to encounter new words and phrases in French as they continue their study of the language. As the authors intended, it can enhance a language class as an auxiliary material to the main textbook. For self-study, Orthographe progressive du français will guide the learner to a deeper understanding of French orthography as they work through the material. [End Page 209] Jessica L. Sturm Purdue University (IN) Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French

A Study of the Internal Structure of N+N Compounds

This paper addresses the issue of how the language user can interpret two-constituent compounds. After reviewing the previous studies regarding classifications, this study finds out that although the studies suggest several sets of semantic relations or syntactic structures, the criteria of the classifications are not clear, and the previous studies usually depend on our encyclopedic information to get the appropriate interpretation of two noun compounds, especially attributive-appositive compounds. In order to distinguish similar-looking N+N compounds from each other, this study explores relevant notions, such as autonomacy/dependency in a cognitive framework regarding the relation between the two elements in compounds. The same examples in noun-noun compounds in the previous studies can be analyzed and examined from this perspective. Finally, this study goes back to Lees’ (1960) classification on the syntactic aspects and tries to elaborate upon his proposal by employing the findings in this study.

Neologismen in Coronatijd – een steekproef

In times of crisis language is often enriched with new words called neologisms. After all, extraordinary circumstances call for new words. This also applies to the corona crisis. For example, the Dutch have had to deal with the anderhalvemetersamenleving and other corona measures. Moreover, the crisis has caused a lot of “corona damage”, both economically, psychologically and physically. The vaccination campaign has set the stage for a return to normality. This route also provides necessary neologisms. This article takes a look at which neologisms were used on one day in a particular newspaper. Since most neologisms consist of compound nouns, the sample will focus on these only. The De Volkskrant online edition, dated 16 April 2021, will be used for this purpose, using the articles obtained after entering the search term corona. After a short introduction to neologisms and the different types of compositions, the neologisms obtained are then categorised according to different composition categories and according to corona themes. Finally, a conclusion is drawn based on the results obtained.

Лексические средства описания внешнего вида и характера человека

The paper analyses lexical means for describing human appearance. The most productive types of lexical units are compound words and phraseological units. Simple words describe human appearances in general, but compound nouns give specific information.

The Use of Corpora in the Teaching of ESP (the Sphere of Pedagogy and Psychology)

Specialized language from the spheres of pedagogy and psychology constitutes a fundamental aspect within the teacher – student communication. The submitted paper handles lexical and morphological features of compound nouns containing the nouns amnesia, memory and recall. The primary research interest focuses on collocations and concordances in which they appear on a regular basis; we also deal with the grammatical relations and elements of meaning that have an impact on the discourse characteristics. The studied lexical units are elaborated within English Web 2015 utilizing Sketch Engine. In the research, both quantitative (statistical methods) and qualitative (observation, comparison, generalization, data-driven research data modelling) methods were employed. To begin with, we provide the frequency list of the studied words within the text corpus, and we categorize them from the morphological perspective as the two aspects influence their lexical behaviour and employment for teaching purposes. The research outcomes indicate that the analysed lexical units exist in a broad discourse scope; moreover, they appreciably grant profitable acts of communication in the pedagogical settings. Eventually, we outline feasible pedagogical inferences of the inquiry outcomes in the teaching of English and we suggest a set of corpus-driven exercises on the professionally-oriented language from the fields of pedagogy and psychology. To sum up, the outcomes confirm that the lexical and semantic characteristics of specialized language underline social aspects of communication between experts (and public too). Further, we intend to elaborate words belonging to other spheres of professional communication (medicine, sociology, etc.) in the framework of the corpus examination.

Pragmalinguistic aspects of compound nouns in English and Uzbek

This article describes compound nouns in English and Uzbek, their specific pragmatic aspects. Although the problem of compound nouns in linguistics has been studied by many linguists, there are many unsolved problems in comparing compound words in languages ??and analyzing them from a pragmalinguistic point of view. The compound word, which has a special place in the richness of language vocabulary, is in fact a convenient way of naming in simple terms the concepts of events that take place in reality, of existing objects. Hence, it can be concluded that the study of semantic, grammatical and syntactic features of language alone is not enough. As a result, the field of "pragmatics" has found its place in linguistics, having its own goals and objectives. In addition, the article also uses analysis from examples from the literature to reveal the pragmatic nature of compound words. However, scientific examples have shown that no sign is a leading factor in determining the nature of compound words.

Receptive and expressive lexical stress in adolescents with autism

Purpose: Lexical stress abilities were investigated in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typically developing (TD) controls. We hypothesised that individuals with ASD would demonstrate atypical prosody on lexical and phrase stress tasks and are perceived by listeners as sounding unnatural. Method: A between-group study was conducted to investigate lexical stress abilities among adolescents (12–20 years) with ASD (n = 11) compared to TD controls (n = 11) matched for age and gender. Two tasks were administered to assess the ability to receptively and expressively distinguish nouns from verbs and a noun phrase from a compound noun. Receptive tasks required participants to select visual stimuli corresponding with the utterance they heard. Expressive tasks were rated using perceptual judgments of accuracy, perceptual and acoustic measurements of duration and perceptual ratings of “naturalness.” Result: Individuals with ASD performed with significantly less accuracy on all prosody tasks, significantly longer duration of utterances, and were rated as sounding “unnatural” at a significantly higher rate than controls. Conclusion: This study provides converging evidence that supports atypical prosody is influenced by longer duration of utterances and less accurate lexical and phrase stress. The clinical implications of this study support early assessment and intervention of prosodic disorders in ASD.

Сложные существительные подчинительного типа в венгерском языке

The paper aims to identify the most productive word-formation models for compound nouns of subordinate type in the Hungarian language. The main focus of attention lies in the consideration of different parts of speech as the first component. The scientific originality of the research consists in the thorough analysis of compound nouns of subordinate type in the Hungarian language on the material of the dictionary “Magyar-orosz szótár = Hungarian-Russian Dictionary”. As a result, it has been revealed that any part of speech can be the first component, while the second component is presented by a noun, which determines the belonging of compound words to this part of speech. The examples provided prove that the formation of compound nouns based on the subordinate relationship is a productive way of word-formation.