Chicken Manure Compost Research Articles

Measurement of the maximum amount of water-extractable phosphorus in animal manure compost by continuous and sequential water extraction

Measuring the phosphorus (P) solubility in animal manure compost (AMC) is important to estimate both the risk of P loss from agricultural land and the P availability for crops in agriculture that use AMC as fertilizer. Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) has most often been used to estimate P solubility in AMC. A single water extraction with a high ratio of compost to water is usually used to determine WEP, but in many cases, this may not evaluate the maximum WEP. In this study, we extracted the P included in AMC by using a continuous extraction method with a large amount of water, and tested this approach for 16 AMCs: four cattle manure composts, five swine manure composts, five layer (chicken) manure composts, and two broiler (chicken) litter composts. The P dissolution patterns were fitted to kinetic models, and the maximum WEP (WEPmax) was determined by the coefficient of the non-linear regression equation. The WEPmax values corresponded to the sum of H2O- and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)-extractable P measured using the modified Hedley sequential extraction method. The result also suggests that the maximum amount of WEP from AMC can be estimated rapidly using a sequential extraction (the Hedley method) that has been widely used to characterize P in manure or AMC. The maximum water-extractable magnesium (Mg) (WEMgmax) was significantly positively correlated with WEPmax (r = 0.854, P < 0.01). This suggests that WEPmax in the AMCs is affected by water-soluble magnesium compounds.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MIKORIZA DAN PUPUK ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAWANG PUTIH

&lt;p&gt;Garlic has a high price in the market, however, production of garlic has its limitations. The use of chemical fertilizers has shortcomings in terms of environmental sustainability, so need for organic fertilizer which serves to reduce the negative impact. The study aims to determine interactive between kinds of mycorrhizal and organic fertilizer to garlic, get the appropriate mycorrhizal and to get the Suistainablekind of fertilizer to increase of the garlic yield. The experiment was conducted from January 2013 to August 2013. Research using CRD (completely randomized design) with 2 factors of organic fertilizer (chicken manure, cow manure, goat manure, manure and vermicompost compost) and mycorrhizal types (Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora sp, Glomus etunicatum). The results showed mycorrhizal mycorrhizal types Gigaspora margarita is suitable and capable of enhancing the growth of garlic, application of organic fertilizers used have not been able to increase the growth and yield of garlic. Applications of various types of mycorrhiza and organic fertilizers have not been able to increase the growth of garlic.&lt;/p&gt;

Survival of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Chicken and Pig Manure Compost

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at 25℃ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at 25℃. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

COMPOST PRODUCTION AND COMPOSTED MANURE QUALITY EVALUATION

Composted manure can have an important role in production of substrate for growing seedlings, which would make the organic waste management more cost-effective, but also decrease the cost of seedlings production. Production of composted manure is of significant importance for family farms as well and even more so for farms practicing integral and organic agriculture. This research aims to establish the changes in physical and chemical characteristics of manure from cattle, horse, pig and poultry production during the composting process. The composting process lasted for 9 months. Analysis of physical and chemical characteristics was conducted according to TMECC 03.09-A methods. Temperatures necessary for disinfection of the compost material were developed during the process. During the composting process the humidity decreased and the proportion of the dry matter increased (29.2 % on average). The content of ash also significantly increased (37% on average) while the portion of the organic matter decreased. Compared to the initial material, the concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg after 9 months of composting was significantly increased in all composts, namely P and K 42 % on average and Ca and Mg 71 and 72% respectively. At the end of composting, all the composts have C/N ratio below 20:1, which indicates their stability. However, some researchers think that the ratio between the final and initial C/N (<0.6 to 0.75) is a better indicator of compost maturity, and according to that all the composts, with the exception of the chicken one (0.86), are mature. When using NH4+- N/NO3--N ratio as the indicator of compost stability (<0.16), the composts derived from cattle (semi-mature and fresh) and horse manure are stable (<0.14), composted pig manure is almost stable (0.64), while the composted chicken manure is still very unstable (14.75).

Aromatic Moieties from Matured Chicken Manure and Agriculture Residues Compost Suppress Growth of Lepidium sativum L. and Trichoderma harzianum

To better understand the role of organic matter (OM) prepared from chicken manure and agriculture residues compost on the growth of plants (Lepidium sativum L.) and antagonistic fungi (Trichoderma harzianum), we analyzed the structure and composition of extracted OM using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the EEM contours of water-extracted OM (WEOM) and alkali-extracted OM (AEOM) were similar. Furthermore, solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that water extraction could not proportionally pull out aromatic moieties (112–145 ppm) from compost, but the alkali method in proportion extracted both carbohydrates (65–85 ppm) and aromatic moieties. The results suggest that AEOM may better reflect the bulk OM composition of compost, and one should be cautious when applying WEOM as an alternative indicator of total compost OM. Further investigations demonstrated that, compared to carbohydrates, aromatic moieties played a predominant role in growth suppression of Lepidium sativum L. seeds and Trichoderma harzianum.

Composting for Increasing the Fertilizer Value of Chicken Manure: Effects of Feedstock on P Availability

The application rate of poultry manure as organic fertilizer is restricted due to its low C/P and N/P ratio. This research was set up to find out optimal feedstock composition for composting chicken manure in order to create a soil improver with a higher value as organic fertilizer, and to assess the effects of this process on P availability in the end products. The research is based on two compost experiments with three treatments each, and the chicken manure composts were compared with the end products of green waste compost used as bedding material in chicken houses, centrally processed chicken manure and a stockpiled mixture of green waste compost and chicken manure. In the first compost trial, feedstock materials were compared for composting with fresh chicken manure. The chicken manure compost with 42.5 vol% bark in the feedstock had the highest quality as soil improver in terms of organic matter content, C/P ratio, C/N ratio and stability. Results of the second compost trial indicate that 10 vol% of fresh chicken manure is the upper limit in small-scale on-farm windrow composting above which nutrient losses become too high and the N/P ratio of the obtained fertilizer becomes too low. Stability of the product (expressed as oxygen uptake rate) had a major effect on P availability in the compost. Blending the chicken manure compost with biochar based on holm oak resulted in a more than proportional decrease in easily available P in the biochar-blended compost. P in poultry manure can be recycled through composting and be applied as an organic fertilizer with optimal nutrient ratio and organic matter content when appropriate feedstock materials are selected and the amount of fresh manure in the feedstock mixture is restricted.

RESPONSE OF A COOL-SEASON TURF MIXTURE TO COMPOSTED CHICKEN MANURE IN A MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT

The current study addresses the effects of topdressing composted chicken manure on established turf and comparing the composted chicken manure to a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Turf color, quality and clipping yields were correlated with N sources and application timing. Monthly fertilization resulted in a more uniform color and turf quality and less clipping yields than did comparable amounts of all N sources applied each as a single application in spring and spring and fall (S + F). The monthly and/or S + F topdressing of chicken manure composts increased the color and quality ratings of the turf mixture during the growing season but did not greatly affect the clipping production.

Study on Packing Materials for High-Temperature Compost of Livestock Manure

Packing materials made of organic or inorganic substances can improve the composting speed or increase the compost quality. Pilot experiments on outdoor composting were carried out to investigate the effect of packing materials on nitrogen losses and compost quality. The results showed that both furfural dreg and mushroom dreg can be used as packing materials in composting chicken manure. Compared with maize straw, furfural dreg and mushroom dreg were more suitable for the industrial-scale production of organic fertilizers. Packing materials can optimize the composting conditions, improve microbial activity, accelerate the composting process, reduce nitrogen losses, and maintain nutrients, thereby improving the compost quality.

Municipal household waste used as complement material for composting chicken manure and crop residues

There are few organic materials available as agricultural soil amendment because their low chemical content means that large quantities are required. In order to improve the availability of raw materials for composting, as well as the quality of the compost produced, municipal solid waste (MW) was added to cotton-seed residue (CSR) and to the association of CSR with chicken manure (M) in different weight/weight (MW/added materials) ratios of 5:1 and 2:1. Aerobic composting was processed and compost yield was determined, as well as compost particle size and pH. Also, the compost bulk density and its water holding capacity were determined as well as contents of total nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium (Ca), magnesium and heavy metals. According to its pH and carbon/nitrogen ratio values, the municipal waste of Cotonou was judged to be a good raw material for composting in order to improve availability of the organic source of nutrients. The composts produced with MW+M+CSR had the highest potential for amending Ferralsols, especially with a mixture of 2:1 (200 kg MW+100 kg M+100 kg CSR) that could be applied at 10 t ha–1. However, further improvement in composting methods was suggested to increase Ca++ and reduce mercury contents, respectively. Moreover, potassium balance should be improved in the produced compost.

Yield of different white button strains in sugar cane by product-based composts

The production of quality compost for Agaricus bisporus using alternative and local agricultural wastes beyond the search for productive strains are among the main factors related to improve yield. Thus, we evaluated the effect of compost nitrogen supplementation type using two compost formulation based on sugar cane by-products such as straw and bagasse as raw materials: (1) classic compost using chicken manure and (2) synthetic compost using soybean bran, urea and ammonium sulfate, for the cultivation of the five strains of A. bisporus: ABI-05/03, ABI-04/02, ABI-06/05, and ABI-09/10 ABI-09/11. We found that the classic compost obtained average temperature and mass loss of 10.56 and 13.29% higher than the synthetic compost, respectively, during the composting, pasteurization and conditioning process. The classic compost achieved greater yield in the end of 25 days of harvest by the strains ABI-05/03, ABI-06/05 and ABI-04/02 corresponding to 26.78, 25.34 and 24.71%, respectively. We concluded that the classic and synthetic, based on sugar cane straw and bagasse are suitable agricultural waste for A. bisporus cultivation and the classic compost obtained higher composting temperatures in relation to synthetic compost, corroborating higher yields and more defined-pattern cultivation cycle for all strains when grown in classic compost. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, by-products, supplementation, classic, synthetic.

Effects of Previous Crop Management, Fertilization Regime and Water Supply on Potato Tuber Proteome and Yield

There is increasing concern about the sustainability and environmental impacts of mineral fertilizer use in agriculture. Increased recycling of nutrients via the use of animal and green manures and fertilizers made from domestic organic waste may reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. However, the relative availability of nutrients (especially nitrogen) is lower in organic compared to mineral fertilizers, which can result in significantly lower yields in nutrient demanding crops such as potato. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of the factors affecting nutrient use efficiency (yield per unit fertilizer input) from organic fertilizers. Here we show that (a) previous crop management (organic vs. conventional fertilization and crop protection regimes), (b) organic fertilizer type and rate (composted cattle manure vs. composted chicken manure pellets) and (c) watering regimes (optimized and restricted) significantly affected leaf chlorophyll content, potato tuber N-concentration, proteome and yield. Protein inference by gel matching indicated several functional groups significantly affected by previous crop management and organic fertilizer type and rate, including stress/defense response, glycolysis and protein destination and storage. These results indicate genomic pathways controlling crop responses (nutrient use efficiency and yield) according to contrasting types and rates of organic fertilizers that can be linked to the respective encoding genes.

The addition of modified attapulgite reduces the emission of nitrous oxide and ammonia from aerobically composted chicken manure

The acceleration of the composting process and the improvement of compost quality have been explored by evaluating the efficacy of various additives, inoculating with specific microorganisms and the application of various biosurfactants. The magnesium-aluminum silicate attapulgite is a low-cost potential composting additive, but its effects on aerobic composting are unknown. This study investigated the effects of attapulgite application on compost production and quality during the aerobic composting of chicken manure. Addition of attapulgite significantly increased the temperature (p < 0.05) while it reduced compost total organic carbon (TOC) and seed germination indices (GIs) throughout the process. Its addition enhanced nitrate concentrations, promoted organic matter degradation, increased seed germination indices, and accelerated the composting process. Interestingly, attapulgite addition did not increase the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. These results suggest that attapulgite is a good additive for the composting industry. Implications: We investigated the addition of two forms of attapulgite during aerobic composting of chicken manure to determine their effects under strict composting environmental parameter control. Our results provides primary evidence that attapulgite may have potential for application in the composting industry. All treatments showed no increase within the first 15 days. However, emissions increased for all treatments within 15–45 days, reaching approximately 6300, 2000, and 4000 mg/m2 from the control, artifactitious attapulgite, and raw attapulgite treatments, respectively.

Biosorption of cadmium by a metal-resistant filamentous fungus isolated from chicken manure compost

A fungus, XJ-1, isolated from chicken manure compost was phylogenetically related to Penicillium chrysogenum. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the fungus for Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Co2+ and Zn2+ were 300, 85, 55, 8, 25 and 70 mM on plates and 200, 65, 30, 2, 30 and 48 mM in liquid media, respectively. Biosorption of Cd2+ by XJ-1 was investigated as a function of initial pH, contact time, biomass loading and Cd2+ concentration. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption of Cd2+ was 100.41 mg g−1 dry biomass. Analyses using FTIR, SEM and XPS showed that the functional groups ‒OH and ‒C˭O on the XJ-1 cell wall are the dominant binding sites for Cd2+. The results indicate that XJ-1 biomass is an efficient biosorbent for Cd2+ and has great potential for the in situ remediation of environments contaminated with heavy metals.

Effects of Inoculating Microorganism Agents on Aerobic Composting of Chicken Manure

To study the effects of inoculating microorganism on aerobic composting of chicken manure, this paper utilized microorganism agents screened by ourselves to do research on the effect of compost producing organic fertilizer by chicken manure. The temperature, total carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and seeds germination index were measured during the fermentation. The results showed that, compared with CK, the disposal inoculated with microorganism agents could obviously raise the temperature with the highest reaching 63.5°C and accelerate the organic matter decomposing with lower 4 % than control on the 16 d. The contents of Kjeldahl nitrogen declined from 2.44 % to 1.47 %. Furthermore, the seeds germination index achieved 80 % on the 22 d, higher 9 % than the control. The research described the factors in composting process for discussing the relativity of microorganism and chicken manure composting, which could provide the theoretical basis for the harmlessly efficient decomposition and rapid fermentation of poultry manure.

The Effect of Biochar on the Growth and N Fertilizer Requirement of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Green House Experiment

Greenhouse experiments were carried out to study the effect of biochar and other organic amendment (Chicken Manure, CM; and City waste compost, CW) using on the growth and N fertilizer requirement of maize. The first experiment was carried out to study the effect of biochar application to maize growth, and then continued to study the residual effect of biochar. The second experiment was carried out to study the effect of biochar application on nitrogen fertilizer requirement. The results show that the first season of maize biomass of organic amendment of treated soils did not significantly different from no organic amendment. However, organic amendment improved soil fertility status, especially increasing C-organic, N, K and CEC. The biomass of the second season maize of biochar of treated soil was higher compared to the other treatments. The second experiment shows that biochar application decreased N fertilizer requirement. To produce 3.23 Mg ha-1 biomass, it required 90 kg ha-1 N for 15 Mg ha-1 CM biochar treated soil, and 160 kg ha-1 for the non treated soil.

Fertilization Efficiency of Livestock Manure Composts as Compared to Chemical Fertilizers for Paddy Rice Cultivation

To promote the practical use of livestock manure compost (LC) for paddy rice cultivation, the fertilization efficiency of nutrients in LCs was investigated compared to that of chemical fertilizer. This experiment was conducted at rice field in Hwaseong, Korea, with 6 treatments by each of 3 kinds of tested LCs, cattle manure compost (CaC), swine manure compost (SwC) and chicken manure compost (ChC). The treatments consisted of 3 application levels of LCs and 3 chemical fertilizer treatments having the same application levels with LCs. <TEX>$NH_4$</TEX>-N content in soil became higher according to the increase in the urea application rate, while it became lower in LC plots than in urea plots, and statistically had no significant difference among LC plots. There was a close relationship between phosphate fertilization rate and the increment of soil available phosphate content after experiment resulting y = 0.1788x - 6.169 (<TEX>$R^2=0.9425$</TEX>) when applied fused superphosphate fertilizer, and y = 0.0662x - 2.689 (<TEX>$R^2=0.9315$</TEX>) when applied LC at the equivalent rates to phosphate input (x: phosphate application rate, kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>, y: increment in soil available phosphate content, mg <TEX>$kg^{-1}$</TEX>). And from these two equations, the correlation on the phosphate application rate between fused superphosphate fertilizer and LC could be obtained as y = 2.7056x - 52.492 (x: <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX> application rate of fused superphosphate, kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>, y: <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX> application rate of LC, kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>). Plant height, number of tillers, nutrients uptake by rice, and rice yield showed higher levels in N 100% and N 150% application plots of chemical fertilizers, while every LC plots exhibited lower values and no significant difference among them. Relative nitrogen fertilization efficiencies of LCs compared to urea was 12.3% for CaC, 8.8 for SwC and 24.6 for ChC, respectively.

Effect of Different Fertilizers on Nitrogen Isotope Composition and Nitrate Content of Brassica campestris

The effect of different fertilizers on the δ(15)N value, nitrate concentration, and nitrate reductase activity of Brassica campestris and the δ(15)N value of soil has been investigated through a pot experiment. The δ(15)N mean value of B. campestris at the seedling stage observed in the composted chicken treatment (+8.65‰) was higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment (+5.73‰), compost-chemical fertilizer (+7.53‰), and control check treatment (+7.86‰). There were significantly different δ(15)N values (p < 0.05) between B. campestris cultivated with composted chicken manure treatment and with chemical fertilizer treatment. The similar results were also found at the middle stage and the terminal stage. The variation of δ(15)N value in soil for different treatments was smaller than that of B. campestris, which was +6.71-+8.12‰, +6.83-+8.24‰, and +6.85-8.4‰, respectively, at seedling stage, middle stage, and terminal stage. With the growth of B. campestris, the nitrate content decreased in all treatments, and the nitrate reductase activity in B. campestris increased except for the CK. Results suggested that the δ(15)N values of B. campestris and soil were more effected by the fertilizer than by the dose level, and the δ(15)N value analysis could be used as a tool to discriminate the B. campestris cultivated with composted manure or chemical fertilizer.

Effects of Bacterial Strains and Chicken Manure on Orobanche crenata Infesting Faba Bean

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of bacterial strains and chicken manure on broomrape in faba bean. Results displayed that all treatments reduced Orobanche emergence except the combinations of Rhizobial bacterial strain TAL 1399 and composted chicken manure at 35 g/pot. Among all treatments faba bean inoculated with TAL 1399 alone or in combinations with Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum (BMP) or Azospirillum braziliense (Ab) plus chicken manure at 35 g/pot displayed no Orobanche emergence (above the ground) until the end of the experiment. However, Orobanche attachment was observed only when faba bean was inoculated with TAL 1399 plus BMP. Moreover, all treatments increased faba bean plant height and dry matter as compared to the control. Faba bean inoculated with bacterial strain TAL 1399 alone or in combination with chicken manure at 30 g/pot sustained the highest plant height as compared to infested or non infested control. They increased faba bean height by 17-19%. Furthermore, crop treated with TAL 1399 plus chicken manure at 30g/pot was significantly higher in root, shoot and total dry weight as compared to the control and other treatments. Results displayed that faba bean growth was improved, especially if soil was mixed with chicken manure. These treatments could offer a new environmentally safe procedure to manage broomrapes, using farm resources and hence improve the sustainability of crop management. It would also be an effective asset in organic farming.

Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Rather than Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea were Widely Distributed in Animal Manure Composts from Field-Scale Facilities

The distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in cattle, swine, and chicken manure compost was analyzed. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that a Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis-like sequence dominated in cattle manure compost, while few AOA were detected in other composts. In the case of AOB, Nitrosomonas-like sequences were detected with higher diversity in cattle and swine manure composts. The relative abundance of ammonia oxidizers by real-time PCR revealed that more AOB was present in compost except in one swine manure compost. Our results indicated that AOB rather than AOA are widely distributed in animal manure compost.

Effect of non-aerated compost teas on damping-off pathogens of tomato

Compost teas are fermented watery extracts of composted materials that are used for their beneficial effects on plants including antimicrobial activities. Non-aerated compost teas (NCT) prepared from seaweed compost, shrimp powder compost, and chicken, bovine and sheep manure composts were tested for their effect on the in vitro growth of tomato root pathogens and for their effect on the development of damping-off diseases caused by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. Results showed that NCT prepared from the five types of compost had the ability to greatly reduce mycelial growth of P. ultimum, R. solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and Verticillium dahliae in vitro. Sterilization of the NCT caused complete or partial loss of their inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of the pathogens. Application of NCT decreased the percentage of necrotic seedlings in P. ultimum-inoculated tomato seeds from 42% to 100%, but did not reduce necrosis in R. solani-inoculated seeds. When applied on tomato seedlings inoculated with damping-off pathogens, various NCT also increased seedling fresh and/or dry weights. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the authors.