Composition Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Ultraviolet-A Radiation (UVA) as a Stress and the Influence of Provenance and Leaf Age on the Expression of Phenolic Compounds by Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp. camaldulensis

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) represents a significant abiotic stress, affecting green plants. Phenolic compounds have been suggested as components involved in plant photoprotective adaptation. We used a unique combination of experimental (LED lighting and leaf tagging) and analytical (unbiased, or untargeted, metabolomics) approaches to study the effects of high (approximating mid-summer) and low (approximating winter) levels of UVA on the expression of phenolic compounds. These consisted of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis ssp. camaldulensis) of five provenances. The geographically separated provenances used in our study spanned the lowest and highest latitudes of the range of this subspecies. The concentrations of gallotannins and ellagitannins (i.e., hydrolysable tannins) increased most under high levels of UVA, but responses only differed slightly among provenances. The most substantial changes in the composition of phenolic compounds were associated with leaf age. Overall, 3-month-old (herein, termed ‘young’) leaves had substantially different phenolic compositions to 6- and 12-month-old (‘old’) leaves. Hydrolysable tannins were more abundant in young leaves, whereas pedunculagin, catechin, and kaempferol galloyl glucoses were more abundant in old leaves. High levels of UVA altered the expression of phenolic compounds, but our experimental saplings were unlikely to experience photoinhibition because they were not exposed to high levels of light and low temperatures, nor were they nitrogen-limited. We expect that changes in phenolic compounds would have been more pronounced if we had induced photoinhibition.

Influence of pre-treatment on composition of iridoids, crocins, and phenolic compounds in Gardenia Fructus oil press residues

Influence of pre-treatment on composition of iridoids, crocins, and phenolic compounds in Gardenia Fructus oil press residues

How Phenolic Compounds Profile and Antioxidant Activity Depend on Botanical Origin of Honey-A Case of Polish Varietal Honeys.

Honey contains natural biologically active compounds, and its preventive and healing properties are primarily linked to its antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties of honey can be related to the botanical origin and content of phenolic compounds. We tested 84 honey samples from Poland, representing eight honey varieties: acacia, phacelia, buckwheat, linden, rapeseed, heather, goldenrod, and honeydew. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to determine the phenolic compound composition of honey extracts. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and DPPH radical-scavenging activity were also evaluated. We detected vanillin aldehyde, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and trans-ferulic acid, as well as flavonoid pinocembrin, in all honey varieties. The results of our study showed that honeys with high antioxidant activity were characterized by significantly higher total phenolic compounds content. Neither clustering method nor principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of each honey variety, possibly due to high intra-variety diversities. We suppose that the variability of qualitative and quantitative phenolic compound composition within honey varieties may result from the region of origin, secondary nectar sources, and the time of harvest.

Antibacterial boosting effect of combined antibiotics and wild mushroom (Langermannia bicolor) reduces the survival of multidrug-resistant bacteria

This study set out to evaluate how effective the unexplored macrofungi Langermannia bicolor is in providing a biomolecular repertoire capable of optimizing the action of antibacterials available on the market. Extract and fractions (obtained by fractionation with acetone) of L. bicolor were quantified for the presence of proteases and hemagglutinin, and the composition of carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic and flavonoid compounds; then, they were tested against multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative strains combined with conventional antibiotics from different classes. Fraction 2 (F2) stood out for its high proteolytic and hemagglutinating capacities, and could reduce the therapeutic dosage of all the antibiotics in the different pathogens tested. The samples – especially Fraction 2 – showed promising results in optimizing the action of antibiotics, thus potentially mitigating the escalation of resistance in bacteria. This project is the first to investigate the medicinal properties of L. bicolor, focusing on its major biomolecules, and potential as an antibiotics enhancer.

Essential oil and phenolic compounds in different organs and developmental stages of Monarda didyma L., and their biological activity.

Plant development has a greater impact on the chemical composition of inflorescences than of the leaves and stems of Monarda didyma plants. Monarda didyma L. is a well-known ornamental and aromatic plant. However, no studies are yet available concerning the diversity in the chemical composition of M. didyma organs during plant development that affect the final quality of the raw material. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolic compounds, essential oil (EO), and their composition in various organs affected by plant development. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of leaf and inflorescence EOs and the antioxidant activity of leaves, stems, and inflorescences were determined. EO content in the leaves and inflorescences collected during flowering was 2.39% and 3.64%, respectively. The main ingredients of the investigated EOs were p-cymene (17.11-35.56%) and carvacrol (5.39-28.19%). The EOs from the leaves and inflorescences collected during flowering inhibited the growth of six investigated microbial strains at the concentration range 0.313-1.250 µL × mL-1. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in leaves was higher than in inflorescences and stems. The leaves were found to be rich in didymin (average content 1283.63mg × 100g-1), while the inflorescences collected during flowering contained a significant amount of linarin (1247.47mg × 100g-1). The variability in the content and composition of EO and phenolic compounds depending on the stage of plant development was mainly observed in inflorescences. These findings contribute to better understanding of distribution and accumulation of biologically active compounds in M. didyma aerial organs, the potential of these organs as raw materials for medicinal, cosmetic and food applications, and the importance of the time of their harvesting.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ENDEMIC SPECIES OF DAGESTAN FLORA – DIANTHUS AWARICUS KHAR. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) DURING INTRODUCTION

Introduction. The study and rational use of wild plants of the local flora is one of the priority areas in the development of pharmaceutical chemistry aimed at finding new drugs. The work highlights some phytochemical aspects applicable to the carnation avar (Dianthus awaricus Khar.), an endemic species for the Republic of Dagestan, introduced under conditions Tsudakhar experimental base of the Mountain Botanical Garden of the DFRC RAS (1100 m above sea level), for a comparative study of phenolic compounds in plants and expansion of the cultigenic range of the wild and white-flowered carnation species. The purpose of the study is a preliminary study and assessment of the total content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in various organs of the endem-ic species of Dagestan flora – Dianthus awaricus Khar., as well as a comparative analysis of the weight of hundreds of seeds and the content of fatty oil in seeds under the conditions of introduction. Materials and methods. The object of the study is a white-flowered endemic species – Dianthus awaricus Khar. The total content of flavonoids and anthocyanins and fatty oil was determined using standard methods. Results. The conducted studies using the spectrophotometric method revealed that the highest content of flavonoids is observed in the flowers, leaves and seeds of D. awaricus. The maximum content of flavonoids is observed in the flowers of the sample "Tsudahar" (1.078%), in the leaves (0.980%) and flowers (0.925%) – "Gunib". In terms of anthocyanin content, the leaves, stems and above-ground parts of plants without seeds differ most favorably (0.051–0.077%). Conclusions. For the first time, phytochemical studies were conducted on the content of phenolic compounds in plants of various natural samples and fatty oil (9.9–10.5%) in D. awaricus seeds under the conditions of the Tsudakhar experimental base. Data on the chemical composition of phenolic compounds in the above-ground part of D. awaricus significantly increases the possibilities for assessing the prospects of this type of raw material.

Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Selected Malignant Neoplasms in Women.

Tea is a significant source of flavonoids in the diet. Due to different production processes, the amount of bioactive compounds in unfermented (green) and (semi-)fermented tea differs. Importantly, green tea has a similar composition of phenolic compounds to fresh, unprocessed tea leaves. It consists primarily of monomeric flavan-3-ols, known as catechins, of which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant. Thanks to its antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic properties, EGCG has attracted the scientific community's attention to its potential use in preventing and/or combating cancer. In this review article, we summarize the literature reports found in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases on the anticancer effect of EGCG on selected malignant neoplasms in women, i.e., breast, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers, which have been published over the last two decades. It needs to be emphasized that EGCG concentrations reported as effective against cancer cells are typically higher than those found in plasma after polyphenol administration. Moreover, the low bioavailability and absorption of EGCG appear to be the main reasons for the differences in the effects between in vitro and in vivo studies. In this context, we also decided to look at possible solutions to these problems, consisting of combining the polyphenol with other bioactive components or using nanotechnology. Despite the promising results of the studies conducted so far, mainly in vitro and on animal models, there is no doubt that further, broad-based activities are necessary to unequivocally assess the potential use of EGCG in oncological treatment to combat cancer in women.

КОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ И АНТИРАДИКАЛЬНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ЭКСТРАКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ КОТОВНИКА КОШАЧЬЕГО КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ

The purpose of the study was to obtain aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts of catnip (lemon balm), determine the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in them, analyze the component composition of the obtained extracts by HPLC, and establish the antiradical activity of the extracts. Extractive substances from the feedstock were isolated by extraction with water or water-alcohol mixtures (20, 40, 70 and 95 % alcohol were used) at their boiling point for 1.0 h. The sample of raw materials was 1.0 g, the volume of the solution was 100 ml. After filtration, the resulting solutions were subjected to further studies on the component composition and antiradical activity. It has been established that pure alcohol extracts the minimum amount of substances, the sum of which is 15.4 %. Water-alcohol mixtures extract almost the same amount of substances, which are 19.7–21.3 % based on an air-dry sample of raw materials. The results of the DPPH test, determined by the kinetic method, showed that the ARA value is minimal for alcohol-soluble substances – 2.7 % and increases for water-alcohol extracts from 16.6 % in the case of 70 % extract to 25.2 % for 20 % water-soluble alcohol extract. The maximum value of ARA is typical for aqueous extracts and is 38.5 %. Catnip extracts have low antiradical activity, which does not exceed 50 %. In the extracts obtained, the total content of phenolic compounds was determined (by reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), which is 0.09–0.69 wt. % in terms of gallic acid. This value increases evenly when moving from pure alcohol to water. By reaction with aluminum chloride, the total content of flavonoids in the obtained extracts was determined: it is minimal in the case of an alcoholic extract (0.24 % in terms of luteolin) and maximum in the case of an aqueous extract (0.57 % in terms of luteolin). The APA value correlates well with the total content of phenolic compounds (correlation coefficient – 0.9522), while the correlation coefficient of the APA value with the total content of flavonoids is only 0.8809. The HPLC method was used to study the component composition of phenolic compounds in the obtained extracts. The maximum amount of phenolic compounds was found in aqueous extracts, while the minimum amount was found in alcohol extracts. Phenolcarboxylic acids were identified among the components: gallic, caffeylquinic, chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic. Rutin and some glycosides are present.

Underutilized Mexican crop, runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus): A comprehensive review of nutritional and functional implications

Introduction. The scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), also known as the runner or ayocote bean, is one of five Phaseolus species domesticated in Mesoamerica. It holds considerable economic importance, ranking third after P. vulgaris and P. lunatus. Despite its relevance, research on its bioactive compounds and potential health benefits still needs to be conducted. Objective: This review explores the nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factors, and bioactive compound levels of P. coccineus, emphasizing their implications for consumer health. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, was conducted across electronic databases, identifying 163 relevant studies. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were selected for analysis. Results: These studies highlighted P. coccineus as a potential source of nutraceutical properties and innovative food products aimed at enhancing nutritional quality. The bioactive compounds, including antioxidants and peptides, suggest benefits in preventing chronic diseases and promoting food security. Conclusions: However, further research is required to fully understand the composition of phenolic compounds, bioactive peptides, and anti-nutritional factors in P. coccineus, promoting its consumption as a functional food and novel dietary ingredient. Expanding its use in novel food formulations could enhance its dietary value and positively impact public health.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Microbial Phenolic Catabolism of Phenolic Compounds from Achillea millefolium L. and Origanum majorana L.

The impact of the nonbioaccessible fraction of two phenolic-rich extracts from Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) and Origanum majorana L. (marjoram) on the modulation of the human gut microbiota was investigated in vitro. Microbial metabolism of the phenolic compounds was also addressed. In general, phenolic acids or O-glycosidic flavones quickly disappeared, in contrast to methoxy- or C-glycosidic flavonoids. This colonic metabolism yielded phloroglucinol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as the main metabolites of the microbial catabolism of rosmarinic acid or caffeoylquinic acids, among others. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the most promising modulatory effect was related to the increase in Bifidobacterium spp., Collinsella spp., Romboutsia, and Akkermansia muciniphila for both plant extracts, along with Blautia spp. and Dialister for yarrow extract. This beneficial modulation was accompanied by the increase in butyric acid production, highlighting the potential prebiotic-like effect on the gut microbiota of these two previously unstudied edible plants.

Discrimination of Farming Practices Through Olive Leaf Phenolic and Mineral Analysis

The content and composition of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in olive leaves are susceptible to variation influenced by various factors, such as genotype, environment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the response of phenolics and minerals to organic and integrated farming systems. Trees from three olive cultivars grown in two neighboring olive groves with different farming systems were used. After sampling during pruning in two consecutives sampling years, the contents of phenolics and minerals in olive leaves was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis, respectively. The obtained results revealed a complex response of both phenolics and minerals, strongly influenced by interactions among the factors, such as farming system, cultivar, and sampling year. Specific phenolic compounds, such as luteolin-4-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were particularly abundant under organic farming conditions. Others, like oleuropein and oleacein, followed a similar trend, though they were more strongly affected by different cultivar and sampling year combinations. A lower content of mineral elements was generally observed under organic farming conditions, although it was also significantly affected by cultivar and sampling year. The results of this study have the potential to be utilized for the enhanced production of organic olive leaves as a reliable source of valuable phytochemicals for nutraceuticals, functional foods, and dietary supplements.

Effect of banana cultivars and ripening stages on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of fresh clear low-viscosity banana juice

Food-based antioxidants reduce oxidative stress caused by metabolic processes, scavenge free radicals, promote cardiovascular health, and preventing oxidative-stress related diseases, among other health advantages. The current study aims to investigate the low-viscosity banana juices’ bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity dependence on cultivars and ripening stages. Five banana cultivars were studied: Mbilabile, Pisang Awak (PSA), Yangambi km5 (YKM5), Ndeshi, and Mlonga. An improved mechanical extraction method involving malaxation of peeled banana pulp until low-viscosity banana juice separates from the pulp was used to extract banana juice. Considered ripening stages were stage 3; more green than yellow, 4; more yellow than green, 5; yellow with a trace of green, 6; all yellow, and 7; all yellow with brown spots. It was revealed that banana juice is rich in polyphenolic compounds 145.02–320 mg GAE/L and ascorbic acid, 0.45–1.40 g/L. In addition, the composition of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and ascorbic acid varied with banana cultivars and ripening stages. Furthermore, banana juice could reduce 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals by 67–93%. The antioxidant capacity of banana juice varied with cultivars and ripening stages (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis suggested ascorbic acid influenced banana juice free radical scavenging capacity.

Composition, Anti-Diabetic, and Antioxidant Potential of Raphanus sativus Leaves.

Limiting and/or slowing down the starch digestion process and consequently the release of glucose can be an important strategy for the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the current in vitro study was to assess the anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of red radish leaves of the Carmen, Jutrzenka, Saxa, and Warta cultivars. In the context of anti-diabetic activity, the effect of leaves on potato starch digestion and free glucose binding, as well as inhibitory effects of leaf extracts against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and non-enzymatic glycation (AGEs) were determined. The basic chemical composition, quantitative composition of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of leaves were also estimated. This study showed that all radish leaves inhibited the breakdown of potato starch and showed their ability to bind glucose. This activity was correlated with the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, protein and dietary fiber while flavones was probably responsible for glucose binding. Leaf extracts inhibited α-glucosidase activity and formation of AGEs but were practically inactive towards α-amylase. Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was related to the content of proanthocyanidins and inhibition of AGEs formation to flavonols. These results point to radish leaves, especially the Warta and Jutrzenka cultivars, as a potential natural remedy for treating T2D.

Investigations on the Endemic Species Taraxacum mirabile Wagenitz: HPLC-MS and GC-MS Studies, Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties, and Isolation of Several Phenolic Compounds.

In this study, the aim was to investigate the chemical content and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions obtained from ethanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the endemic Taraxacum mirabile Wagenitz. This plant is found in the Aksaray-Eskil region and has not been studied in phytochemical studies before. In this context, the chemical content of the aerial parts and root PE fractions was analyzed by GC-MS analysis in terms of terpenes and steroid substances. The composition of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts and root DCM and EA fractions was determined by HPLC-MS analysis. Apigenin, luteolin, and caffeic acid were isolated from the EA fraction of aerial parts. The total amounts of phenolic substances and the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP antioxidant activities of PE, DCM, EA, and n-BuOH fractions were investigated, and it was found that the fractions had the ability to scavenge DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals, as well as to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II); however, all of the fractions were significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than the reference antioxidant quercetin. Considering that antioxidants can also exert an anti-inflammatory effect, these fractions were evaluated for their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), the key enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism that lead to the production of important mediators of inflammation. It was observed that fractions had the ability to inhibit both enzymes, suggesting their possible beneficial effects against inflammation. However, no extract had greater inhibitory activity than the positive control, indomethacin. The antimicrobial activity was determined against different bacterial and fungal strains. It was observed that the aerial parts and root n-BuOH and EA fractions showed weak antibacterial effects. No antifungal activity has been detected against Candida sp.

The Applications of Plant Polyphenols: Implications for the Development and Biotechnological Utilization of Ilex Species.

Plants belonging to the Ilex species are distinguished by their rich composition of diverse phenolic compounds and various bioactive substances, which demonstrate dual functionalities in therapeutic applications and health promotion. In recent years, these plants have garnered significant interest among researchers. While the application scope of plant polyphenols (PPs) is extensive, the exploration and utilization of holly polyphenols (HPs) remain comparatively underexplored. This article reviews the research advancements regarding the predominant phenolic compounds present in commonly studied Ilex species over the past five years and summarizes the application studies of PPs across various domains, including pharmacological applications, food technology, health supplements, and cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to provide insights into the systematic research and development of HPs, offering references and recommendations to enhance their value.

Structured Fruit Cube Snack of BRS Vitoria Grape with Gala Apple: Phenolic Composition and Sensory Attributes.

This study developed a structured fruit cube (FC) snack using only natural ingredients, specifically red grape and apple, without hydrocolloids and sucrose. After development, physicochemical characterization and analysis of phenolic compounds (PCs), including anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, were conducted. Sensory quality was also assessed through an acceptance and sensory profile analysis using the rate-all-that-apply methodology. The results showed that the FC had physicochemical characteristics similar to other structured fruits that use hydrocolloids. Additionally, they presented a complex composition of PCs, predominantly including anthocyanins derived from malvidin (tri-substituted methoxylated anthocyanins), notably cumarylated ones. Flavonols compounds comprised the 3-glucoside series of myricetin, quercetin, laricitrin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and syringetin; the 3-galactoside series of myricetin and quercetin; and the 3-glucuronic acid series of myricetin and quercitin, along with rutin. The presence of caftaric acid, coutaric acid, fertaric acid, and p-coumaroyl-glucose was also detected, alongside caffeic acid-O-glucoside 1, caffeic acid-O-glucoside 2, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid. In conclusion, the selection of natural ingredients was technologically suitable for obtaining an FC. Despite using conventional drying at 60 °C, the product showed notable concentrations of PCs and also achieved great sensory acceptance.

Comparative study of different pretreatment methods on peanut oil quality characteristics, anti-oxidation attributes, and phenolic compound compositions

The peanuts heat pretreatment is a crucial step for the following oil extraction, influencing both efficiency and oil quality. The present study investigated the effects of oven roasting (OR, 150 °C, 25 min), infrared ray roasting (IRR, 150 °C, 25 min), and microwave roasting (MR, 700 W, 5 min) on the quality characteristics, anti-oxidation attributes, and phenolic compound compositions of peanut oil. All pretreatment methods changed the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of peanut oil. Notably, IRR resulted in the highest oxidation induction index (9.25 h) and enhanced free radical scavenging activity, with increases of 55 % (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) and 121 % (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS)) compared with the control. Furthermore, the free phenolics content (Free-P) increased significantly, particularly with IRR, which was increased 6.00 times. Correlation analysis indicated that Free-P was the primary contributor to the anti-oxidation attributes of peanut oil. The results can provide valuable insights for optimizing peanut oil processing technologies.

Phytochemistry, and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula Fruit from the Coal-Affected Forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand

This study investigates the ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit, collected from the coal-affected forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand. Using DPPH and NBT assays, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated at various concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). The DPPH assay revealed a dose-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity, with Terminalia chebula achieving 82.3% inhibition at 500 µg/mL. In comparison, ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant, exhibited higher inhibition rates, reaching 95.0% at the same concentration. Similarly, the NBT assay demonstrated that the extract inhibited superoxide radicals, with 78.9% inhibition at 500 µg/mL, while ascorbic acid achieved 94.4% inhibition. The phytochemical analysis indicates a rich composition of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in the extract, which are likely responsible for its antioxidant properties. These findings support the traditional medicinal uses of Terminalia chebula, particularly in managing oxidative stress-related conditions. Overall, the study highlights the significant antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extract, suggesting its possible applications in functional foods and natural health products. Future research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and exploring their synergistic effects to fully understand the therapeutic potential of this valuable ethnobotanical resource.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of honeys from wild colony and bee culture from five regions of the ivory coast

Honeys have a very complex biological activity due to their composition of phenolic compounds which are very useful for the treatment of certain conditions. The objective of this study is to analyze the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of honeys from wild colonies and beekeeping on the Ivory Coast. This study was carried out in five regions of Côte d’Ivoire (Poro, Tchologo, Hambol, Bélier and N’zi). Twenty (20) samples from honey from wild colonies and beekeeping were collected and analyzed. The polyphenol content was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. The aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) method was used to quantify the flavonoids in the extracts. The quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant potential of honeys was carried out by the DPPH test. The tests revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. High polyphenol contents were obtained with MSP (4.32 ± 0.02 mgEAG/g), MSH (3.7 ± 0.01 mg EAG/g), MAIPH (3.16 ± 0.02 mgEAG/g) honeys. g), MST (2.95 ± 0.01 mgEAG/g) and MSB (2.74± 0.02 mgEAG/g). MSH honey samples (1.48 ±0.05 mg QE/100 g); MSP (1.36 ± 0.03 mg QE/100 g) recorded the highest flavonoid values. The MAPIH sample (2.56 ± 0.04 mg EQ/g) recorded the highest tannin value. Significant antioxidant capacities were observed in honeys from wild Poro MSP colonies (82.384% at 80 mg/ml) IC50= (44.86 mg/ml).

Potential Benefits of Moringa oleifera for Diabetic Foot Ulcers - Future Research and Applications

Diabetic foot ulcers are permanent scars in people with diabetes that result from nerve damage, inadequate blood flow, and infection. The ulcers not only cause significant financial burdens but also remain poorly controlled, necessitating the need for new therapeutic approaches. Moringa oleifera, or Moringa, has the potential to be more valuable in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers due to its long-standing and traditional use. Several civilizations, especially in Africa and Asia, have administered the Moringa plant for quite a long period of time, due to its medicinal values in curing wounds and infections through traditional medicine. It is precisely the extensive composition of phytochemicals, including vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, that shapes this herb's medicinal potential. Ultimately, these are elements that relate to meaningfully striking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant impacts. The extracts of Moringa are known to carry a pharmacological potential that, importantly, contributes to wound healing. Research indicates that the herb can accelerate wound healing, lower the number of microorganisms, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue. Some of the basic mechanisms include oxidative stress regulation, promotion of collagen formation, and mitigation of inflammatory reactions, all of which play a crucial role in the improvement of ulcer healing. In the near future, the incorporation of Moringa into treatment against diabetic foot ulcers presents substantial hope. Future studies should focus on formulation procedures to improve and understand the long-term consequences of combined applications with traditional therapies. Applying Moringa's natural healing abilities to ulcer treatment could potentially transform diabetic foot ulcers treatment into long-lasting plant-based solutions, improving patient outcomes.