Composition Of Different Parts Research Articles

Comparison of the volatile constituents of different parts of Cortex magnolia officinalis by GC‐MS combined with chemometric resolution method

Volatile compositions of different parts (stem, branch and root barks) of cortex Magnolia officinalis, cultivated in China, were investigated for the first time by GC-MS with the help of heuristic evolving latent projection (HELP). Identification of components was conducted by similarity matching to NIST mass library but also assisted by comparison of temperature-programmed retention indices (PTRIs) with the data web available. A total of 90, 82 and 76 volatile compounds in the essential oils of the three samples taken from the same batch aforementioned were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, representing 84.03, 83.68 and 83.10% of the total content, respectively. Among the constituents determined, there were 50 components coexisting. Eudesmol and its isomers were shown to be the principal compounds in the studied samples, accounting for 47.66, 36.74 and 36.31%, respectively. The three kinds of isomers (alpha-, beta- and gamma-eudesmol) in houpo volatile oils have been tentatively qualified and quantified simultaneously for the first time. By comparative analysis, significant qualitative and semi-quantitative differences and similarities were observed among the three samples. The results achieved provide a scientific evidence for further exploitation of Magnolia bark and clinical medication.

Differences between lipid content and composition of different parts of fillets from crossbred farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is, globally, one of the most important farmed fish species. We have analyzed carp from a natural pond-production system in South Bohemia. Ongrowing fish had access to an abundant plankton population which was supplemented with cereals. Fatty acid composition (FA) was investigated in three parts of fillets from four crosses of carp. The FA composition of the leanest part, the dorsal white muscle was similar to that of marine-farmed species; it contained a large proportion of n-3 highly unsaturated FA, the n-3/n-6 ratio was 1.1, and the proportion of phospholipids was high. The abdominal wall is rich in monounsaturated FA, the n-3/n-6 ratio is lower, 0.5, and it is more affected by the cereal feed. We concluded that the lipid composition of all these carp tissues can be improved in terms of healthy FA profile.

Sunflower Cake as a Natural Composite: Composition and Plastic Properties

Nowadays, the end-of-life of plastic products and the decrease of fossil energy are great environmental problems. Moreover, with the increase of food and nonfood transformations of renewable resources, the quantities of agro-industrial byproducts and wastes increase hugely. These facts allow the development of plastic substitutes made from agro-resources. Many researches show the feasibility of molding biopolymers extracted from plants like a common polymeric matrix. Other natural macromolecules are used like fillers into polyolefins, for example. However, limited works present results about the transformation of a natural blend of biopolymers into a plastic material. The aim of this study is the determination of the composition of sunflower cake (SFC) and also the characterization of its components. These were identified by chemical and biochemical analysis often used in agricultural or food chemistry. Most of the extraction and purification processes modify the macrostructure of several biopolymers (e.g., denaturation of proteins, cleavage or creation of weak bonds, etc.). So, the composition of different parts of the sunflower seed (husk, kernel, and also protein isolate) was determined, and the plasticlike properties of their components were studied with thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis apparatus. Finally, this indirect way of characterization showed that SFC can be considered a natural composite. In SFC, several components like lignocellulosic fibers [40%/dry matter (DM)], which essentially come from the husk of sunflower seed, can act as fillers. However, other biopolymers like globulins ( approximately 30% of the 30% of sunflower seed proteins/DM of SFC) can be shaped as a thermoplastic-like material because this kind of protein has a temperature of glass transition and a temperature of denaturation that seems to be similar to a melting temperature. These proteins have also viscoelastic properties. Moreover, SFC has similar rheological properties and other physicochemical properties compatible with shaping or molding behaviors of plastic-processing machinery.

Essential oil composition of different parts of Greek Foeniculum vulgare and larvicidal activity of the stem oil

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) is a well-known perennial or biennial herb that is native to the Mediterranean region [1]. Its original Greek genus name was Marathron and it has been widely used in traditional Greek medicine as appetizer, digestive and diuretic [2].

Analytical comparison of different parts of Radix Angelicae Sinensis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

The three parts of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui) were reported to have different therapeutic effects. In order to investigate their chemical compositions of different parts of Danggui, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) combined with chemometrics data analysis was applied to provide a more detailed study. Subwindow factor analysis (SFA) and a modified augmented evolving window orthogonal projection (AEWOP) method were used to resolve the batch GC–MS data sets from the Danggui samples. Then, t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to carry out the comparison job. The results indicate which components are found to have significant differences among the three parts. These findings may be helpful for further research of the pharmacological activities of Danggui.

Lipids in grain tissues of oat (Avena sativa): differences in content, time of deposition, and fatty acid composition

Oat (Avena sativa) is unusual in comparison with other cereals since there are varieties with up to 18% oil content. The lipid content and fatty acid composition in different parts of the grain during seed development were characterized in cultivars Freja (6% oil) and Matilda (10% oil), using thin-layer and gas chromatography, and light and electron microscopy. The majority of lipids (86-90%) were found in the endosperm. Ninety-five per cent of the higher oil content of cv. Matilda compared with cv. Freja was due to increased oil content of the endosperm. Up to 84% of the lipids were deposited during the first half of seed development, when seeds where still green with a milky endosperm. Microscopy studies revealed that whereas oil bodies of the embryo and scutellum still contained a discrete shape upon grain maturation, oil bodies of the endosperms fused upon maturation and formed smears of oil.

Distinctive Molecular Composition of Human Gingival Interdental Papilla

Gingiva is composed of attached and marginal (free) gingiva and interdental papilla. Increasing esthetic demands in dentistry have created a need to restore all parts of the gingiva. However, the interdental papilla has limited regeneration potential compared to other parts of the gingiva. It also is more susceptible to gingival overgrowth, suggesting that it has distinct cellular and molecular properties from other parts of the gingiva. Very little is known about the possible differences in the molecular composition of different parts of the gingiva. We compared the expression of a set of key molecules in interdental papilla and marginal gingiva from seven healthy subjects by immunohistochemical staining. In the interdental papilla, immunoreactivity for integrin alphavbeta6 and cytokeratin 19 in the oral epithelium was significantly higher than in marginal gingiva. Expression of type I procollagen, extra domain A (EDA) and extra domain B (EDB) fibronectin isoforms, tenascin-C, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and the signaling molecule son-of-sevenless (SOS)-1 also were increased in the interdental papilla. The expression of small leucine-rich proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican in the interdental papilla was partially different from the marginal gingiva. Molecular composition of the interdental papilla is distinct from marginal gingiva. Increased expression of molecules normally induced in wound healing (alphavbeta6 integrin, fibronectin-EDB and -EDA, tenascin-C, type I procollagen, TGF-beta, CTGF, and SOS-1) suggests that the cells in the interdental papilla are in an activated state and/or inherently display a specific phenotype resembling wound healing.

Mössbauer and SEM study of Fe–Al film

Fe–Al alloy with Fe/Al ratio of 3:1 was first prepared by argon arc melting. It was subsequently coated on glass slide and cellophane tape using an electron beam gun system to have a thickness of 2,000 A. X-ray diffraction spectrum of the coated sample indicates a definite texture for the film with a preferential growth along the Fe(110) plane. SEM micrographs of the film showed the presence of nano islands of nearly 3 × 1012/m2 surface density. Composition of different parts of the film was determined using EDAX. Room temperature Fe-57 Mossbauer spectrum of coated sample showed the presence a quadrupole doublet with a splitting of 0.46 mm/s, which is typical of Al-rich iron compounds. MOKE study shows an in-plane magnetic moment.

Scanning Electron Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Study of Uterine and Placental Vascularization in the Rat During Different Stages of Pregnancy

During gestation, the uterus of eutherian mammals is subject to extensive modifications, which are most prominent in species with a haemochorial placenta. Pregnancy‐associated changes in haemochorial placental types includes a rearrangement of endometrial blood vessels together with a rapid invasion of the endometrium by trophoblast cells, inducing the alteration of the phenotype of stroma cells, which is called decidualization. The aim of this study is to re‐evaluate these modifications with special reference to the development of the placental vascularization during gestation of the rat. 15 Wistar rats were sacrificed on days 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 19 and 20 of gestation (2 per day) and during estrous cycle (1) and perfusion‐fixed. Implantation chambers and/or placental tissues were excised and paraffin‐embedded. Additionally vascular corrosion casts were produced on the same days of gestation from another series of rats, and examined scanning electron microscopically. Paraffin‐embedded sections were used for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against cytokeratin, α‐smooth muscle (sm) actin, and histochemistry with lectin (Lycopersicum esculentum). The histological findings were compared to the scanning electron microscopical results. Cytokeratin labelled epithelial cells, namely uterine luminal and glandular epithelium as well as most types of trophoblast cells. α‐sm actin was observed in smooth muscle cells, maternal vascular endothelium and decidua cells. Lycopersicum esculentum lectin was detected in endothelial cells and in yolk sac epithelium. The uterine microvasculature in the course of gestation showed specific alterations, like the development of spiral arteries and a central artery running straight to the fetal placental surface where it branches into arterioles. These arterioles feed the placental labyrinth through blood channels, which are lined by syncytiotrophoblast instead of endothelial cells. In parallel, the vascular diameter increases distinctly, and comparison to histology confirms the presence of protruding endovascular trophoblast cells as indentations on vascular casts. The present findings allow to establishing a reference defining the principal stages of the constitution and development of the chorioallantoic placenta, particularly with regard to the modifications concerning the morphology of the placental and uterine vessel tree, and the development of the cellular composition in different parts of the placenta.

The metasomatic alternative for ocean island basalt chemical heterogeneity

Subduction of oceanic lithosphere is thought to be responsible for producing heterogeneity in Earth's mantle; the heterogeneity is most clearly preserved in the compositions of ocean island basalts (OIB). The variation of trace element and isotopic ratios in OIB is commonly explained by recycling of ancient oceanic crust associated with terrigenous or pelagic sediment. However a variety of chemical and physical arguments seem to indicate that subducted oceanic crust is not the source of OIB. In particular, experimental petrologic studies indicate that the most plausible source for OIB is the partial melting of peridotite in the presence of CO 2 or silica-deficient pyroxenites. Alternative hypotheses for the source of OIB are subducted oceanic basal lithosphere enriched by metasomatic liquids and delaminated metasomatised continental lithosphere. Lithospheric metasomatism is common to both hypotheses and could produce silica-deficient pyroxenite; however, the exact chemical and physical nature of the process and how it leads to chemical variations in recycled lherzolite that produce the various OIB isotopic end-member “signatures” is unclear. Chemical variations observed in the Cantal basalt (France) are interpreted as the result of a lithospheric metasomatic mechanism and provide important new constraints on the nature of this metasomatic process. The Cantal basalts, similar to OIB in composition, show unusual variations in Nb / Th, Nb / U, La / Nb and Ce / Pb ratios from the first (13–9 Ma) to the last (9–3 Ma) emitted basalt. The basalts are homogeneous with respect to their Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic composition, ruling out variable sediment contamination of their mantle sources. We postulate that these trace element variations result from an evolution of metasomatic vein compositions present in a vein plus enclosing lithospheric mantle source. Cantal basalt compositions may be used to constrain the trace element variation generated by the evolution of a metasomatic agent within the lithosphere. Reconstruction of compositions in different parts of the lithosphere indicates significant heterogeneities in Th / Pb, U / Pb and Sm / Nd resulting from the metasomatic process. Subduction and isolation of this metasomatic lithosphere generates over 1–1.8 Ga, Nd and Pb isotopic variations similar to those observed in oceanic island basalts. Moreover, these isotopic variations are correlated with variations in trace element ratios commonly interpreted as the product of mixing between different end-member mantle components (HIMU and EM). The model calculations suggest that isotopic and trace element variations observed in OIB may more likely be the result of melting metasomatised subducted oceanic lithosphere rather than a mixture of chemically distinct mantle sources that formed and evolved independently from one another.

Yields and chemical composition of different parts of the common vetch of flowering and at two seed filling states

In annual forage legumes such as the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), in which the pods represent a substantial proportion of the total biomass, the optimum harvesting stage may not adjust to the classical model of decreasing nutritive value after flowering. The effect of harvest time on the yield of the main chemical components of common vetch was evaluated under field conditions typical of the Castilian Plain (Mediterranean continental-type climate under rain-fed conditions). Over two growing seasons (1996-1997 and 1997-1998), plants were harvested at flowering and at two stages during seed filling (characterized by a progressively higher dry matter content of the seed; 280 and 380 g kg-1 respectively). The results show that the greater quality and quantity of the pods offsets the decrease in quality occasioned by the aging of the vegetative plant parts (stems plus leaves). Crude protein yields were not affected by delaying the harvest-time. Starch yields were higher when the plant was harvested during seed-filling. Sugar yields increased between flowering and seed filling in the first growing season but decreased in the second. Yields of structural components such as neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre and acid-detergent cellulose, followed a pattern similar to that of crude protein. There therefore appears to be a flexible harvest period ranging from flowering until the beginning of seed filling (seeds with 380 g dry matter kg-1), which may be advantageous when trying to select optimum haymaking conditions.

Energy utilization and metabolism in spawning migrating Early Stuart sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): the migratory paradox

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were followed during their 1400-km-long migration from cessation of feeding outside British Columbia, Canada, up the Fraser River to spawning. Enzymatic capacity (indicative of glycolysis, β-oxidation, and respiratory chain ATP formation), muscle fibre size distribution, body and muscle conformation, and gross chemical composition in different parts of red and white muscle were monitored to determine energy strategies throughout the migration. The mobilization of extramuscular lipid depots was also monitored. The most conspicuous change in white muscle, concomitant with a large decrease in protein content, was an ordered reduction in muscle fibre size and lipid depots with distance covered, resulting in an accumulation of fibres with a cross section between 2000 and 6000 µm2and a maintained level of 4% intramuscular fat. A peak in oxidative capacity was noted in red muscle during the strenuous passage of Fraser Canyon. In white muscle, glycolytic capacity was maintained at least until passage of the Fraser Canyon. Enzymatic capacity was higher in the caudal than rostral part of the muscle. Differences were also found between lateral and dorsal parts of the white muscle, indicating significant differences in the timing and magnitude of enzymatic capacity of red and white muscle.

Elemental profile in some common medicinal plants of India. Its correlation with traditional therapeutic usage

Several parts of plants are used in herbal and Ayurvedic medicines of India. The different elemental constituents at trace levels of these plant parts play an effective role in the medicines prepared. Elemental composition of different parts (root, bark, leaf, seed) of some medicinal plants of North Eastern India has been determined by using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). A total of 14 elements, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb have been measured. Their concentrations were found to vary in different samples. Medicinal properties of these plant samples and their elemental distribution have been correlated.

Interaction between pulsed high-energy-density dusty plasma and alumina ceramics

Pulsed high-energy-density plasmas were used to process the surfaces of alumina ceramics. The morphology and composition of different parts of the surfaces of the as-processed samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The distinct morphology of the surfaces of the as-processed samples, particularly smooth areas and pits, was observed and studied. Uniform sub-micrometer particles about 250 nm in diameter were observed in the pits and proved to contain copper. No elemental copper was detected in the smooth areas. The analysis results showed that the plasmas were dusty. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to examine the valence of the copper. An adiabatic model was used to explain the observed phenomena. A possible method for rapid finishing of advanced ceramics was proposed.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of wild growing mushrooms and toadstools

Recently, there has been increase of general interest in fungi because of the possible medical applications of their polysaccharide constituents called glucans, some of which are reported to have immunomodulatory properties. Since an extraction method can change the chemical composition of a substance, especially a delicate one such as fungal thallus, it is necessary and useful to know more about the studied matter in advance in order to choose the chemical procedure properly. We demonstrated the usefulness of vibrational spectroscopy in identifying different glucan types in various parts of intact fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of spores and fruiting bodies of more than 70 species belonging to 37 different genera of wild growing mushrooms. The list of the bands in 750–950 cm −1 interval, assigned to α- and β-glucans, is provided for all species studied. Vibrational spectra in the interval 1000–1200 cm −1 could serve as an indicator of mushroom genus, although particular species cannot be identified spectroscopically. Great similarities in spectra of spores of the same genus, but different species, e.g. Tricholoma album and Trichloma sulphureum, were observed. On the other hand, spectra of cap, stalk and spores of the same mushroom show great differences, indicating variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body.

Lipids of different thallus regions of the brown algaSargassum miyabei from the Sea of Japan

The fatty acid and lipid composition of different parts of the thallus of the brown algaSargassum miyabei was studied. The upper and lower thallus regions markedly differed in amounts ofn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monoenoic fatty acids, phospholipids, and glycolipids. The lower thallus regions were rich in monoenoic fatty acids and phospholipids, while the upper parts had higher levels ofn-3 PUFAs and glycolipids.

Essential Oil Composition of Different Parts of Tetraclinis articulata

The work evaluates the yield and the composition of the essential oil extracted from leafy and woody branches, cones, and seeds of a cultivated stand of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters (Cupressaceae) growing in Malta. The main components were α-pinene, limonene, camphor, bornyl acetate, borneol and germacrene D. Our results show a number of differences in composition to a Moroccan study of the essential oil derived from homologous parts.

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry used as a microanalytical technique for the characterization ofOriganum heracleoticum from Calabria, southern Italy

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) was used as a microanalytical technique for the simultaneous analysis of different classes of compounds in different parts of Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart (syn. Origanum heracleoticum) plants growing wild in Calabria, southern Italy. White flower and pink flower Origanum plant were characterized. Corollas, calices, apical and basal leaves, and bracts, were analyzed by PY-GC/MS at 250 °C and 800 °C for 10 seconds. Terpenic and sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons from the essential oil fraction, and simple phenolics tentatively ascribed to moieties of flavonoids and glucosides, were determined. Aliquots in the mg-range of plant material were assayed as such with no extraction or use of different analytical techniques suited to the different chemical classes under investigation. Differences in the essential oil composition of different parts of the plants were shown. White flower and pink flower origanum essential oil compositions and amounts were compared. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Photosynthesis and associated metabolism during development of a Theobroma cacao hybrid with the lethal factor Luteus-Pa

The recessive lethal character Luteus-Pa, expressed as a yellowing of leaves of young seedlings and followed by death approximately 60 d after emergence, presents a 3:1 segregation in crosses and/or selfpollinated plants. We evaluated quantitatively the fluorescence emission of chlorophyll (Chl), gas exchange, and chemical composition of normal and recessive homozygous cacao seedlings of the cross Pa 121×Pa 169. The characteristics of Chl fluorescence kinetics were studied in stages B2, B3, C, D, and E of leaf development, corresponding to plant ages of 9 to 12, 13 to 15, 16 to 20, 21 to 30, and >30 d, respectively. Gas exchanges were measured in mature leaves of both seedlings. In regular intervals of 3 d beginning at 33 d after emergence, the seedlings were separated into roots, stems, leaves, and cotyledons to determine the contents of saccharides (SAC) and free amino acids (FAA) and variation of the leaf Chl content. The Chl distribution in complexes of the photosynthetic apparatus was analysed by SDS-PAGE in mature leaves of both normal and recessive 32-d-old seedlings. There were variations in Chl fluorescence, gas exchanges and chemical composition of different parts of both types of seedlings. However, no significant differences were found in the Chl distribution through photosynthetic complexes of 32-d-old normal and recessive homozygous seedlings. After that period a decrease in the Chl concentration was observed in the recessive seedlings, and only minimum fluorescence (F0) was found. The F0 values were higher in the recessive seedlings than in the normal ones. The net photosynthetic rate of mature leaves was negative in agreement with low conductance, transpiration rate, and high internal CO2 concentration. These factors might have contributed to a depletion in SAC in different plant parts. Although F0 partially reflects the Chl concentration in leaf tissue, the increase in its value was probably due to a damage in reaction centres of photosystem 2. Therefore, the growth and development of recessive homozygous seedlings depended exclusively on cotyledon reserves, the depletion of which leads to death.

Microstructure and character of laser remelting of plasma sprayed coating (Ni-Cr-B-Si) on Al-Si alloy

In this paper, a plasma sprayed coating (Ni-Cr-B-Si) on an Al-Si alloy surface was remelted by a 5 kW CO 2 laser. Structure and chemical composition of different parts of the laser melted zone were investigated. Hardness distribution in the laser melted zone was measured. Experimental results showed that chemical composition of the sample is not a well-distributed gradient because there is compositional segregation in the laser melted zone. In the surface of the laser-melted zone, a concentration of aluminium exists; and there is a concentration of Fe, Cr and Ni in the sub-surface of this zone. Corresponding to chemical compositional segregation, a aluminium-rich phase Al 3Ni emerges in the surface and the nickel-rich phases AlNi and AlNi 3 are found in the sub-surface. There are some amorphous regions with super-hardness in the sub-surface of the laser-melted zone. Owing to the tempering effect of laser scanning heat transfer, many nano-crystallites of AlNi 3 separate out from the amorphous structure. The hardness distribution in the laser-melted zone corresponds with the structure and solidification conditions. The highest hardness is in the amorphous and nano-crystallite regions. The higher hardness is in the Al + Al 3Ni eutectic structure region that is in the rapidly solidified surface and is in the fine needle-like Al 3Ni 2 structure region that is adjacent to the amorphous region. The thick needle-like Al 3Ni 2 structure has lower hardness.