Composite Technique Research Articles

Design optimization of lightweight automotive seatback through additive manufacturing compression overmolding of metal polymer composites

With the growing demand for enhanced automotive fuel efficiency and environmental sustainability, there is a need for lightweighting automotive components through innovative design and manufacturing processes. This study leverages a combination of numerical iterative design optimization and hybrid additive manufacturing–compression molding (AM-CM) technique for metal polymer composites to lightweight an automotive seatback. The AM-CM process enables robust mechanical interlocking between metals and composites, boasting high stiffness and strength with low overall density. Replacing metallic components with such metal polymer composites allows for comparable mechanical performance while significantly reducing the overall weight. First, the automotive seatback design space is reduced to critical load carrying regions using topology optimization and high stress concentration areas are identified using finite element analysis. Next, a lightweight metal polymer subcomponent is designed for a high stress concentration region. The full seatback frame with spatially heterogeneous material-specific design is then iteratively optimized to enable enhanced stiffness with minimal weight. Overall, the automotive seatback frame designed with location-specific metal, polymer, and metal polymer composite materials weighs 20% less than the metal-only design while exhibiting similar stiffness.

Study on the microstructure, recrystallization, and mechanical properties of hot-press sintered (TiC + B4C)/6061Al composites during hot rolling

Hot rolling is a vital secondary processing technique for aluminum matrix composites. To explore the forming mechanism of (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites during hot rolling, the 6061Al and (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites were fabricated via vacuum hot-press sintering followed by hot rolling. The results show that reinforcing particles changed the distribution of Si and resulted in the in-situ generation of SiC in hot-rolled (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites. During hot rolling, reinforcing particles inhibited the elongation and refined the size of Al grains, and contributed to further enhancing the hardness and strength of hot-rolled 6061Al. With the hot rolling reduction rate increasing, the hardness and strength of hot-rolled (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites improved, and the refinement effect of reinforcing particles intensified. Both reinforcing particles and hot rolling exhibited effects on the recrystallization behavior of 6061Al during hot rolling, primarily through particle induced nucleation mechanism and strain induced grain boundary migration mechanism. Remarkably, the strength achieved by hot-rolled (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites at a 20% hot rolling reduction rate rivals that of hot-rolled 6061Al at an 80% hot rolling reduction rate, while still preserving high plasticity. Hot-rolled (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites predominantly exhibited the ductile fracture of aluminum matrix and cleavage fracture of particles, and the ductile fracture characteristics gradually weakened with the hot rolling reduction rate increasing. The dislocation increment strengthening mechanism contributed the most to the strength improvement of hot-rolled (TiC+B4C)/6061Al composites. This study can provide valuable insights into aluminum matrix composites.

Optimization of Cyanide-Free Composite Electrodeposition Based on π-π Interactions Preparation of Silver-Graphene Composite Coatings for Electrical Contact Materials.

With the rapid development of industrial automation and power electronics, the requirements for electrical contact materials are increasing. However, traditional electrical contact materials encountered significant bottlenecks in terms of performance enhancement and production environmental friendliness. Therefore, this paper proposes a new material design idea that utilizes π-π interactions between graphene and compounds with conjugated structures in order to achieve uniform dispersion of graphene in the metal matrix and thus enhance the performance of composites. Based on this design idea, we used nicotinic acid, which has a conjugated structure and is safe, as the complexing agent, and successfully prepared high-quality silver-graphene (Ag-G) composite coatings with graphene uniformly dispersed in the metal matrix on copper substrates by composite electrodeposition technique. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of composite coatings were investigated by hardness test and X-ray diffractometer, and the tribological properties of the composite coatings and the comprehensive performance under the current carrying conditions were systematically evaluated by using friction and wear tester and load key life tester. The results show that the Ag-G composite coatings have significant advantages in mechanical, tribological, and current carrying conditions. This result not only verifies the feasibility of the design idea of the material, but also provides a new direction for the research and development of electrical contact materials.

Graft take outcomes of burn patients transplanted with CEA derived from a modified composite culture technique: A case series.

Low-cost and efficient culture environments comparable to standard techniques would undoubtedly improve burn outcomes in under-resourced settings. The aim of this case series was to report on the CEA graft-take using a modified composite culture technique. CEA transplants, following emergency ethical approval, occurred for burn patients (n=25) with low survival prognosis and/or exhausted donor sites. Keratinocytes were retrieved from skin biopsies, seeded centrally on routinely-used dressing gauze and incubated at 37 °C in pediatric incubators. Fresh autogenous plasma was applied daily and hydrogel every third or fourth day. After confluence, the CEA was transplanted onto debrided wound beds. Xenografts were used for temporary cover during the culture period. Final graft take assessment (21 days) was assessed and calculated as a graft take percentage for total CEA area transplanted. Central indices were described as mean (95% CI) and frequency (%) for age, total body surface area, abbreviated burn severity index scores, survival prognosis and graft take. Eleven patients survived with a mean age of 36.1 years (95% CI 25.8-46.4), 45.0 %TBSA burns (95% CI 35.1-54.9), 9.7 ABSI scores (95% CI 8.6-10.8) and 79.5% graft take (95% CI 62.9-96.0). Reduced graft take (61.2%) was observed in patients with perineum burns and increased graft take (97%) in uncomplicated burns. The average CEA graft take was 79.5% using a low-cost culture technique and comparable to the largest case series in literature. The survival of the major burn cases was highly favourable considering injury severity, expected outcomes without CEA and the observed challenges.

Combining Spark Plasma Sintering with laser cladding: A new strategy for fabricating microstructure of defect-free and highly wear-resistant AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy

This study investigates the advantages of combining Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) with Laser Cladding (LC) technology in the production of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA). By comprehensively applying SPS and LC composite processing techniques, we achieve rapid preparation of high-performance AlCoCrFeNi HEA. SPS technology enables rapid sintering under high-temperature conditions, while LC technology allows precise control of microstructure generation on the workpiece surface. Experimental results show that AlCoCrFeNi HEA prepared by single SPS technology exhibits a body-centered cubic (BCC) solid solution structure, while AlCoCrFeNi HEA processed with a combination of SPS and LC techniques demonstrates a complex microstructure consisting of equiaxed BCC phase, uniformly distributed granular face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solution, and α-Al2O3 ceramic phase. Composite processing also eliminates voids and pores caused by single SPS processing, resulting in AlCoCrFeNi HEA with low porosity. Furthermore, the maximum hardness of AlCoCrFeNi HEA produced by composite processing technology is approximately 644.1HV, significantly higher than that of AlCoCrFeNi HEA processed solely by SPS (approximately 328.7HV). Wear test results show that AlCoCrFeNi HEA processed by composite machining exhibits significant advantages in wear resistance, with the width and depth of wear tracks significantly reduced compared to AlCoCrFeNi HEA processed solely by SPS technology, with a 33.17% higher wear rate. In conclusion, composite processing using SPS combined with LC technology enables rapid preparation of AlCoCrFeNi HEA with low porosity, high hardness, and high wear resistance.

3D printing of hydrogel composite systems: Recent advances in technology for tissue engineering.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of hydrogels is now an attractive area of research due to its capability to fabricate intricate, complex and highly customizable scaffold structures that can support cell adhesion and promote cell infiltration for tissue engineering. However, pure hydrogels alone lack the necessary mechanical stability and are too easily degraded to be used as printing ink. To overcome this problem, significant progress has been made in the 3D printing of hydrogel composites with improved mechanical performance and biofunctionality. Herein, we provide a brief overview of existing hydrogel composite 3D printing techniques including laser based-3D printing, nozzle based-3D printing, and inkjet printer based-3D printing systems. Based on the type of additives, we will discuss four main hydrogel composite systems in this review: polymer- or hydrogel-hydrogel composites, particle-reinforced hydrogel composites, fiber-reinforced hydrogel composites, and anisotropic filler-reinforced hydrogel composites. Additionally, several emerging potential applications of hydrogel composites in the field of tissue engineering and their accompanying challenges are discussed in parallel.

A Composite Application Technique of Single-stage Dermal Templates to Improve Handling and Ease of Use.

The "work horse" for the treatment of full-thickness defects of any etiology, including chronic nonhealing wounds and traumatic injuries, is generally autologous split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs), meshed, hand-fenestrated, or a sheet graft. Advancements in skin tissue engineering have allowed for the integration of dermal substitutes to be combined with autologous STSGs, adding valuable options for restoring the skin's complex multilayered structure. Although dermal templates offer a promising avenue for more nuanced reconstruction in certain cases, their application is not without challenges, particularly when they are made from delicate materials. The following technique simplifies the application technique of single-stage dermal templates by using a composite approach. To demonstrate this technique, MatriDerm, a 1-mm-thick bovine collagen-elastin dermal template, is used to enable an STSG to be applied in a one-stage procedure.

Composite Sling: A Strategy for Enhancing Inferolateral Support in Mastopexy with Implant.

Augmentation mastopexy has attracted the attention of numerous authors seeking to improve surgical outcomes and ensure breast implant stability. The utilization of the dual plane technique with a lateral sling, pioneered by Ono and Karner, has demonstrated effectiveness in providing long-term implant support. However, challenges arise in cases of anatomical variations, such as a short pectoralis major (PM) muscle or chest, necessitating alternative approaches like the composite sling. This study presents a technique designed to elongate and broaden the lateral sling to enhance implant support. The composite sling incorporates components from the abdominal part of the PM muscle, the aponeurotic/muscular part of the external oblique muscle, and the cranial part of the rectus abdominis. Procedures were performed on 29 patients using the composite sling technique from July 2022 to October 2023. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 18 months (average of 11.89 months). The lateral sling approach was successfully extended to cases with a short PM muscle or chest, previously managed using the dual plane technique without inferolateral support. No increase in complications or implant displacements was observed compared with the original lateral sling approach. However, four reoperations addressed issues such as dog ears, scarring, and minor asymmetries. Consistent results were observed throughout the follow-up period, particularly in maintaining upper pole fullness and preventing lower pole ptosis. The composite sling approach provides a viable solution for cases where the original sling technique is impractical. Its implementation could broaden surgical options and optimize results, particularly in cases of unfavorable anatomy.

Biophysics indicators as the sustainable strategy for river pollution control (case study in Jangkok River, Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara)

Background: Sungai Jangkok is one of those considered heavily polluted in NTB. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) value has exceeded the standard for Class II water quality, and according to the Family Biotic Index (FBI) value, the river falls under the category of heavy organic pollution. The research objective is to realize sustainable management of the Jangkok Watershed in accordance with its river functions by implementing pollution control strategies. Methods: Data collection was conducted using questionnaires and interviews with the public and stakeholders (government and NGOs). Water quality data was obtained from DLHK NTB and DLH Mataram City, and sampling was carried out using the composite sample technique. The methods employed were STORET, QUAL2Kw, logistic regression, and SWOT. Findings: The research findings indicate that, in general, the Jangkok River in Mataram City falls into the heavily polluted category from 2015 to 2022, with an average STORET score of -79.25. Moreover, the pollution loads of BOD, COD, and TSS entering the river have exceeded the pollution carrying capacity. The condition is influenced by several factors, including the less favorable perception of pollution status (67%) and the usefulness of the river (59%) by the community. Additionally, the persistent behavior of littering and/or defecating in the river (23%), inadequate preventive practices (59%), insufficient wastewater disposal facilities (40%), and improper waste management (58%) are contributing factors. Moreover, the existence of houses backing up to the river (59%) also plays a role in the current condition. Some of the causes are the lack of synergy across administrative regions between stakeholders, the absence of law enforcement for the community, dependency on government budget for work programs, and the lack of incentives. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research suggests that the most effective strategy for taking is to develop a program for reducing pollutant loads that is integrated across districts and cities, integrated across agencies with various levels of authority, integrated with the community, and in accordance with the river's actual conditions and the socioeconomic community. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study provides a novel approach by integrating quantitative water quality modeling (QUAL2Kw) with community behavior analysis to develop a sustainable and comprehensive strategy for controlling river pollution in the Jangkok watershed, Mataram City.

Influence of dual axial magnetic field and welding parameters on weld characteristics in GTAW process

A methodology has been proposed that is capable of altering arc shape as per the requirement using an external magnetic field. Eight magnetic configurations were explored, out of which the N-S-S-N configuration yielded a wider bead width and lower penetration without any change in process parameters, which is more suitable for cladding and hard-facing applications. The central composite design technique has optimized the process parameters to achieve the maximum cladding width. Further, the effect of the selected configuration on the characteristics of claddings in terms of bonding strength, microhardness, and metallurgical properties have been investigated at optimal parameters. This investigation selected the SA 516 grade 70 as a substrate and SS 308 L as a cladding material. It was observed that bead width increases with increased excitation current and decreased travel speed. The maximum bead width (10.89 mm) was achieved at a 1.8 A excitation current and 1 mm/sec travel speed. The experiment has been conducted on the optimized value of process parameters to validate the developed model. A comparative study between magnetically controlled (MC-GTAW) and conventional GTAW processes. The result revealed that the MC-GTAW process has wider bead width (9.95 mm) and higher average hardness (391.45 HV), which is 67% and 15% more than that of the conventional GTAW process, respectively. The microstructure analysis has revealed that the MC-GTAW process yielded more granular bainite and refined grains. The claddings were subjected to a side bend test, which showed a good bonding strength between the substrate and the deposited metal.

The Artistic Characteristics and Singing Analysis of the Ancient Poetry Art Song Ru Meng Ling

Art songs based on classical Chinese poetry began to emerge in the 1920s and have since become a common and significant genre in contemporary Chinese vocal music. This genre uniquely combines Western compositional techniques with ancient Chinese poetry, resulting in songs that feature piano accompaniments and melodies that align with the emotional trajectory of the lyrics while also embedding the deep cultural heritage of China. These songs embody the enduring beauty of Chinese culture, with long, melodious tunes and a timeless ancient charm. Whether in the process of tracing their origins, studying them, or performing them, people are invariably moved by their cultural significance, thereby enhancing cultural identity and confidence. This genre adds a vibrant hue to the development of modern music. This paper focuses on Li Qingzhao's poem "Like a Dream: Often Remembering the Sunset at the Creek Pavilion" and the art song "Like a Dream" composed by Wang Chao. Using literature research, score analysis, and inductive methods, the paper explores and reflects on the song from two perspectives: its artistic characteristics and vocal performance analysis.

Heterophony in “Solo for Marimbaphone and Vibraphone”, Composed by Ştefan Niculescu

Composed on the background of heterophony “Solo for marimbaphone and vibraphone” remains a unique opus in the genre’s literature. Certainly, an opus which highlights the composer’s remarkable style and talent for creating new compositional techniques having links with modern mathematics, especially with graph theory and group theory. That is why this work illustrates the composer’s modern vision on music in respect with the rising of heterophony, at the standard of syntax and stylization proper to XX century contemporary music. This article seeks to demonstrate that the aesthetic value of “Solo” is given by an internal unity making both marimbaphone and vibraphone complete heterophony, to give out a simultaneous variation of a single melodic line. Keywords: heterophony, sound edifice, intensity and string of sound events

Evaluation of direct restorations for pit-and-fissure caries using stamp combined with single-shade composite resin technique: A 12-month follow-up in vivo study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical performance of direct restorations for pit-and-fissure caries in molars using stamp combined with single-shade composite resin (S/SCR) technique, and assess the effect of the number of stamp pressing on the trueness of S/SCR technique. MethodsTwenty molars of fifteen patients with pit-and-fissure caries but with an intact or micro-cavitated occlusal morphology were restored using S/SCR technique and were randomly divided into single pressing group (n = 10) and double pressing group (n = 10). Intraoral scans were obtained before treatment (scan 1), after filling (scan 2) and after polishing (scan 3). Deviation distribution maps of pairwise fitting were created including comparison 1 (scan1/scan 2), comparison 2 (scan1/scan 3), and comparison 3 (scan2/scan 3) using Geomagic Control X software. Root mean square (RMS) values were calculated to evaluate the trueness of restorations. Clinical performances including esthetic, functional, and biological properties of all restorations were evaluated according to FDI criteria after a 12-month follow-up. Analysis of variance, independent-samples T test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for statistical analysis (α=0.05). ResultsRMS values for comparison 1, comparison 2, and comparison 3 were 0.1243 ± 0.0151, 0.0966 ± 0.0136, and 0.0605 ± 0.0137 mm in single pressing group, while 0.0831 ± 0.0140, 0.0741 ± 0.0107, and 0.0475 ± 0.0099 mm in double pressing group, respectively. RMS value of single pressing group was higher than that of double pressing group in the same comparison (p ≤ 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding esthetic, functional and biological properties (p > 0.05). For all properties, all restorations scored within 3, with over 80% scoring 1. ConclusionS/SCR technique presents satisfying clinical performances for pit-and-fissure caries in molars after a 12-month follow-up. Besides, double pressing can improve the trueness of restorations compared to single pressing. Clinical significanceS/SCR technique is efficient in direct composite resin restoration for pit-and-fissure caries, with satisfying esthetic, functional and biological properties after a 12-month follow-up. Significantly, double pressing improves the trueness of S/SCR technique, reducing the need for occlusion adjustment.

Da Pacem Domine by Arvo Pärt. The Stylistic and Interpretative Analysis – Conductor’s Guide

The piece “Da pacem Domine” (Give us peace, O Lord), by Arvo Pärt was inspired by a Gregorian antiphon from the 9th century. Written in the original tintinnabuli style, the piece uses numerous compositional techniques belonging to the early Renaissance period called Cantus firmus, parallel organum, faux bourdon, Landini cadence or anticipations, but also and even a modern way of vocal scoring: the “pointillistic polyphony”. The work is divided into four sections, corresponding to the four verses of the prayer and the gravitational centre of the music is D. To impart expressive meaning to the musical performance, the interprets, both the conductor or singers can consider the following elements: homogeneity in individual voices and ensemble performance, different singing modalities (legato/non-legato) alternating between moments of cadence and the rest of the piece, the technique of attack and sound placement, finding and maintaining an appropriate inner state reflecting the ideas of the text and the general character of the piece. Keywords: Da pacem Domine, Arvo Pärt, style, interpretation, analyse, conductor, guide

A Multilevel Analysis of Fazil Say’s Sonata for Violin and Piano Op.7

This article introduces Fazıl Say’s Sonata for Violin and Piano op. 7, composed in 1997, shortly after his international success. Despite being an early work, it exhibits the architectural complexity characteristic of Say’s style, blending his Turkish cultural heritage with innovative compositional techniques. The authors aim to analyze this sonata thoroughly, exploring its mature style and cultural influences in order to provide a series of guiding principles for interpretation. They discuss the architectural and semantic meanings that reside in the incorporation of Turkish musical elements, such as modal approaches, folk traditions, and dance rhythms, throughout the sonata’s three movements. Each movement is examined, highlighting technical challenges, interpretive nuances, and thematic connections to Turkish culture. The sonata’s structure, culminating in a palindromic arrangement, is investigated, emphasizing its coherence and narrative thread. The first movement introduces melancholic themes, the second movement evokes Turkish instruments and rhythmic patterns, the third movement emulates the Horon dance, and the second to last movement draws from Turkish folk songs. The conclusion praises Say’s fusion of tradition and innovation, highlighting the interpretive freedom left to performers and listeners. Overall, the Sonata op. 7 reflects Say’s distinctive musical language and showcases his prowess as both a pianist and composer, blending tradition with modernity in a captivating manner. Keywords: Fazıl Say, Sonata op. 7, violin, piano, Turkish culture, composition, musical elements, modal approaches, folk traditions, dance rhythms, interpretation, structure, thematic connections, melancholy, Turkish instruments, rhythmic patterns, Horon dance, folk songs, tradition, innovation, interpretive freedom.

Ligeti in Cologne

György Ligeti’s stay in Cologne from 1957 until 1959 played a decisive role in his life. After more than three decades living under more or less strict political control, finally Ligeti could experience peace and personal freedom. Many talks with Karlheinz Stockhausen, who explained his particular musical ideas and serial composition techniques in detail, and the access to the Electronic Music Studio at the West German Broadcasting Station, where Gottfried Michael Koenig would introduce him to the specific ways of theoretical thinking and the practical methods in the field of electronic composition, opened for him the domain of the New Music. And Ligeti’s own realizations Glissandi and Artikulation marked an important turning point in his musical practice in general. Keywords: György Ligeti, Glissandi, Aventures, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Gesang der Jünglinge, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Mauricio Kagel, Anagrama, Franco Evangelisti, Incontri di fasce sonori, Herbert Brün, electronic music.

Efficient fabrication technique and dynamic property characterization of macro fiber composites

This paper proposes an efficient technique for the fabrication of macro fiber composite (MFC) and characterizes the properties of MFC under dynamic voltage. First, the fabrication process is described in detail. Then, the effects of peak-to-peak value, frequency and dc bias on the electric-field-induced strain are analyzed. Finally, the mechanical properties are evaluated based on the mixing rules, and the prediction model of electrical parameters is established using the fitting functions. The experimental results show that the proposed fabrication technique effectively suppresses the generation of defects and the electric field variation has significant effects on the actuating properties.

Machine learning and remote sensing-based lithological mapping of the Duwi Shear-Belt area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

Machine learning and remote sensing techniques are widely accepted as valuable, cost-effective tools in lithological discrimination and mineralogical investigations. The current study represents an attempt to use machine learning classification along with several remote sensing techniques being applied to Landsat-8/9 satellite data to discriminate the various outcropping lithological rock units at the Duwi Shear Belt (DSB) area in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Multi-class machine learning classification, multiple conventional remote sensing mapping techniques, spectral separability analysis based on the Jeffries-Matusita (J-M) distance measure, fieldwork, and petrographic investigations were integrated to enhance the lithological discrimination of the exposed rock units at DSB area. The well-recognized machine learning classifier (Support Vector Machine—SVM) was adopted in this study, with training data determined carefully based on enhancing the lithological discrimination attained from various remote sensing techniques of False Color Composites (FCC), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), along with the fieldwork data and the previously published geologic maps. High overall accuracy of the SVM classification was obtained, however, inspection of the individual rock unit classes’ accuracies revealed lower accuracy for certain types of rock units which were also found associated with lower separability scores as well. Among the least separable rock units were; metagabbro rocks that showed high spectral similarity with the volcaniclastic metasediments rocks, and the metaultramafics of the ophiolitic mélange showed spectral attitude of high correlation to that of the Hammamat volcanosedimentary rocks. Target-oriented Color Ratio Composites (CRC) technique was implemented to better discriminate these hardly separable rock units. A final integrated geological map was obtained comprising the various discriminated Neoproterozoic basement rock units of the DSB area. The successfully mapped litho-units include; Meatiq Group (amphibolites, gneissic granitoids, and mylonitized granitoids), ophiolitic mélange (metaultramafics, metagabbro-amphibolites, and volcaniclastic metasediments), Dokhan volcanics, Hammamat sediments, and granites. An adequate description of these rock units was also given in light of the conducted intense fieldwork and petrographic investigations.

A Review of Fluoride Removal from Phosphorous Gypsum: A Quantitative Analysis via a Machine Learning Approach.

This review comprehensively explores fluoride removal from phosphogypsum, focusing on its composition, fluorine-containing compounds, characterization methods, and defluorination techniques. It initially outlines the elemental composition of phosphogypsum prevalent in major production regions and infers the presence of fluorine compounds based on these constituents. The study highlights X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a pivotal method for characterizing fluorine compounds, emphasizing its capability to determine precise binding energies essential for identifying various fluorine species. Additionally, the first-principle density functional theory (DFT) is employed to estimate binding energies of different fluorine-containing compounds. Significant correlations are observed between the total atomic energy of binary fluorides (e.g., of alkali metals, earth metals, and boron group metals) and XPS binding energies. However, for complex compounds like calcium fluorophosphate, correlations with the calculated average atomic total energy are less direct. The review categorizes defluorination methods applied to phosphogypsum as physical, chemical, thermal, and thermal-combined processes, respectively. It introduces neural network machine learning (ML) technology to quantitatively analyze and optimize reported defluorination strategies. Simulation results indicate potential optimizations based on quantitative analyses of process conditions reported in the literature. This review provides a systematic approach to understanding the phosphogypsum composition, fluorine speciation, analytical methodologies, and effective defluorination strategies. The attempts of adopting DFT simulation and quantitative analysis using ML in optimization underscore its potential and feasibility in advancing the industrial phosphogypsum defluorination process.

Microleakage Assessment Using Different Composite Application Techniques in Primary Molars. An In-Vitro Comparative Study

Microleakage Assessment Using Different Composite Application Techniques in Primary Molars. An In-Vitro Comparative Study