Properties Of Composites Research Articles

Preparation of multiaxial glass fiber/epoxy prepreg and its mechanical properties in composites

AbstractThis study investigates the mechanical properties of composites made from biaxial warp‐knitted glass fiber/epoxy prepregs (BW‐GF/EP) in comparison to plain woven glass fiber/epoxy prepregs (PW‐GF/EP). The BW‐GF/EP composites demonstrated superior tensile strength, with an increase of 9.5%, and bending strength, with an increase of 12.2%, compared to the PW‐GF/EP composites. Despite having a lower tensile modulus, the BW‐GF/EP composites exhibited 8.7% higher interlaminar shear strength. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that both materials had similar storage and loss moduli at lower temperatures, with PW‐GF/EP performing better at higher temperatures. Microscopy revealed that failure in PW‐GF/EP occurred at weave intersections, while BW‐GF/EP composites showed fiber rupture and delamination. The findings highlight the advantages of using biaxial warp‐knitted fabrics for improved composite performance.Highlights Developed biaxial warp‐knitted fabric prepregs to replace liquid molding techniques. Improved interlaminar shear strength, reducing delamination risks in composites. Achieved higher tensile and bending strength compared to plain weave composites. Enhanced resin impregnation and molding efficiency with biaxial warp‐knitted fabrics. Reduced environmental impact and costs by avoiding VOCs and minimizing waste.

Evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of epoxy resin hybrid composites reinforced with date palm stem fibre and glass fibre

This study investigates the mechanical properties of epoxy resin hybrid composites reinforced with date palm stem fibres (DPSF) and glass fibres (GF). Natural fibres like DPSF offer numerous advantages, including low cost, renewability and biodegradability, making them environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fibres. GF, on the other hand, is well-known for its high strength and lightweight properties, making it ideal for various industrial applications. In this research, DPSF and GF were combined to create hybrid composites, aiming to enhance mechanical properties and reduce production costs compared to pure GF composites. The study involved the preparation of DPSF and the fabrication of composites using a hand lay-up approach with varying fibre proportions, followed by mechanical testing that included impact, flexural, tensile test and as well as a water absorption test. The results show that both the flexural and tensile strengths of a composite with epoxy resin containing 10 wt%DPSF and 10 wt%GF improved significantly, resulting in a tensile strength of 17.75 MPa and a flexural strength of 48.13 MPa, along with a favourable reduction in water absorption. The impact strength was significantly increased by the optimal integration of a composite with epoxy resin containing 20 wt% DPSF and 10 wt% GF. These findings suggest that the hybrid composites demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties, revealing the combined benefits of DPSF and GF. This study underscores the potential of DPSF-GF reinforced composites as a cost-effective and mechanically strong alternative to conventional GF composites.

Phytochemical Composition and Characterization of In Vitro Bioactivities from Pinus Using Green Process

Pinus species are notable in Mediterranean regions due to their ecological and economic importance. Various parts of these species are widely used in traditional medicine, especially pinecones, which are a significant source of bioactive compounds. The current study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological properties of the aqueous extracts obtained by maceration from three Pinus petal fractions, from P. halepensis Mill., P. brutia Ten., and P. pinea L. (APW, BPW, and PPW respectively), and the core fractions of the same species (ACW, BCW, and PCW respectively). The results showed that APW demonstrated superior performance compared to other species and fractions (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest total polyphenol content (203.51 mg GAE/g DW) and the highest antioxidant potential (IC50 = 13.51 µg/mL) against DPPH free radical. All extracts showed high anticancer activity against HeLa and HepG2 cancer cell lines, and low inhibition against HEK-293, a normal cell line (<15%), indicating that none of extracts have any toxicity effect. Furthermore, only APW exhibits a significant inhibition against α-glucosidase with 77.20% at 50 µg/mL. HPLC-DAD analysis was conducted to identify 14 compounds. GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify 28 compounds, of which 11 were detected for the first time in this species. This study offers valuable insights into phytochemistry and potential therapeutic applications of pinecones.

Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Application of Rosa damascena Essential Oil as an Antimicrobial Agent in Minimally Processed Eggplant Inoculated with Salmonella enterica

Rosa damascena is mostly grown for its usage in the food, medical, and perfume industries, while it is also used as an attractive plant in parks, gardens, and homes. The use of R. damascena essential oil may yield new results in relation to the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their use mainly in extending the shelf life of foods. This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Rosa damascena essential oil (RDEO) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and various bioassays to explore its potential applications in food preservation and microorganism growth control. The GC-MS analysis revealed that RDEO is predominantly composed of phenylethyl alcohol (70%), which is known for its antimicrobial and aromatic properties. Additionally, other significant constituents were identified, including nerol, citronellol, and geraniol, which may contribute to the EOs overall bioactivity. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through the minimal inhibition concentration against five Candida yeast strains, four Gram-positive, and four Gram-negative bacteria, including biofilm-forming Salmonella enterica. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) revealed the strongest effects of RDEO’s on Gram-negative species, with MIC50 values as low as 0.250 mg/mL for S. enterica. Moreover, an in situ assessment utilizing fruit and vegetable models demonstrated that the vapor phase of RDEO significantly suppressed microbial growth, with the most substantial reductions observed on kiwi and banana models. As a result of our study, the antimicrobial effect of RDEO on the microbiota of sous vide processed eggplant was detected, as well as an inhibitory effect on S. enterica during storage. The insecticidal activity against Megabruchidius dorsalis Fahreus, 1839, was also studied in this work and the best insecticidal activity was found at the highest concentrations. These results suggest that RDEO has the potential to serve as a natural antimicrobial agent in food preservation and safety applications, providing an alternative to synthetic preservatives.

Development of Plant-Based Burgers with Partial Replacement of Texturized Soy Protein by Agaricus bisporus: Effects on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties

This study aims to develop plant-based burgers with partial replacement of texturized soy protein (TSP) by Agaricus bisporus mushrooms at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The substitution was evaluated regarding its impact on the burgers’ chemical composition, texture, color, cooking performance, and sensory properties. Chemical analyses showed a significant increase in moisture content starting from the 10% substitution level, contributing to improved juiciness. Protein content remained similar to the control until the 15% substitution level, while the fat content showed no significant variation among treatments. The texture profile indicated reduced hardness in burgers with mushroom enrichment, particularly at 5% and 10%, leading to a more tender product. Color analysis revealed a reduction in lightness (L*) and red intensity (a*) with increased mushroom levels. Sensory analysis showed that burgers with up to a 15% substitution level maintained consumer acceptance comparable to the control, with attributes such as “softness”, “pleasant color”, and “good appearance” positively correlated with consumer acceptance. The findings indicate that Agaricus bisporus mushrooms can be effectively used as a partial substitute for TSP in plant-based burgers, enhancing sensory properties without compromising quality. This substitution offers a promising approach to diversifying ingredients in plant-based products while maintaining desirable characteristics for consumers.

Regulation of Interface Compatibility and Performance in Soft Magnetic Composites with Inorganic Insulation Layers by FePO4 Intermediate Transition Layer

In the fabrication of soft magnetic composites, the lattice mismatch between the inorganic insulation layer and the iron matrix often leads to the formation of cracks during the molding process, which significantly impairs the operational performance of the materials. Consequently, it is imperative to develop novel strategies for inorganic insulation coatings that offer high electrical resistivity and thermal stability and are less susceptible to cracking during formation. This paper presents a new structure for soft magnetic composites that incorporates FePO4 as an intermediate transition layer between the iron-based soft magnetic particles and the inorganic ceramic insulation layer. This configuration is designed to provide insulation coatings with superior voltage and thermal resistance, as well as high electrical resistivity. The research details the processes forming the FePO4 intermediate transition layer and the SiO2 insulation layer on the iron powder surface, along with their interaction mechanisms. An analysis comparing the scenarios with and without the FePO4 intermediate transition layer shows its beneficial impact on the magnetic properties and mechanical strength of the soft magnetic composites. Further investigations reveal that at a phosphoric acid concentration of 1 wt.%, the FePO4 layer significantly enhances the interface compatibility between the Fe powder matrix and the SiO2 insulation layer. Under these conditions, the Fe@ FePO4/SiO2 soft magnetic composites demonstrate outstanding overall performance: the saturation magnetization stands at 215.60 emu/g, effective permeability at 83.2, resistivity at 57.42 Ω·m, power loss at 375.0 kW/m3 under 30 mT/100 kHz, and radial compressive strength at 15.95 Kgf. These findings offer novel insights and practical approaches for advancing inorganic insulation coating strategies and provide vital scientific support for further enhancing the magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic composites.

Study on the Thermal Control Performance of Mg-Li Alloy Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating in High-Temperature Environments

This paper reports on the successful preparation of a low absorption–emission thermal control coating on the surface of LAZ933 magnesium–lithium alloy using the micro-arc oxidation method. This study analyzed the microstructure, phase composition, and thermal control properties of the coating using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible near-infrared spectroscopy (UV-VIS-NIR) and infrared emissivity measurements. The results indicate that the hemispherical emissivity of the coating remains unaffected with an increase in temperature and holding time, while the solar absorption ratio gradually increases. The thermal control performance of the coating after a high-temperature experiment was found to be related to the diffusion of the Li metal element in the magnesium lithium alloy matrix, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), flame graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES). As the holding time is extended, the coating structure gradually loosens under thermal stress. The Li metal element in the substrate diffuses outward and reacts with O2, H2O and CO2 in the air, forming LiO2, LiOH, Li2CO3 and other products. This reaction affects the coating’s solar absorption ratio in the end.

Submerge-emerge alternation promotes sediment per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) release and bioaccumulation

Understanding the sediment release and plant bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) under submerge-emerge alternation (SE) is crucial to predicting their transport and fate in the riparian zones. In the present study, a simulational device was firstly constructed to explore the effects of SE on the transport of PFASs in riparian sediment-plant systems and the underlying mechanisms. The submerge (CS) and emerge (CE) situations were compared. The results showed that SE significantly enhanced the transport and bioaccumulation of PFASs in sediments. Compared with the initial concentration, PFASs in sediments decreased by 81.84 %, 50.48 %, and 21.68 % in the SE, CS, and CE groups, respectively. The bioaccumulation of PFASs in plant roots in the SE group was 1.26 and 4.16 times higher than that in the CS and CE groups, respectively, and the bioaccumulation of PFASs in leaves in the SE group was 2.05 and 1.71 times higher than that in the other two groups. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and molecular properties under SE were recognized as the dominant factors regulating the release of PFASs from sediments. Root morphology and low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates were closely associated with the bioaccumulation of PFASs in plants. Among the substitutes, hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) demonstrated greater hydrophobicity, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (Gen-X) had greater mobility, and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) accumulated more in plants. This study has expanded the understanding of the geochemical cycling of PFASs in riparian sediment-plant systems under submerge-emerge alternation.

Biocompatible supramolecular hydrogels based on polysaccharide-modified hyaluronic acid for targeted delivering of doxorubicin

ABSTRACT In this paper, Biocompatible supramolecular hydrogels, composed of β-cyclodextrin-modified hyaluronic acid, pluronic F127, α-cyclodextrin and doxorubicin, were constructed, which can be employed for targeted delivery system. The chemical composition and rheological properties of the obtained hydrogels were fully characterised. Considering the controlled complexation between DOX and the hydrogel skeletons, the controlled release of hydrogel G[5, 10, 5] was investigated to exhibit a better pH- and temperature-controlled release behavior. The data of DOX release kinetic was fitted well with Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Moreover, the cellular toxicity experiments indicated that the hydrogel DOX@G[5, 10, 5] exhibited a similar anticancer ability in comparison with free DOX. Due to the hyaluronic acid-targeted effects, the cytotoxicity of the hydrogel DOX@G[5,10,5] to HepG2 cells was lower than that to SKOV-3 cells upon increasing the concentration. Therefore, these hydrogels may act as a potential prospect for the targeting release of anticancer drugs.

A novel thermoplastic material: Pre‐polymerized PMMA liquid resin and continuous glass fiber‐reinforced composite initiated by benzoyl peroxide/N,N‐dimethylaniline

AbstractThermoplastic PMMA was rarely exploited in continuous fiber‐reinforced composites due to its viscous high‐temperature molten fluid as well as pessimistic wettability into fiber fabric. Redox‐active polymerization is a green route to develop a new liquid PMMA resin at room temperature to provide an in situ curing with the advantages of energy saving and consumption reduction. In this paper, BPO/DMA was adopted as a redox initiator pair, and the effect of MMA:BPO:DMA ratio on curing time, Mn, Tg, and mechanical properties of PMMA were systematically studied. When the ratio of MMA:BPO:DMA is 200:1.2:1, PMMA‐200 achieved optimistic mechanical properties at 20°C (tensile strength, 64.7 MPa; tensile modulus, 3352 MPa; bending strength, 125.3 MPa; bending modulus, 3023 MPa). Moreover, the mechanical properties were further improved at low temperatures. The maximum tensile strength and tensile modulus were up to 97.43 and 4297 MPa (−40°C) respectively. The tensile strength (0°, 1103 MPa; 90°, 52.3 MPa) and tensile modulus (0°, 47.5 GPa; 90°, 14.2 GPa) of glass‐fiber‐reinforced PMMA composite at 20°C were found to be comparable with epoxy resin‐based composites and even higher at lower temperature. In summary, redox‐initiated PMMA and its fiber‐reinforced composites are promising thermoplastic materials as new lightweight alternatives.Highlights Preparation method of PMMA resin and glass fiber composite. Research on the mechanical properties, molecular weight, glass transition temperature, curing time, etc. of PMMA resin. Testing of mechanical properties of PMMA glass fiber composites at room temperature and low temperature. Current applications and prospects of PMMA glass fiber composites.

Hygrothermal aging and recycling effects on mechanical and thermal properties of recyclable thermoplastic glass fiber composites

Hygrothermal aging and recycling effects on mechanical and thermal properties of recyclable thermoplastic glass fiber composites

Mapping membrane biophysical nano-environments

The mammalian plasma membrane is known to contain domains with varying lipid composition and biophysical properties. However, studying these membrane lipid domains presents challenges due to their predicted morphological similarity to the bulk membrane and their scale being below the classical resolution limit of optical microscopy. To address this, we combine the solvatochromic probe di-4-ANEPPDHQ, which reports on its biophysical environment through changes in its fluorescence emission, with spectrally resolved single-molecule localisation microscopy. The resulting data comprises nanometre-precision localisation coordinates and a generalised polarisation value related to the probe’s environment – a marked point pattern. We introduce quantification algorithms based on topological data analysis (PLASMA) to detect and map nano-domains in this marked data, demonstrating their effectiveness in both artificial membranes and live cells. By leveraging environmentally sensitive fluorophores, multi-modal single molecule localisation microscopy, and advanced analysis methods, we achieve nanometre scale mapping of membrane properties and assess changes in response to external perturbation with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. This integrated methodology represents an integrated toolset for investigating marked point pattern data at nanometre spatial scales.

Nanostructure of TiO\(_{2}\) and WO\(_{3}\) multilayer films deposited on ITO glass for electrochromic enhanced photocatalytic activity

The photocatalytic activity (PA) by electrochromic (EC) enhancement of single and multilayer films of TiO2, WO3, TiO2/WO3, and WO3/TiO2 was investigated. All films were deposited from metal on an ITO glass substrate using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering via an oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique at 85°. Subsequently, a thermal oxidation (TO) process at 500℃ was applied for the samples to form metal oxide films. The morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure, and optical properties were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The photocatalytic properties were investigated by showing the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) solution as an organic pollutant that was examined under ultraviolet irradiation of 300 µW∙cm‒2. The film samples were investigated by comparing the pre-color and colored states that were achieved through the EC process. The EC properties of WO3 led to increased charge insertion on the film surface. This observation was further supported by cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing, which revealed a higher current density for the thin film samples. The photodegradation results showed that the samples in the colored state exhibited a significantly higher degradation rate of MB compared to the pre-color state.

Compare the Properties of Composite Material by Date Leaves with Different Additives

Almost no product is made today without the use of composite materials, which have demonstrated their value over time in a variety of applications. Examples include household products, automobiles, oil and gas stations and spacecraft. Instead of using timber, leaves will be used to create a solid material. The goal of this study is to identify the distinguishing features of composite materials made from dates palm waste, as well as the overall effects on the properties when changing the mixture's proportions and the amount to which those materials are vulnerable to outside influences. It also aims to identify the best material that can be produced and used in home furnishings, manufacturing, architectural design, practical applications, and other science-related fields. This project will address the use of natural fibers from dates palm waste and some other materials to convert them into a strong, lightweight, low-cost composite material to replace wood, aluminum, synthetic fibers, and other materials in industries and uses. It will also explore the manufacturing processes, testing methods, and the outcomes of comparing it with other materials. The UHU (adhesive) matrix has the lowest hardness value compared to others. Structure tests show composites' internal composition; it plays an important role in understanding the properties of composites. The water absorption test demonstrates the duration required for composites to become saturated with water, with optimal results falling within the range of 13 to 24 hours for saturation.

Enhancing the Interfacial Properties of Polyethylene-Based Carbon Fiber Composites Through Low-Temperature Thermally Reduced Graphene

Enhancing the Interfacial Properties of Polyethylene-Based Carbon Fiber Composites Through Low-Temperature Thermally Reduced Graphene

Cryogenic Impact on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Hydrogen Storage Vessels

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites are attractive materials for hydrogen storage tanks due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding chemical resistance. However, cryogenic temperatures (CTs) have a substantial impact on the tensile strength and interfacial bonding of CF/EP materials, producing problems for their long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage tank applications. This review paper investigates how low temperatures affect the tensile strength, modulus, and fracture toughness of CF/EP materials, as well as the essential interfacial interactions between carbon fibers (CFs) and the epoxy matrix (EP) in cryogenic environments. Material toughening techniques have evolved significantly, including the incorporation of nano-fillers, hybrid fibers, and enhanced resin formulations, to improve the durability and performance of CF/EP materials in cryogenic conditions. This review also assesses the hydrogen barrier properties of various composites, emphasizing the importance of reducing hydrogen permeability in order to retain material integrity. This review concludes by highlighting the importance of optimizing CF/EP composite design and fabrication for long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage systems. It examines the prospects for using CF/EP composites in hydrogen storage tanks, as well as future research directions.

Chromatic aberration in homogeneous diameter expansion growth of AlN crystals by the PVT method

AbstractHomogeneous diameter expansion growth is the preferred method for preparing large-sized AlN single crystals using the PVT method. However, chromatic aberration between the expansion and seed regions, as well as localized chromatic aberrations within the expansion region, are commonly observed, but not deeply investigated yet. This paper investigates the homoepitaxial lateral growth of AlN crystals using Al-polar face seeds and analyzes the crystal structure, composition, and optical properties of both the expansion and seed regions. XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicate no significant differences in crystallization quality between the expansion and seed regions. XPS and photoluminescence characterizations reveal that the light yellow color of the seed region is mainly due to $$V_{Al}$$ V Al defects. In contrast, the deeper yellow color in the expansion region is caused by $$V_{Al}$$ V Al –$$O_N$$ O N complex defects. Additionally, etching results exhibit a polarity reversal from the Al-polar to N-polar growth face in localized chromatic aberration region. The bonding angle of approximately $${90}^\circ$$ 90 ∘ at the $$B_{1}$$ B 1 bond (formation by the half-filled orbitals of the Al and N atoms) site, which occurs during the bonding of Al and N atoms, results in the polarity reversal during m-plane lateral growth. This work provides implications for the preparation of large-sized AlN single crystals.

Tailoring Natural and Fly Ash-Based Zeolites Surfaces for Efficient 2,4-D Herbicide Adsorption: The Role of Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modification

Global development has led to the generation of substantial levels of hazardous contaminants, including pesticides, which pose significant environmental risks. Effective elimination of these pollutants is essential, and innovative materials and techniques offer promising solutions. This study examines the modification of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and fly ash-based NaA and NaX zeolites with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to create inexpensive adsorbents for removing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide from water. Detailed characterization of these materials was performed, along with an evaluation of the effects of pH, contact time, temperature, and initial 2,4-D concentration on their sorption capacities. The modified samples exhibited significant changes in elemental composition (e.g., reduced SiO2 and Al2O3 content, presence of Br) and textural properties. The adsorption of the pesticide was found to be an exothermic, spontaneous process of pseudo-second-order kinetics and was consistent with the Langmuir model. The highest sorption capacities were observed for samples modified with 0.05 mol L−1 CTAB, particularly for CliCTAB-0.05.

The effect of the carcass fat thickness on the qualitative technological and sensory attributes of beef

The established correlations between subcutaneous fat thickness and the quality attributes of carcasses and beef are relevant for producers and the processing industry. The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of slaughter, chemical composition, sensory physical, and technological properties of beef made of young bulls belonging to the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed aged 18 to 24 months, depending on the thickness of the fat on the carcass. The colour of muscle and adipose tissue, the conformation of carcasses, the development of subcutaneous fat, marbling, chemical composition, and sensory attributes of beef and broth made of it were determined in the context of different fat thicknesses on the carcass. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat, the fleshiness (conformation) of carcasses increases by 55.2% (P>0.95), the cover of carcasses with fat increases by 43.5 (P>0.99), and muscle penetration improves by 45.8% (P>0.95). With the thickening of subcutaneous fat from 0.5 to 1.1 cm or more, there is a tendency of tendons and ligaments in carcasses to increase by 53.6%, with adipose tissue increasing by 25.6%, points for the juiciness of boiled beef increasing by 20.8%, its tenderness increasing by 12.5%, and the reduction in the m. longissimus dorsi 'loin eye' area increased by 7.3%, marbling increased by 19.0%, reduction of moisture content in meat increased by 27.8%, and its boiling properties increased by 7.9%. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat in beef, there was a tendency for the reduction of its acidity (pH), the amount of dry matter, the total content of fat and minerals, deterioration of taste, aroma, residue after chewing boiled meat, flavour, and aroma, concentration, and transparency of broth made of it. The practical significance of these studies is to obtain knowledge that allows the assessment of the quality characteristics of carcasses and beef by the thickness of subcutaneous fat for their further use by producers and processing industries.

Chlorella vulgaris on two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper phase can-1mnn-3Nb3O3n+1 (n = 4, 5, 6) perovskite nanosheets for hydrogen generation

Amid the increasing focus on sustainable energy, hydrogen generation through photocatalysis has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Given their distinctive electronic, optical, and structural properties, two-dimensional perovskite nanosheets have surfaced as promising contenders as photocatalysts. Here we present a systematic exploration of Ruddlesden-Popper phase Can-1Mnn-3Nb3O3n+12− (n = 4,5,6) perovskite (CMNO) nanosheets with distinct layers (n = 4, 5, and 6), synthesized via exfoliation approach, for enhanced physicochemical properties and catalytic performances. Rigorous characterizations supported by the Tauc plot and Mott-Schottky analysis reveal the crystal structures, varied bandgaps, and an n-type semiconductor behavior from the CMNO nanosheets. In a novel approach to enhance its photo-absorption, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae, strategically layered onto the CMNO nanosheets, consequently exhibit significant improvements in the onset potential and current density, especially for the CMNO (n = 6) nanosheet. This research lays a foundation for understanding the tailored composition and layer-dependent properties of CMNO nanosheets, propelling their potential application in efficient hydrogen generation through photoelectrochemical water splitting for sustainable energy technologies.