Waste Composition Research Articles

Predictive analysis of waste generation at the Babussalam Islamic Boarding School, Pekanbaru City

Babussalam Islamic Boarding School is an Islamic educational institution that has education levels ranging from kindergarten, elementary school, junior high school, and high school with a population of students, teachers, and employees in the Islamic Boarding School of Babussalam which is 2248 people. A large population with an area available produces waste generation (organic, paper, and plastic). Research has been conducted related to the generation of waste generated in the Babussalam Islamic Boarding School and the predictions for the next five years. Measurement methods and data calculations use SNI 19-3964-1994. Total solid waste generation in Pesantren Babussalam is 0.3746 kg/person with an average of 0.042 kg/person. The total volume of solid waste generation in Pesantren Babussalam is 98.338 liter/person with an average of 1.37 liter/person. The average composition of organic waste is 0.1392 kg/person with a percentage of 37%. The average composition of waste paper is 0.1374 kg/person with a percentage of 36%. The average composition of plastic waste is 0.1042 kg/person with a percentage of 27%. Waste generation in 2024 is predicted to increase by 35.33371 kg/year, with a total generation in 2024 of 176.668 tons.

Rigid Polyethylene Terephthalate Packaging Waste: An Investigation of Waste Composition and Its Recycling Potential in Austria

The need for increased recycling of plastic packaging waste (PPW) is apparent from a legal and waste management perspective and, therefore, further waste streams need to be investigated in detail in terms of their recycling potential. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) PW is already closed-loop recyclable (bottle-to-bottle recycling); however, other rigid PET PW is mainly thermally recovered. Explicit quantitative and qualitative data on rigid PET packaging waste are limited. Therefore, this study investigates the composition and packaging characteristics of rigid PET packaging waste contained in separate waste collection as well as in the mixed PET sorting stream in Austria by conducting a manual sorting analysis. Furthermore, the waste volume is projected, and the recycling potential is extrapolated according to new European recycling rate reporting formats. The results show that approximately 11% of separate collection represents rigid PET packaging waste. Most PW derives from food packaging and is transparent. Contained residues with more than 1% of the total packaging weight might negatively impact the sortability. The applicable net quantity indicator (ALR) amounts to 0.888 at the stage of sorting. The volume of rigid PET PW is extrapolated to 26–36 kt in 2020 with a high-quality recycling rate of 25%, which contributes 2.6% to the Austrian PPW recycling target of 50%.

Guava processing waste: Biological activity profile of a natural and sustainable source of phenolic antioxidants

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a widely-consumed tropical fruit that can be industrially processed and generate several food products. However, about 30% of the total volume of processed guava is lost as processing waste, a homogenous fraction containing peels, seeds, and residual pulp. The valorization of the discard fraction is necessary in upcycling due to its richness of bioactive components. Therefore, the phenolic composition and biological activity of guava's processing waste and its pulp counterpart were investigated. Guava's pulp (22.32 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and waste (21.99 mg GAE/g) contained similar levels of total phenolic content (TPC), with the majority of phenolics occurring in the free and esterified forms. Besides, a strong positive correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activity of extracts. Through HPLC-UV-MS-TOF analysis, 27 phenolic compounds were identified across the pulp (25) and waste (18) portions, with a predominance of gallic, vanillic, and ellagic acids and their derivatives. While free and esterified phenolic fractions showed higher efficiency as α-glucosidase inhibitors (84.94–98.85%), pancreatic lipase was better inhibited by the insoluble-bound phenolics in the extracts (41.55–43.31%). Guava waste's insoluble-bound phenolics strongly protected supercoiled DNA against hydroxyl radicals (80.09%). Oxidation protection by guava phenolics was also observed towards human LDL-cholesterol (10.82–22.98%), an indication of their potential cardioprotective effect. As such, guava processing waste demonstrates nutraceutical potential and should be considered as a value-added ingredient in functional foods and other related applications.

Нейрорегулятор комплексной технологической системы переработки рудных отходов

The study is devoted to improving the management system of a complex technological system for processing ore waste. Such waste accumulates in large volumes in the territories adjacent to the mining and processing plants, posing a great environmental threat to both the population and the environment due to dust formation and the penetration of harmful compounds into the soil and groundwater. Therefore, the task of improving the management systems for the processing of ore waste, as one of the priorities, is on the current agenda of the management of mining and processing plants. The complexity of the technological system is manifested in the presence of two processing lines that differ in the set of units, and the choice of line depends on the granulometric composition of ore waste. The scientific novelty of the research results is the proposed structure of the neural network controller based on the reference model for the technological system, which is used as deep recurrent neural networks. The general structure of the neuroregulator includes several local neurocontrollers for each of the units of the technological system. Recurrent neural networks make it possible to create high-precision digital copies of individual units of two processing lines and use them to simulate the response of control objects when setting up controllers. Approbation of the proposed structure of the neuroregulator was carried out in the MatLab-Simulik environment, neural networks were designed using the Deep Network Designer tool. The results of testing showed that the speed of the control system is increased compared to other architectures of neuroregulators available in the Simulik environment, which can positively affect the operation of the entire technological system in transient conditions, in particular, reduce technological losses.

Solid Waste Generation, Composition and Potentiality of Waste-to-Resource Recovery in Sylhet City Corporation, Bangladesh

The very fast economic and population growth of Bangladesh, along with its high urbanization rate, have been seen since its independence in 1971. Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) has also experienced high population growth as well as rapid urbanization since 2002. The solid waste generation rate is also increasing along with the high economic and population growth in SCC. SCC and its extended areas are now producing more solid waste than ever before because of accelerated unplanned urbanization, ever-growing tourist pressure, and an overgrowing urban population. Sooner than later, resource recovery and capacity development in existing solid waste management systems are required to allow the sustainable and resilient growth of SCC. This study aimed to explore the total amount of solid waste generation per day as well as the waste composition and potentiality for resource recovery from the generated solid waste in SCC and its extended areas. This study has found that SCC is now generating a total of 375.68 tons of solid waste daily from households, daily kitchen markets, medical institutes, resident hotels, commercial shops, and restaurants. This study has also found that about 90% of daily-generated solid waste is perishable and has a high moisture content. This study has found that the generated waste in SCC has the potential to produce compost fertilizer, solid recovered fuel (SRF), and electricity. On the other hand, this study can directly help the conservancy department of SCC to have a brief idea about the existing solid waste generation rate, composition, categories, and potentialities of resource recovery from the generated solid waste. It can also succor other conservancy departments of other city corporations or urban areas of Bangladesh as well as other researchers in a similar way.

Increasing the Added Value of Copper and Silver Metal from Printed Circuit Board Waste Using a Knelson Concentrator with Variations in Size and Centrifugal Force

The use of technology in Indonesia has resulted in an increasing demand for electronic and electrical goods, including printed circuit board (PCB) waste. Currently, PCB waste amounts to 20-50 million tons and continues to grow annually. Given that the composition of PCB waste consists of approximately 40% metals such as Ag, Cu, Fe, Au, Sn, and Mn, recycling PCB FR-2 waste can significantly increase its added value. One effective method is employing a concentration technique to recover these metals. This study aims to investigate the impact of particle size and centrifugal force variations on the content and recovery of Cu and Ag metals in PCB FR-2 waste using a Knelson concentrator. The concentration process involved three size variations: -63+100, -100+150, and-150#, along with three centrifugal force values: 60, 90, and 120 G Force. The results indicate that the size variation-100+150# and a centrifugal force value of 90 G Force exhibited effectiveness in recovering Cu and Ag metals, with a minimal mass loss of 3.9%. The Cu and Ag levels reached 67.49% and 0.18%, respectively, with recovery rates of 53.22% and 39.96%.

Exhaust steam utilization in waste-to-energy strategies: From district heating to desalination

This study undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of different Municipal Solid Waste incineration systems, specifically targeting their energy recovery efficiencies, while also presenting a pioneering exploration of exhaust steam applications in such systems for desalination. The systems evaluated encompass electricity-only generation, air-cooled condensing steam, water-cooled condensing steam, and exhaust steam utilization for both District Heating (DH) scenarios (I, II, III) and Desalination. An energy balance model is employed to simulate and quantify the energy flows and efficiencies within these systems. The results show a wide variance in energy recovery efficiency, ranging from 11.2% for electricity-only to 66.8% for use of exhaust steam in Desalination. Notably, the DH (I) system, which incorporates heat recovery for district heating, showed a significantly higher energy recovery efficiency (57.5%) than the electricity generation-focused systems. The enhanced DH systems (II and III), which integrate condensing and two-stage extraction mechanisms, further improve energy recovery to 59.4% and 58.3% respectively. A sensitivity analysis, accounting for advancements in district heating systems, revealed a potential efficiency increase of up to 5%. The site assessment underscores the Persian Gulf, East Asia, Island Nations, and the European Mediterranean as prime candidates for WtE-desalination cogeneration, while Australia, South & Southeast Asia, the United States, and the Non-European Mediterranean demonstrate notable potential, each presenting unique attributes and challenges that influence their suitability. The efficiency and appropriateness of these systems are strongly influenced by specific external factors such as waste composition, local demand for energy and water, and geographical location.

Evaluating the Efficacy of the Waste Bank Centre in Kabupaten Kulon Progo: A Comprehensive Study on Sustainable Waste Management Practices

Amidst escalating global concerns regarding waste management, Kabupaten Kulon Progo in Yogyakarta presents a microcosm of the challenges and solutions inherent to Indonesia. This research primarily aims to elucidate the efficacy and impact of the waste bank centre, a pivotal initiative in the district promoting waste reduction, recycling, and proper disposal. Utilizing empirical data from the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) and an extensive literature review, the study offers insights into waste trends, composition, and disposal mechanisms specific to Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Further, the research underscores the waste bank center's operational efficiency, outreach, and influence within the broader waste management framework. By highlighting both the challenges and opportunities faced by the waste bank centre, this study crafts informed policy recommendations, aiming to fortify waste management efforts in Kabupaten Kulon Progo and presenting scalable lessons for other Indonesian districts.

Polynomial Regression Model Utilization to Determine Potential Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Calories in Indonesia

Waste-to-energy (WTE) is one of the Indonesian government’s programs aiming to meet the target of achieving a new and renewable energy (NRE) mix, as well as one of the solutions proposed to overcome the problem of waste. One of the products of WTE is energy derived from raw material waste (refuse-derived fuel/RDF). Using the formula y = 0.00003 x5 − 0.0069 x4 + 0.6298 x3 − 24.3245 x2 + 432.8401 x + 55.7448 with R2 = 0.9963, which was obtained by comparing a scatter plot diagram from the RDF calorie test dataset produced through a bio-drying process, the potential RDF calories produced using the waste composition dataset taken from each region in Indonesia can be calculated. The results of the calculations using the determined equations produce a list of provinces with RDF calorie potential, ordered from the largest to the smallest, using which the government can determine which areas are the main priority for processing waste into energy. Thus, through this method, the target of 5.1% renewable energy sourced from waste can be achieved by 2025.

Potential For Recycling Single-Use Plastic Waste - Case Study in Can Tho City, Vietnam

Circular economy is an economic ideal that has been concretized by the Vietnamese Government in the Law on Environmental Protection 2020. As a part of this model, plastic waste reuse and recycling are encouraged to extend the product life cycle. This study investigates the composition of recyclable plastic waste within the domestic waste sources in Can Tho city. The wastes were collected at waste gathering places, residential areas, markets, bus stations, and schools in the urban district of Ninh Kieu and suburban district of Cai Rang in Can Tho city. The results show that disposable plastic items are very diverse such as grocery bags, plastic bags, foam boxes, straws, drinking water bottles, etc. Plastic components accounted from 6.82 % in Cai Rang district to 14.89 % in Ninh Kieu district of the total waste. In which, LDPE plastic was the highest with 38.17 %, HDPE plastic and PETE plastic accounted for 20.81% and 4.89 %, respectively. Particularly, PETE is less found than other plastics as it is collected by scrap person at the disposal sources or by sanitation worker at the waste gathering place. PETE and HDPE plastics are completely recyclable, accounting for 25.70 %. In addition, LDPE plastic is also recyclable (38.17%) compared to other components. Thus, the recyclable plastic ratio of PETE, HDPE, and LDPE reaches 63.88 %. Meanwhile, non-recyclable plastics, accounted for 36.12 %, such as PS plastic (14.18 %), PP plastic (9.83 %) and other plastics (12.12 %). From the results, the amount of recyclable plastic discarded into the environment is nearly twice that of non-recyclable plastic. The potential to utilize recyclable plastics will most likely fit the circular economy model, which will both extend the product life cycle while limiting waste generation and minimizing adverse environmental impacts.

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabacum L.) Dengan Pengaplikasian Limbah Solid Pada Media Tanam

Tobacco seeding can be done in several ways, namely conventionally and polybags or with the use of seed-trays. This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of solid waste on planting media on the growth of tobacco seedlings. To determine the effect of solid waste on the best growing media on the growth of tobacco seedlings. This study used a completely randomised design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 6 replications. With the following treatments: S0 = Topsoil 100%, S1 = Top soil 75% and Solid 25% S2 = Top soil 50% and Solid 50% S3 = Top soil 25% and Solid 75%. The data obtained were analysed with F test. LSD (Least Significant Difference) test at the α = 5% level. The results showed that the treatment of the composition of solid waste in the growing media on the growth of tobacco seedlings had a significant effect on the growth of tobacco seedlings, namely in the parameters of seedling height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width. The treatment of the composition of planting media top soil 25% and solid 75% is the best treatment in the growth of tobacco seedlings.

Analysis of basalt-like slag of plasma waste processing: The influence of morphological composition of waste

The analysis of basalt-like slag obtained by pyrolysis of waste in a high-temperature plasma converter using various physicochemical methods has been carried out, and the possibility of obtaining basalt fibers from slag has been shown. The effect of the morphological composition of waste on the yield of basaltlike slag has been studied. With the use of statistical methods, a mathematical model was obtained that relates the yield of basalt-like slag to the morphological composition of the waste. A promising direction for the use of basalt fibers is their use in the composition of basalt and basalt-carbon composites to create strength shells.

Eco-Friendly of Sound-Absorbing Material Based on Polyurethane-Urea with Natural Fiber Waste

Noise has a wide impact on human health and non-health. One of the sound-absorbing materials commonly used in the community is polyurethane-urea foam. However, public concerns about the environment because the availability of petroleum as a raw material for polyurethane-urea foam synthesis is limited, and the waste pollutes the environment, posing a new challenge to be researched. For this reason, this study aims to develop polyurethane-urea foam with a mixture of natural fiber waste as an eco-friendly alternative to sound-absorbing materials. The raw materials used were natural fiber waste (rice straw waste and plywood industry sawdust waste) and chemicals (PEG, MDI, EDA, MAH), with a waste composition of 5% (w/w). The synthesis method employed was a one-shot method. The synthesized foam was characterized by FTIR, camera microscope, SEM, TGA and acoustic tests. The results uncovered that the sample had peaks in the absorption of the functional groups NH, OH, Urethane, Aromatic, and Amide. The morphological structure of the foam consisted of an open cell and a closed cell. Its thermal resistance was above 125°C. In addition, the foam with the highest sound-absorbing ability was polyurethane-urea foam/rice straw waste at 0.83 at a frequency of 4312 Hz.

Effects of socio-economic status and daily variation on municipal solid waste composition: a preliminary analysis for sustainable planning and development in Aligarh City.

In the context of developing countries such as India, with great differences in people's living standards and different communities, municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the most promising problems in front of municipal organizations. Unlike every city in India, Aligarh City also faces the same problem of municipal solid waste management. This problem not only affects the esthetic view but is also hazardous to people nearby health. Currently, solid waste collected is either dumped in landfill unscientifically or partially treated by A to Z waste management (limited) by composting. In the present study, an effort was made to know about the per capita waste generation and variations in the quantity of different components of the MSW in five different regions of the city with dissimilar living standards. Also, weekly variation was analyzed in the study. One-way ANOVA analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences is performed to investigate the variations in the mean composition of different components. The per capita solid waste generation in Aligarh City was found to be 0.42 kg/person/day. From the analysis, we came to know that compostable component (35.4%) is the highest, then inert (24.6%), plastic (12.2%), paper (10%), textile (9.2%), and sand (8.6%). After analysis, the results can help sort out the problem of MSW management in the city by selecting appropriate units as per the composition of MSW.

Preparation and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Waste filled with Rice husk Silica (RHS) Composites in Gwagwalada metropolis, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

The adverse effects of use of plastics by human beings are on the increase and become challenging with the growing population. The non-degradability of plastics products such as bottles, cans, cups, bags which resulted into blockage of culverts, drains, suffocating animal’s life. This research focused on recycling of high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste with rice husk silica (RHS) from agricultural waste of rice husks to form eco-friendly polymer composites. Different proportions of 0.5 to 3.0 % rice husk silica (RHS) as filler were melt mixed with maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene (HDPE) material and the composite analyzed for tensile and flexural strengths. The tensile strengths ranged values from 10.49 to 13.02 MPa for the resin (vHDPE) and the recycled (rHDPE) composites presented values from 8.30 and 12.41 MPa for 0.5and 3.0% filler loading, respectively. The peak flexural strengths recorded for recycled (rHDPE) and resins (vHDPE) composites are 12.19 MPa and 12.05 MPa for 0.5 and 3.0% filler loading, respectively. The tensile strength of rice husk silica (RHS) filled HDPE waste composites are higher than that of the waste HDPE (control) and thus, the filler reinforced the HDPE. The composite prepared is suitable for use as tiles in building application to solve leaching problems associated with paint coating.

Municipal Solid Waste Composition and Generation with Emphasis on Plastics in Nablus City, Palestine

The aim of this study was to characterize the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Nablus city in Palestine, while focusing on the plastic waste fraction. The plastic fraction—an environmentally problematic waste stream—was further characterized into the different polymer types and formats with the aim of suggesting feasible recovery and recycling solutions. Locally generated studies lack data about the recyclable fractions in the MSW and a thorough characterization of the plastic waste stream, although there is global action to minimize and optimally treat this waste fraction. The composition analysis was conducted by collecting 60 samples from five districts with different characteristics (e.g., income, density, level of education, building formats). The fraction of bio- and organic waste is significant in the collected MSW in Nablus, representing about 68% of the total MSW. The recyclables (paper and cardboard, glass, metals and plastics) amount to 27.4% of the generated MSW in the city. The plastic fraction (10.1%) is mainly composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films (39.8%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (21.9%), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) rigids (19.0%), and polypropylene (PP) rigids (11.5%), all of which are technologically recyclable. The polymer types and container formats indicated that the collected plastics originate mostly from packaging. The outcomes of this research indicate the need to implement a separate collection system for the organic waste fraction, which could be used to produce compost for the agricultural activities in the region. By having such a system, the dry recyclables (including plastics) can be easily recovered with less degree of contamination for recycling, helping the local recyclers to access cleaner materials. Furthermore, the state of Palestine lacks strict regulations for the end-of-life treatment of the different waste fractions; therefore, having clear guidelines and incentive systems will result in the minimization of the generated waste as well as better achievement of recovery and recycling targets. In addition, expertise, funding, public awareness, facilities, equipment and other provisions are currently lacking or inappropriate. In future, these factors must be addressed to enhance sustainable solid waste management.

PIROLISIS CAMPURAN BIOMASSA LIMBAH SEKAM PADI DAN LIMBAH PLASTIK LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MENGGUNAKAN KOMPOR BIOMASSA

<p class="abstrak"><em>The demand for fuel oil is increasing day by day, resulting in the depletion of oil and gas reserves in Indonesia. Rice husk waste biomass and low-density polyethylene plastic are wastes that can be utilized as alternative fuel sources by pyrolysis method. Pyrolysis is the process of burning organic and synthetic materials in conditions of little or no oxygen by utilizing heat from high temperature combustion. Pyrolysis method processing requires a heater to burn the material during the process. Efforts that can be made are the use of biomass stoves as the right solution because of the availability of abundant and cheap raw materials, biomass stoves can also provide solutions to reduce the impact of environmental pollution smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature produced by the biomass stove and the effect of the comparison of the composition of the biomass mixture of rice husk waste and low density polyethylene plastic waste on the quantity of pyrolysis oil. This research uses experimental method with quantitative descriptive analysis technique. This research was conducted by pyrolyzing a mixture of rice husk biomass waste and low density polyethylene plastic waste with variations in composition ratio of 0%:100%, 25%:75%, 50%:50%, 75%:25%, and 100%:0%. The pyrolyzed oil was then filtered and tested for quantity. The test results show that the biomass stove can be used as a heater in a pyrolysis device with a capacity of 4 kg of coconut shell briquettes. The use of coconut shell briquettes as fuel has the advantage of being able to produce higher heat and last longer than charcoal. The biomass stove can produce the highest pyrolysis temperature reaching 665.5°C at the bottom, 541°C in the middle, and 430.3°C at the top. There is an effect of variation in the composition of the mixture of rice husk waste and low-density polyethylene plastic waste on the quantity of pyrolysis oil. The composition of more rice husk waste compared to low density polyethylene plastic waste produces less quantity of pyrolysis oil, while the comparison of the composition of more low density polyethylene plastic waste compared to rice husk waste produces pyrolysis oil with more quantity. This can be seen from the quantity of pyrolysis oil produced ranging from 265 ml to 853.3 ml. </em></p>

Experimental Study of Biochar Production Process Using a Pilot Carbonization Kiln as a Biofuel’s Properties Improvement Module

Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical process of biomass conversion to a carbon neutral or better fuels and materials from biomass. It is a thermal decomposition of organic material in a controlled (insufficient) oxygen at a high temperature thereby producing solid (biochar), liquid (oil) and gaseous products. Biochar produced during this process is a very valuable material that can be utilized as soil additive and in carbon sequestration, where the carbon can be stored (locked) in the soil. The result is improved soil structure, pH, water and nutrient retention and the mitigation of climate change. Biochar can also be utilized as biofuel in energy generation directly or converted to biomass briquettes thereby, improving its energy and economic value. Therefore, the present study, involved the production of biochar from an improvised 100 litres volume pilot carbonization kiln and experimentally studied the biochar yield. The result showed a yield of 2505g at average charring ratio of 33.9 % from 7396g of composite wastes, comprising of 1844g of mixture of Maize cob and coconut husk, 1030g of mixed vegetable stem and discarded fruits (sundried watermelon and fruits, 3321g of peeled yam, cassava peels, potatoes peels and discarded food materials, and 1201g of plantain bunches and peels. This results is an indication of good performance outcome of the carbonization kiln in biochar production for soil nutrient improvement and (or) for energy supply applications as refuse derived fuels (RDF).

Prospects for hydrogen production by the method of gasification of MSW at operating TPPs

The work is devoted to the development of a thermal scheme for the conversion of a cogeneration power plant to threegeneration with the production of hydrogen as a new product.The purpose of the work is to assess the possibility and potential of hydrogen production from MSW at the existing thermal power plants of St. Petersburg.To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop a methodology for selecting the site of an existing thermal power plant in order to integrate a hydrogen production complex by the MSW gasification method, as well as a methodology for estimating the amount of hydrogen that can potentially be obtained from a given amount of MSW. The research methods include simulation of the thermal circuit of a steam power plant in the United Cycle program.The paper proposes an algorithm for selecting the site of an operating thermal power plant for the integration of a complex for the production of hydrogen by the method of MSW gasification. The algorithm can be applied to any subjects of the Russian Federation, and its relevance is confirmed by strategic documents. Potential locations for the new TPP are being considered in the territories of TPP-21 and TPP-22, which have the necessary resources and good infrastructure. As a result of the study, the site of TPP-22 was selected as the most suitable for the placement of new facilities.A new thermal scheme of a threegeneration power plant has been developed, including a hydrogen generation unit by the MSW gasification method. This allows the production of hydrogen in parallel with the production of electricity and heat. The efficiency evaluation criterion is the fuel heat utilization factor (FHUF). Regardless of the hydrogen content in the generated synthesis gas, the integration of the synthesis gas cooler into the thermal circuit of the TPP leads to an increase in the FHUF and an additional energy effect. This scheme increases the efficiency of existing TPP plants, regardless of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste.

Study of combination of liquid organic waste on antifungal activity Bacillus sp. DB12

This study examines the ability of liquid organic waste carriers to increase the antifungal activity of the active ingredient Bacillus sp DB12, which has been stored for 12 weeks against the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. The research method was carried out in an experimental laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor in the form of a liquid waste carrier consisting of 9 treatments. The composition of liquid tofu waste (TLW), coconut liquid waste (CLW), and rice washing liquid waste (RLW) was determined as follows: 100% TLW, 75% TLW + 25% CLW, 50% TLW + CLW 50%, TLW 25% + CLW 75%, CLW 100%, TLW 75% + RLW 25%, TLW 50% + RLW 50%, TLW 25% + 75% RLW, and 100% RLW. The results showed that the combination of 75% TLW + 25% CLW carriers increased the antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. DB12 compared to other carrier combinations. An increase in antifungal activity was indicated by an inhibition zone diameter of 13.03 mm during 12 weeks of storage.