Total Lipid Composition Research Articles

Content and Composition of Lipids and Their Fatty Acids in Needles of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ledeb. upon Cold Hardening in the Cryolithozone of Yakutia

The composition of lipids and fatty acids (FAs) and changes in their content in needles of summer- and autumn-vegetating conifer trees growing in the cryolithozone of Yakutia have been studied by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A comparative analysis of the content of total lipids (TL) and phospholipids (PL) has been carried out, and the FA composition of TL in needles of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ledeb. has been determined for summer and autumn periods. In the course of adaptation to low autumn temperatures of the Yakutian cryolithozone, the TL content in needles of P. sylvestris and P. obovata significantly (by 30%) increased compared to the summer season. During this period, the phosphatidylcholine content in needles of both species also increased from 13.8 to 31 mg/g dry wt. For both species, the FA lipid composition of needles included a high content of species-specific unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids (Δ5-UPIFA). Increase in the content of TL, PL, total FA, and Δ5-UPIFA observed during a temperature drop significantly exceeds that in plants of these species growing in other parts of Siberia. This fact is probably caused by features of low-temperature adaptation of plants in permafrost ecosystems of Yakutia.

Lipid Profile and Glycerophospholipid Molecular Species in Two Species of Edible Razor Clams Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi.

Total lipids were extracted from razor clams Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi, and the molecular species of glycerophospholipid (Gpl) including choline glycerophospholipid (ChoGpl), ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl), serine glycerophospholipid (SerGpl), inositol glycerophospholipid (InsGpl), lysoChoGpl, lysoEtnGpl, and lysoSerGpl were characterized using a direct-infusion tandem mass spectrometric method for the first time. Meanwhile, the lipid class composition and phospholipid (PL) class composition as well as the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAG), and PL were also investigated. About 238 and 235 molecular species were characterized, respectively, in Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi. The majority of the dominant Gpl molecular species contained n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Also, razor clam lipids contained a high-proportioned PL (52.19-65.41% of total lipids) and PUFA (47.94-54.81 mol%). Furthermore, PL contained a higher proportion of PUFA (63.05-67.13 mol%), especially DHA (20.04-22.47 mol%) and EPA (16.27-21.46 mol%) than TAG (the corresponding values being 33.73-34.45, 11.95-12.27, and 8.13-0.8.99 mol%, respectively). Meanwhile, phosphatidylcholine (44.38-46.21 mol%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (38.84-39.95 mol%) were dominant among PL. In consideration of the high proportion of PUFA-enriched Gpl, razor clam plays a great role in promoting human health.

A liposomal drug delivery system for improved eradication of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Eradicating H. pylori infections is becoming more difficult due to increasing antibiotic resistance and poor patient compliance. We aim to develop a novel liposomal drug delivery system that encapsulates antibiotics and the antimicrobial fatty acid linolenic acid (LLA). We hypothesise that H. pylori will have much lower resistance rates to this dual formulation. Liposomes consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), sphingomyelin, and cholesterol were produced using the thin film hydration method. The size of our liposomes was assessed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and their antimicrobial activity was assessed using a viable count assay. The liposomes had a particle size ranging from 95 to 150 nm. We have successfully loaded LLA up to 20 % of total lipid composition, and shown stability of the particles in storage at 4 °C for up to 3 months. The LLA liposomes achieved complete eradication of H. pylori in vitro at 150 µg ml−1, whereas control liposomes containing no LLA had no antimicrobial effect. We have recently formulated liposomes encapsulating LLA and amoxicillin at 2.2 mg ml−1 and 0.99 mg ml−1 respectively, and are currently assessing their antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. In conclusion, it is possible to prepare LLA- and amoxicillin-containing liposomes and LLA has antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. In future work we will utilise strategies to enhance gastric retention which will provide local bactericidal activity, improving on inefficient systemic uptake mechanisms with current therapies.

Glucose triggers cell structure changes and regulates astaxanthin biosynthesis in Chromochloris zofingiensis

Heterotrophic cultivation of Chromochloris zofingiensis is considered as a promising means of astaxanthin production; however, the astaxanthin content in heterotrophic cells is generally lower than that in photoautotrophic cells. To address this issue, the regulatory effects of glucose on astaxanthin accumulation were investigated. We found that glucose could increase astaxanthin accumulation by elevating the gene expression of PSY, LCYb, CHYb and BKT within 24 h; however, after 24 h, expression of those genes in the control group was higher than that in the glucose group, leading to an increased astaxanthin content in the control group after 48 h. At 96 and 192 h, the astaxanthin contents in the control group were 1.26 and 1.27 times of those in the glucose group, respectively. Further investigation showed that, glucose treatment triggered a decrease in chlorophylls content, caused degradation of chloroplasts at 24 h, which may be the reason for the above variation in gene expression and that in astaxanthin accumulation. Moreover, glucose also caused a slight increase in total fatty acid content and altered cellular lipid composition. Collectively, these findings suggested that glucose may regulate astaxanthin accumulation through its influence on cell structure.

Seasonal variations in the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of cultured and wild Crassostrea madrasensis in Sri Lanka

The marketplace contains a choice of both cultured and wild oysters, often subtle differences in taste and characteristics are observed between wild and cultured oysters. Therefore, seasonal variations of total lipid and total fatty acid compositions were studied in both, wild and cultured populations of Crassostrea madrasensis in Gangewadiya in Kala-Oya estuary and in cultured populations in the Puttalam lagoon in Sri Lanka over a 13 month period. The fatty acid profile was analyzed using Gas Chromatography. The average lipid percentage was 1.28 ± 0.02% and there was no significant difference between cultured and wild oysters (p > 0.05). A total of 17 fatty acids was detected. Significant monthly variations were seen in all fatty acids, except docosapentaenoic acid (DPA/C22.5(n-3)) and docosahexaenoic acid C226(n-3). Significantly high concentrations (p < 0.05) of omega 3 fatty acids were recorded during October while significantly higher omega 6 concentrations were recorded during April (p > 0.05). Saturated fatty acids had the highest concentration followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. The ratio of total n-3 PUFA to total n-6 PUFA were 2.6, 2.9 and 3.0 in Gangewadiya wild, Gangewadiya cultured and Kandakuliya cultured oysters, respectively. Though there were no significant differences in omega 3 to omega 6 ratios in cultured and wild oysters in Gangewadiya, a significantly higher ratio was calculated for cultured oysters in Kandakuliya. Hence, a discriminant analysis indicated that in terms of the fatty acid composition, cultured C. madrasensis in Kandakuliya is distinct compared to wild and cultured populations from Gangewadiya. Since, both wild and cultured C. madrasensis shared the same waters in Gangewadiya, the lack of differences can be explained. However, in both sites and under wild and cultured conditions, fatty acid ratio confirms the importance of C. madrasensis as an ideal source of omega 3.

Effect of Linseed Supplementation on Total Longissimus Muscle Lipid Composition and Shelf-Life of Beef From Young Maremmana Bulls.

Twenty young Maremmana bulls were randomly allotted to two dietary groups during a finishing period (~90 days): C diet (without lipid supplementation), and L diet (with linseed supplementation, 20% concentrate feed). The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary linseed supplementation on the intramuscular fat composition, and the shelf-life of minced beef. The L diet did not alter the dressing rate and daily weight gain, whereas the C18:3n-3 content in the intramuscular fat significantly increased (from 0.85 to 1.78 g/100 g of total fatty acid, +109%), leading to a reduction in a n-6/n-3 ratio below four and an increase in the overall proportion of long chain n-3 fatty acids in beef lipids. These effects were principally related to differences in the distribution of fatty acids between the neutral and polar lipids. The results demonstrated that linseed supplementation modified the lipid composition of beef, without negatively impacting overall productivity, in the period from weaning the bull until its slaughter. However, the total amount of n-3 fatty acids in the beef of young bulls on the L diet, was not sufficient for the aliquot of humans′ n-3 fatty acid requirements. This was mainly related to the low levels of fat in the beef. Comparing beef samples from animals on the L diet, with samples from animals on the C diet, the higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids led to a significant reduction of shelf-life starting after 2 days of storage at 4°C, because of fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation. The L diet group samples showed a higher level of TBARS (+80%) and COPs (+73%), two important parameters to estimate the oxidation level of beef. This suggests that enriching beef with n-3 fatty acids should be coupled with packaging techniques that consider the higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation. In conclusion, dietary linseed supplementation led to a higher proportion of n-3 fatty acids in beef lipids, however, the natural content of antioxidant substances was not able to protect intramuscular fat from oxidation during storage at 4°C.

Fatty Acids of the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the White Sea

The fatty acid composition of total lipids in the muscles, liver, and gonads of adult specimens of the three-spined stickleback from the White Sea has been studied. In particular, a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly those of ω-3 families, was found in the gonads and muscles. Among these, essential eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, as well as docosapentaenoic acid, were dominant. The relationship between the fatty acid composition in different organs of the three-spined stickleback and of the other fish species and the effect of complex environmental factors is discussed. Particular fatty acids are tissue-specific, and their composition is also evidence of the physiological state of the organism. These results can be used both in the development of a methodology in the formula for the lipid basis of food ingredients extracted from marine hydrobionts of the Arctic region, which are an important renewable natural resource, and in research on the physiological and biochemical state of the fish during the process of their development under normal and changing environmental factors.

Dietary linseed supplementation affects the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of triglycerides in sheep milk

In the human intestine, lipids are absorbed as sn-2 monoglycerides (sn-2, also named β-position), produced mainly by pancreatic lipases, which hydrolysate the triglyceride molecule in positions 1 and 3 (sn-1,3, α-position). The fatty acids esterified in sn-2 are thus preferentially absorbed, which means that the bioavailability of a single fatty acid is affected by its position on the triglyceride. This experiment is carried out with the milk used to make cheese applied in a study with 42 human volunteers. In that study the authors detected an improvement in the blood lipid profile. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of this kind of cheese in improving human health by studying how linseed supplementation affects the milk fatty acid composition of the 3 different triglyceride positions and thus the fatty acid bioavailability. The sn-2 were obtained by reacting total milk lipids with swine pancreatic lipase. The milk came from 24 sheep fed a control diet and 24 sheep fed a diet containing 200 g of extruded linseed per day. The sn-2 were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and sn-2 was obtained by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector apparatus equipped with a high polar 100 m length capillary column. The bioavailability of the fatty acids was evaluated by a putative preferential intestinal absorption index (PPIAi), where PPIAi <0 indicated a disadvantageous nutritional condition and PPIAi >0 indicated a preferential intestinal absorption. With regard to the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, the linseed group showed a significantly higher content of both linolenic acid and rumenic acid compared with the control. As a consequence of linseed supplementation, the linolenic and rumenic acid content esterified in the β-position increased greatly. This was highlighted by the PPIAi. The results of the present study suggest that the linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid affinity for lyso-phosphatidic acid acyl-transferase increased with its tissue availability.

Targeted lipidomics analysis identified altered serum lipid profiles in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis

BackgroundPolymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are severe chronic autoimmune diseases, characterized by muscle fatigue and low muscle endurance. Conventional treatment includes high doses of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs; however, few patients recover full muscle function. One explanation of the persistent muscle weakness could be altered lipid metabolism in PM/DM muscle tissue as we previously reported. Using a targeted lipidomic approach we aimed to characterize serum lipid profiles in patients with PM/DM compared to healthy individuals (HI) in a cross-sectional study. Also, in the longitudinal study we compared serum lipid profiles in patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM before and after immunosuppressive treatment.MethodsLipidomic profiles were analyzed in serum samples from 13 patients with PM/DM, 12 HI and 8 patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM before and after conventional immunosuppressive treatment using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a gas-chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Functional Index (FI), as a test of muscle performance and serum levels of creatine kinase (s-CK) as a proxy for disease activity were analyzed.ResultsThe fatty acid (FA) composition of total serum lipids was altered in patients with PM/DM compared to HI; the levels of palmitic (16:0) acid were significantly higher while the levels of arachidonic (20:4, n-6) acid were significantly lower in patients with PM/DM. The profiles of serum phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol species were changed in patients with PM/DM compared to HI, suggesting disproportionate levels of saturated and polyunsaturated FAs that might have negative effects on muscle performance. After immunosuppressive treatment the total serum lipid levels of eicosadienoic (20:2, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5, n-3) acids were increased and serum phospholipid profiles were altered in patients with PM/DM. The correlation between FI or s-CK and levels of several lipid species indicate the important role of lipid changes in muscle performance and inflammation.ConclusionsSerum lipids profiles are significantly altered in patients with PM/DM compared to HI. Moreover, immunosuppressive treatment in patients newly diagnosed with PM/DM significantly affected serum lipid profiles. These findings provide new evidence of the dysregulated lipid metabolism in patients with PM/DM that could possibly contribute to low muscle performance.

Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids in Picea obovata Needles in the Spring Vegetation Period

The dynamics of the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids in needles of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata L.) during the first half (March–July) of the 2010 vegetation season has been studied. Three maxima of the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content with increased levels of α-linolenic acid are revealed in the postwinter (March 10–April 6), spring (April 20–May 18), and summer (June 1–July 20) periods. During postwinter and spring vegetation, the UFA increase is accompanied by an increase in the oleic and linoleic desaturation ratios. The spring peak of the 18:3ω3 content coincides with the spring peak in chlorophylls in the light-harvesting complexes of photosynthetic units and with the onset of the net CO2 assimilation. The summer peak is characterized by the level of chlorophylls, which is the highest over the entire monitoring period. The possible ways that the FA is involved in the rearrangement of the structural and functional organization of the photosynthetic apparatus of a coniferous plant are discussed.

Changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus areus cells under the influence of disinfectants Barez®, Biochlor® and Geocide®

The purpose of the work was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative composition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus lipids after exposure to disinfectants. Methods . Quantitative and Qualitative composition of total lipids and phospholipids were identified using method of thin layer chromatography. Disinfectants Barez® (active ingredients: essential oils, benzalkonium chloride, nanoparticles of argentum), Biochlor® (sodium hypochlorite), Geocide® (benzalkonium chloride; polyhexamethylene guanide hydrochloride, deltametrin), were used according to manufacturer’s recommendations. For this test, 0.5 ml of disinfectants (0.1 % Barez®, 0.1 % Biochlor®, 0.5 % Geocide®) were added into 3 ml of cell suspension (5×10 8 cell/ml). Controls were the cells nontreated with disinfectants. Cells suspensions were incubated in standard conditions for 1 hour. Results. The influence of disinfectants on the lipid composition of E. coli and S. aureus after the action of Barez®, Biochlor and Geocide was studied. Changes of quantitative and qualitative composition of the lipids containment were identified. Barez® had the most notable effect on quantitative and qualitative composition of total lipids and phospholipids. It was confirmed that reduction of total quantity of several phospholipids results to increased level of diglycerides. These data allow us to establish the sensitivity of microorganisms to the influence of disinfectants and to determine the optimal concentrations and exposure of disinfectants for high quality disinfection. Conclusions . It has been established that the disinfectants Barez®, Biochlor® and Geocide® cause significant changes in the lipid composition of E. coli and S. aureus cells, which leads to increased fluidity of cell membranes and loss of viability of bacteria.

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Needles of Picea obovata in the Spring Vegetation Period

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Needles of Picea obovata in the Spring Vegetation Period

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis on effects of thermal shock on the fatty acid composition of the gills of the Antarctic teleost, Trematomus bernacchii

Environmental contextGlobal warming is an important problem for life on Earth, and there is an increasing need to understand how organisms respond to rising temperatures. We show that an Antarctic fish, the emerald rockcod, can acclimate to thermal shock by modifying the fatty acid composition and total lipid content in its gills. This study contributes to our understanding of how the physiology of Antarctic life could be influenced by climate change. AbstractAs a result of rising temperatures in the Antarctic seawater, there is an increasing interest to investigate the capacities for inducing a temperature acclimation response in Antarctic organisms. We analysed the effect of a thermal shock on the fatty acid (FA) composition of gills of the Antarctic notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii. To perform the quantification of fatty acids in gills, we applied an analytical method based on a fast microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of lipids from a lyophilised sample, a base-catalysed trans-esterification of lipid extract to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and their separation and identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The percentage of lipids extracted with MAE preceded by sample lyophilisation, 0.6 ± 0.3 % ww (wet weight), was consistent with the lipids obtained by the official Bligh and Dyer method, 0.8 ± 0.3 % ww. These data are among the first ever published for T. bernacchii. Specimens, caught in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea), were held in different tanks at 0, +1 and +2 °C, for 1, 5 and 10 days. In general, thermal shock produced an alteration in total lipid content, an increase in the percentage of saturated FAs, a decrease in mono-unsaturated FAs, and a variable response of poly-unsaturated FAs (an increase in specimens exposed to 0 and +1 °C, a decrease in those exposed to +2 °C). A chemometric approach based on principal component analysis indicated that temperature and exposure time influenced the composition of FAs in the gills, probably through an alteration of the metabolic pathways of FAs. This is the first study ever published on the FA composition of total lipids in gills of T. bernacchii exposed to high temperatures. This study demonstrates that T. bernacchii is capable of rapidly acclimating to a thermal shock, and contributes to increasing the knowledge on the effect of temperature on Antarctic notothenioids.

Total Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Male and Female Larvae of Indian-Meal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Total Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Male and Female Larvae of Indian-Meal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Effects of Culinary Methods on Nutritional Characteristics of the Edible Shellfish Noah’s Ark (Arca noae L., 1758) from Tunisian Coasts

ABSTRACTBivalves are known for their high nutritional value and are considered a healthy food for human consumption. The effect of different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, grilling, and frying) on proximate and fatty acid composition of Arca noae (Bivalvia: Linnaeus 1758) were determined. The comparison of raw and cooked Ark shell showed that the cooking had considerable effects on the nutritional quality of this species. Significant changes in moisture (%), protein (mg/g of flesh), total lipid (mg/g of flesh), and fatty acid composition (mg/g dry weight) were observed after cooking as compared to fresh Ark shell (p < 0.05). However, the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxide value (PV) showed that all cooking treatments led to lipid oxidation. Steaming, boiling, and grilling were found to be a suitable and healthier cooking processes for A. noae, since they conserve the amount of n-3 PUFA better as compared to frying.

&lt;b&gt;Total lipid nutritional quality of the adipose tissue from the orbital cavity in Nile tilapia from continental aquaculture

This study aimed to determine the fatty acid composition and nutritional quality indexes of total lipids in adipose tissue from the orbital cavity of Nile tilapia from continental aquaculture in Paraiba State, Brazil. The tilapias were captured in six fish farms, and after slaughtering and bleeding, the adipose tissue from the orbital cavity was reserved, frozen and lyophilized for analysis of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. By decreasing order, oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitoleic acids were the most abundant ones. Monounsaturated fatty acids were the most prominent group in orbital cavity adipose tissue, where as polyunsaturated fatty acids were most abundant in the diet, with a percentage of linolenic acid ranging from 32.99 to 37.57%. Nutritional quality indexes of lipids varied from 0.491 to 0.575 for Atherogenicity Index, 0.543 to 0.741 for Thrombogenicity Index, and from 1.918 to 2.176 regarding the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic. According to the composition of fatty acids and the nutritional quality of total lipids, the use of this byproduct can be recommended for human consumption or to elaborate products for animal intake.

An HPLC-CAD/fluorescence lipidomics platform using fluorescent fatty acids as metabolic tracers

Fluorescent lipids are important tools for live imaging in cell culture and animal models, yet their metabolism has not been well-characterized. Here we describe a novel combined HPLC and LC-MS/MS method developed to characterize both total lipid profiles and the products of fluorescently labeled lipids. Using this approach, we found that lipids labeled with the fluorescent tags, 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY FL), 4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [BODIPY(558/568)], and dipyrrometheneboron difluoride undecanoic acid (TopFluor) are all metabolized into varying arrays of polar and nonpolar fluorescent lipid products when they are fed to larval zebrafish. Quantitative metabolic labeling experiments performed in this system revealed significant effects of total dietary lipid composition on fluorescent lipid partitioning. We provide evidence that cholesterol metabolism in the intestine is important in determining the metabolic fates of dietary FAs. Using this method, we found that inhibitors of dietary cholesterol absorption and esterification both decreased incorporation of dietary fluorescent FAs into cholesterol esters (CEs), suggesting that CE synthesis in enterocytes is primarily responsive to the availability of dietary cholesterol. These results are the first to comprehensively characterize fluorescent FA metabolism and to demonstrate their utility as metabolic labeling reagents, effectively coupling quantitative biochemistry with live imaging studies.

Desmodesmus communis (E.Hegewald) E.Hegewald Mikroalginin Kültürü ve Biyokimyasal Özellikleri

In this study, culture medium and growth conditions were detected for Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald (Sphaeropleales) with KF470792 Accession Number that isolated from Thrace inland water (Bahçedere Stream, Tekirdağ, Turkey) and determined by molecular taxonomy techniques. The microalgae was cultured under detected conditions (nutrients, pH, temperature, light density and aeration) and when the culture was reached to stationary phase microalgae biomass was harvested for biochemical analysis. Total protein, total lipid, fatty acid and amino acid compositions, vitamin E amounts and variety were detected. Cell density was 9.76x105 colony/ml; dry biomass was 0.762 g/l; chlorophyll-a was 13.3 mg/l in BG11 culture medium (7.5 pH, 24±2ºC, 500 ml/min. aeration). According to biochemical analysis; total protein amount was 42.59% (dw/w); total lipid amount was 5.23% (dw/w) and vitamin E amount was 3694.24 µg/glipid. The most abundant fatty acid was linolenic acid (35.18%); amino acid was glutamic acid (46.9 mg/g).

Minority compounds and sensory analysis evaluation of Coffea arabica var. caturra cultivated in three different altitudinal ranges

The composition of minority compounds in samples of roasted and ground coffee (Coffea arabica var. caturra) cultivated in three altitudinal ranges 1300-1400, 1400-1600, 1600-1800 m. a. s. l., in the Huila department of Colombia were determined. The samples were collected in July of 2012. pH, total acidity and total lipids were measured. Subsequently, the composition of total lipids after esterification and gas chromatography analysis coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established. Quality cup test considering the following attributes: fragrance/aroma, taste, residual flavor, acidity, body, uniformity, balance, clean cup, sweetness, quality and note, were performed. No statistically significant difference (p &lt;0.05) in pH, titratable acidity, total time of roasting and cracking time was determined. Significant difference was found in% humidity range: 1300-1400 m relative to the ranges: 1400-1600 and 1600-800 meters. As for the major compounds are predominantly: stigmasterol, sitosterol, 4-methylpentanamide and 2- (2-hydroxyphenyl) buta-1,3-diene, in the altitudinal ranges evaluated. No significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was found in the evaluated attributes at the quality cup test at different altitudinal range.

Changes in the Total Lipid, Neutral Lipid, Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipid Fractions during Pastırma Processing, a Dry-Cured Meat Product.

Pastırma is a dry-cured meat product, produced from whole beef or water buffalo muscles. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of production stages (raw meat, after curing, after 2nd drying and pastırma) on the total lipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid and fatty acid composition of phospholipid fraction of pastırma produced from beef M. Longissimus dorsi muscles. The pH and colour (L*, a* and b*) analyses were also performed in raw meat and pastırma. It was found that pastırma production stages had significant effects (p<0.01) on the total amounts of lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid, and the highest amounts of lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid were detected in pastırma. In pastırma, neutral lipid ratio was determined as 79.33±2.06% and phospholipid ratio as 20.67±2.06%. Phospholipids was proportionately lower in pastırma than raw meat. Pastırma production stages affected pentadecanoic acid (15:1) (p<0.01), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (p<0.05), γ-linoleic acid (18:3n-6) (p<0.05), erucic acid (22:1n-9) (p<0.05), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) (p<0.05), total unsaturated fatty acid (ΣUSFA) (p<0.05) and total saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA) (p<0.05) ratios of phospholipid fraction and also the moisture content (p<0.01). Pastırma process also affected pH and colour (L*, a* and b*) values (p<0.01), and these values were higher in pastırma than raw meat.