Composition Of Reaction Products Research Articles

Study of products derived from the microwave-assisted thermal degradation of high-moor peat

Peat reserves are of great interest for various industries (energy, fuel, chemical, etc.). It is common practice to use pyrolysis to process such solid carbon-containing resources with the subsequent yield of fuel and valuable products. One of the environmentally and energetically favorable ways to degrade carbon-containing feedstock that is currently under development is microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Microwave radiation provides volumetric heating of the material, which significantly increases heating uniformity across the volume of the irradiated sample, providing greater efficiency of heat transfer and avoiding local overheating on the reactor surface. In the conducted study, a system was designed for the microwave processing of organic materials. The structural elements of the system are described, and a schematic showing pyrolysis product separation is presented. A prototype of the developed reactor was used to conduct experiments on degrading high-moor sphagnum peat of the Greko-Ushakovskoe deposit under mild pyrolysis conditions induced by microwave radiation. The component composition of reaction products was analyzed via chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared with the results of previous experiments using conventional thermal pyrolysis. More advanced processing of peat is performed under the conditions of microwave-assisted mild pyrolysis with a high yield of valuable products due to a more efficient heat transfer, uniform heating of the material, and the optimal reaction rate. The developed technology is shown to produce raw materials for a wide range of high-tech industrial productions. The prospects for the industrial use of the proposed microwave-assisted peat processing technology are discussed, specifically for the production of efficient hydrophobic sorbent.

Comparative Study on Enzymatic Characteristics of Two κ-Carrageenases from Carrageenan-Degrading Bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans DS2.

κ-Carrageenase plays an important role in achieving the high-value utilization of carrageenan. Factors such as the reaction temperature, thermal stability, catalytic efficiency, and product composition are key considerations for its large-scale application. Previous studies have shown that the C-terminal noncatalytic domains (nonCDs) could influence the enzymatic properties, of κ-carrageenases, providing a strategy for exploring κ-carrageenases with different properties, especially catalytic products. Accordingly, two κ-carrageenases (CaKC16A and CaKC16B), from the Catenovulum agarivorans DS2, were selected and further characterized. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that CaKC16A contained a nonCD but CaKC16B did not. CaKC16A exhibited better enzymatic properties than CaKC16B, including thermal stability, substrate affinity, and catalytic efficiency. After truncation of the nonCD of CaKC16A, its thermal stability, substrate affinity, and catalytic efficiency have significantly decreased, indicating the vital role of nonCD in maintaining a good enzymatic property. Moreover, CaKC16A degraded κ-carrageenan to produce a highly single κ-neocarratetrose, while CaKC16B produced a single κ-neocarrabiose. CaKC16A could degrade β/κ-carrageenan to produce a highly single desulfated κ-neocarrahexaose, while CaKC16B produced κ-neocarrabiose and desulfated κ-neocarratetrose. Furthermore, it was proposed that CaKC16A and CaKC16B participate in the B/KC metabolic pathway and serve different roles, providing new insight into obtaining κ-carrageenases with different properties.

Influence of raw material properties on microscopic and mechanical characteristics of alkali-activated materials

Alkali-activated fly ash and slag pastes are considered a new low-carbon cementitious material with good mechanical characteristics and durability. However, the mechanical characteristics of the alkali-activated materials are uncertain due to the multiplicity of the raw material properties. Few studies clarify how the raw material properties affect the mechanical characteristics of hardened pastes. The correlation between the raw material properties and the reaction rate, product composition, gel content, and pore size distribution is discussed in this study. The increase in the CaO content of the precursor will accelerate the degree of alkali activation. In this case, the reaction production becomes relatively more, and the pore size distribution becomes relatively denser, improving the compressive strength of the pastes. Moreover, the effects of the activator modulus and alkali content on the compressive strength of the pastes are not monotonically increasing. The excessive alkali will cause the surface of raw material particles to form a gel layer quickly, which could prevent the further alkali activation of the particles. This case is not conducive to gel formation and will cause the pore structure of the hardening pastes to be relatively loose. Furthermore, the influence of activator modulus on the compressive strength of pastes is lower than that of alkali content. Excess activator modulus is also unfavourable for pore structure densification.

Image enhancement and microstructure characterization of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy images of blended cement pastes

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) image analysis has been widely used to study the microstructure of cementitious materials, whereas in some cases the efficiency of the characterization suffered from the extremely long time for image acquisition. In this study, we proposed an EDS image analysis methodology including image enhancement, phase extraction, and characterization of reaction products. The guided filter and Logarithm correction were combined and employed to improve the resolvability of low-quality EDS images. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) algorithm was applied to segment the unreacted phases and two different groups of reaction products from the enhanced EDS images. Moreover, the spatial distribution and chemical composition of reaction products were characterized using the lineal-path function and simple lineal iterative clustering (SLIC) algorithm. Results showed that low-quality EDS images after enhancing could achieve the comparable performance with high-quality EDS images in terms of the phase proportions. This study offers a practical and effective methodology for enhancing and analyzing the low-quality EDS images, giving insights into the phase assemblage and microstructure evolution of cementitious materials.

Synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT): a new tool in cultural heritage and stone conservation for 3D non-destructive probing and phase analysis of inorganic re-treatments.

The issue of preserving carbonatic stones of cultural heritage (CH) restored in the past that have undergone new decay phenomena is strongly emerging and conservation science has not yet found a reliable solution. In this paper, we propose the application of synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) to explore the effects of using inorganic-mineral products (ammonium oxalate; ammonium phosphate) in sequence as a novel, compatible and effective re-treatment approach to consolidate decayed carbonatic stones already treated with inorganic-mineral treatments. High-quality XRDCT datasets were used to qualitatively/quantitatively investigate and 3D localize the complex mixture of crystalline phases formed after the conservation re-treatments within a porous carbonatic stone substrate. The XRDCT reconstruction images and the structural refinements of XRD patterns with the Rietveld methods showed that the phase composition of reaction products, their volume distribution, and weight fraction vary as a function of the treatment sequence and penetration depth. The high potential of XRDCT allows (i) assessment of peculiar trends of each treatment/treatment sequence; (ii) exploration of the reaction steps of the sequential treatments and (iii) demonstration of the consolidating effect of inorganic re-treatments, non-destructively and at the micron scale. Above all, our study (i) provides new analytical tools to support the conservation choices, (ii) showcases new analytical possibilities for XRDCT in conservation science, including in investigations of CH materials and decay processes, and (iii) opens up new perspectives in analytical chemistry and material characterisation for the non-destructive and non-invasive analysis of reactions within heterogeneous polycrystalline systems.

Plasma-Chemical Disposal of Silicon and Germanium Tetrachlorides Waste by Hydrogen Reduction

The processes of hydrogen reduction of silicon and germanium chlorides under the conditions of high-frequency (40.68 MHz) counteracted arc discharge stabilized between two rod electrodes are investigated. The main gas-phase and solid products of plasma-chemical transformations are determined. Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems for optimal process parameters was carried out. Using the example of hydrogen reduction of SiCl4 by the method of numerical modeling, gas-dynamic and thermal processes for this type of discharge are investigated. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products is investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, is shown.

Mechanism of supercritical water gasification of corn stover for hydrogen-rich syngas: Composition of reaction products

Hydrogen-rich syngas from supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of renewable biomass is a promising technology. However, due to the complexity of the biomass structure, there is limited research on the liquid and solid products generated by SCWG of real biomass, and the related hydrolysis and gasification mechanisms are not yet clear. In this study, SCWG experiments were carried out on corn stover through a batch reactor, and the products were analyzed by gas-phase GC, liquid-phase GC-MS, UV spectroscopy, ultimate analysis, FTIR, PY-GC/MS, BET specific surface area, and SEM. The mechanism of corn stover SCWG was revealed by qualitative and quantitative analyses of gas products, the composition of liquid products, and the functional groups, carbon skeleton, surface morphology and specific surface area of solid products. The results showed that the aliphatic groups were hydrolyzed and gasified first at 400–500 °C. When the temperature rose to 600 °C, the aromatic groups were also gradually hydrolyzed and gasified, and the remaining aromatic groups underwent condensation and dehydrogenation to produce large molecular naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, etc. The optimal biomass concentration was between 10.5 and 1 g/100 g water during the corn stover SCWG, and the reaction was completed in 15 min.

COMPOSITION AND THE RELATIVE STABILITY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE INTERACTION PRODUCTS WITH POTASSIUM AND MONOETHANOLAMMONIUM TAURATES AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. PROLONGED-ACTION CHEMOSORBENT

Much research attention has been paid to amino acids as an alternative to amino alcohols for capture of sulfur dioxide. Taurine (Tau) occupies a special place among amino acids. This study was stimulated by the limited literature data on the nature of the interaction of SO2 with Tau salts aqueous solutions, the composition and relative stability of the corresponding reaction products. Chrono-pH-, chrono-redox- and chrono-conductometric studies of SO2 chemisorption with potassium taurate (TauK) and monoethanolammonium (TauMEA) aqueous 0.1 M solutions were carried out in the temperature range 293–313 K to study these processes. The maxima on the differential pH-metric titration curves positions coincide with the positions of the jumps on the integral and maxima on the redox-metric titration differential curves, as well as with breaks on the conductometric curves position. Δk negative values indicate the formation of weakly dissociated particles or less mobile ions in the solutions under study that is confirmed by the data of mathematical calculations. Using a mathematical model that takes into account the law of mass action, material balance and electrical neutrality principle, SO2 – TauK – H2O solutions ion-molecular composition and ionic strength were calculated. With an increase in the chemisotption SO2 amount, the taurate anions concentration decreases due to the hydrolytic transformation into zwitter ions +NH3CH2CH2SO2O - and the sequential transformation of hydrotaurate-sulfite (4:1 and 2:1; I and II), taurate-sulfite (2:1; III), hydrotaurate-hydrosulfite (2:1; IV) and taurate-hydrosulfite (1:1; V) associates. The concentration and thermodynamic constants for the formation ionic associates I–V were calculated. TauK input into impregnated fibrous chemisorbents (IFCS) composition obtained by impregnating viscose fibers with monoethanolamine aqueous 0.25 M solutions (IFCS-0.25MEA) leads to a synergistic increase in quantity of adsorbed SO2. IFCS-0.25MEA-TauK are long-acting sulfur dioxide chemisorbents, and TauK itself serves as a promoter-modifier towards IFCS-0.25MEA preventing the MEA removal from IFCS surface by the GPS flow due to the ionic associates formation and promoting deeper HOCH2CH2NH2 «response».

Understanding the Effects of Uniform Stack Pressure in Extreme Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries Via Operando X-Ray Diffraction

Enabling fast charging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for electric vehicle development, the U.S. goal being to charge to 80% of full capacity in 15 minutes [1]. This is a challenge due to significant capacity fade occurring at charge rates of 6C (charge in 60/6 = 10 minutes) and above. Fast charge rates induce irreversible lithium (Li) plating that adversely impacts battery performance and safety. External stack pressure can improve electrical contact and minimize delamination; further, an understanding of the impact of pressure on capacity fade can provide insight into the degradation mechanisms [2,3]. In this work, we investigate the extreme fast charging (XFC) regime, focusing on cell degradation and parasitic Li plating using single-layer pouch cells with graphite anodes, LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) cathodes, and 1.2 M LiPF6 in 3:7 weight % ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (Gen2 electrolyte). To study the effect of pressure, electrode thickness and material capacity were varied. Cells were cycled under set uniform stack pressure configurations at 6C up to 140 times and tested between 10 – 150 psi. We have characterized fast charging cells under uniform pressure with spatially resolved operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) from high energy, high flux synchrotron radiation to study Li plating, parasitic reactions, and Li intercalation into graphite. Through spatially resolved operando XRD, we have mapped the intensity of LixC6 and Li metal peaks across the electrode to correlate peak intensity as a function of pressure and electrode thickness. This was complemented with ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the composition of parasitic reaction products, corrosion and to correlate heterogeneity and local Li plating. Our results show an improvement in battery performance with increased uniform pressure. A reduction in Li plating was observed at elevated uniform pressures and Li plating appears more prevalent on the thicker electrodes. We believe that at increased pressure the reduced capacity fade arises from improved wettability, where the electrolyte acts as a lubricant increasing active sights, and a reduction in polarization across the thickness of the electrode leading to more homogenous reaction conditions. We emphasize the importance of electrode stack pressure in XFC batteries by quantifying the degradation mechanisms that cause capacity fade to enable better battery engineering.References USABC Goals – Lithium Electrode Based Cell and Manufacturing for Automotive Traction Applications, USABC (United States Advanced Battery Consortium), http://www.uscar.org/guest/article_view.php?articles_id=85C. Cao et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 040540 (2022).J. Cannarella and C. B. Arnold, J. Power Source, 245, 745-751 (2014).

SYNTHESIS AND STUDIES OF Cu(II),Ni(II),Co(II) COMPLEXES WITH bis(SALICILIDEN)HYDRAZON

New complexes of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) with bis(salicylidene)hydrazone have been obtained. It has been shown that bis(salicylidene)hydrazone forms bi-nuclear complexes with the ions of these metals. The structure and physicochemical properties of these complexes have been studied by IR, UV spec-troscopy, EPR and thermogravimetric analysis. IR spectra show that coordination of ligand with metal ion is carried out through oxygen atom of phenolic group and nitrogen atom of C=N group. In the elec-tronic spectra of the ligand there are absorption bands of the aromatic ring transition at ~240 and 290 nm (related to π→π* and n- π transitions). The absorption bands at 340 and 380 nm can be attributed to the absorption of the azomethine group conjugated to the benzene ring. On the basis of thermogravimetric analysis the stages of thermal decomposition of synthesized complexes and the composition of solid reaction products obtained at these stages have been determined. It has been shown that the final products of thermal decomposition consist of Co, Ni, Cu oxides. In the EPR spectrum of the copper complex a very weakly asymmetric signal with g=2.10 is observed, which may indicate a tetrahedral (pseudotetrahedral) structure of the complex

Characteristics of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete in the field for 4 years

The long-term durability of geopolymer concrete (GPC) exposed to various working conditions is a critical issue for achieving potential applications in the field. This study focuses on the long-term mechanical properties of pure Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FGPC) pavement at field conditions in relation to the microstructure and chemical compositions of reaction products. The continuously increasing compressive strength over time is observed, obtaining 47.29 and 65.54 MPa at 28 d and 4th y, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and capillary absorption test were conducted to investigate the change in the physical microstructure, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), and pH test for chemical composition. The long-term curing leads to the homogeneous and compact microstructure with low average porosity and secondary absorption rate falling to 16% and 0.0033 mm/s1/2. The steady internal alkaline environment in FGPC ensures and extends the development of geopolymerization, resulting in the increase of amorphous phase content (APC, up to 93%) and decrease of Si/Al and Na/Al molar ratios (down to 2.85 and 0.88). The change in the chemical composition indicates that the disordered geopolymer is gradually transforming into a more ordered structure over time. The strong correlations identified between mechanical properties and micro-characteristics during the long-term period provide guidance for adjusting the mechanical properties of FGPC via regulating and controlling the microscope properties.

Possibility of application of high silicon keolitic catalyst with thermal and mechanochemical treatment for catalytic flavoring of the propane-butane fraction

The studies were carried out in a flow catalytic device in the stationary phase of the catalyst (catalyst volume 6 cm3), at 450–6000C, at normal atmospheric pressure (P = 0.1 MPa), was carried out under conditions in which the volumetric velocity of the initial gas mixture was 600–1000 h-1. Qualitative and quantitative composition of propane-butane fraction and reaction products were analyzed on the chromatograph “Chromatic-Crystal 5000M” under the following favorable conditions: separation of gaseous products was carried out in a column thermal conductivity detector (TCD) with a length of 3 m and a diameter of 3 mm filled with 8% NaOH / Al2O3. The separation of liquid products was carried out in a DV-1 capillary quartz column (30 m x 0.25 μm), and detection was carried out in a flame ionization detector. Check the acidity of the catalysts. The acid characteristics of the samples were studied by the method of the programmed desorption of ammonia in the automatic chemisorption analyzer “USGA-101”. X-ray phase analysis: X-ray examination of the samples (X-ray phase analysis) was performed on a diffractometer XRD-6100 (Shimadzu, Japan). Phase identification was performed based on radiographs of individual components (JSPDS card index) based on data from the literature. The purpose of this work is to study the possibility of using thermally and mechanochemically treated high-silicon zeolite catalysts in the catalytic aromatization of the propane-butane fraction and acid properties.

Developing highly reversible Li–CO2 batteries: from on-chip exploration to practical application

A versatile on-chip electrochemical testing platform enables simultaneous catalyst screening and in situ analysis of chemical composition and morphological evolution of reaction products in Li–CO2 batteries, further guiding practical applications.

Organic Synthesis under Solvent-free Condition (Green Chemistry): A Mini Literature Review

Solvents are important components in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and they are increasingly being used in catalytic reactions. Solvents have a significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of reactions, and they can significantly change product selectivity. Solvents can influence product selectivity, conversion rates, and reaction rates. However, solvents have received a lot of attention in the field of green chemistry. This is due to the large amount of solvent that is frequently used in a process or formulation, particularly during the purification steps. However, neither the solvent nor the active ingredient in a formulation is directly responsible for the reaction product's composition. Because these characteristics have little bearing on how well or quickly the system in which the solvent is applied works, it appears unnecessary to use toxic, combustible, or environmentally hazardous solvents. However, the beneficial properties of the solvent required for the application are strongly linked to these unfortunate side effects of solvent use. Distillation can be used to recover and purify solvents because they are volatile; however, this process can produce unwanted air pollutants and be hazardous to workers during exposure. .

Alkali -silica reaction and its dynamic relationship with cement pore solution in highly reactive systems

Despite extensive research, the relationship between the progression of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and the cement hydration mechanism, particularly the influence of the pore solution composition on the nature of reaction products is not thoroughly understood. A multi-analytical approach was applied to study ASR mechanism under accelerated conditions using a mortar system comprising of fused silica aggregates. For the first time, large field SEM mapping was used to correlate physical expansion with the composition, distribution and amount of ASR reaction products produced over time. A three-stage behavioral model was proposed to explain the dynamic relationship between ASR progression and pore solution composition. The results confirmed the co-existence of two phases within the ASR products: a CSH- type gel and an ASR-type gel. The relative abundance of one gel type over the other was dictated by their accessibility to the pore solution, which in turn influences how ASR propagates through the microstructure.

Front-face synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy: a rapid and non-destructive authentication method for Arabica coffee adulterated with maize and soybean flours.

This article describes a novel front-face synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (FFSFS) method for the fast and non-invasive authentication of ground roasted Arabica coffee adulterated with roasted maize and soybean flours. The detection was based on the different composition of fluorescent Maillard reaction products and caffeine in roasted coffee and cereal flours. For each roasted maize or soybean adulterant flour (5–40 wt%), principal component analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis (PCA–LDA) was used for qualitative discrimination. Quantitative prediction models were constructed based on the combination of unfolded total synchronous fluorescence spectra and partial least square regression (PLSR), followed by fivefold cross-validation and external validation. The PLSR models produced suitable results, with the determination coefficient of prediction (Rp2) > 0.9, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) < 5%, relative error of prediction (REP) < 25% and residual predictive deviation (RPD) > 3. The limits of detection (LOD) were both 10% for roasted maize and soybean flours. Most relative errors for the prediction of simulated blind samples were between -30% and + 30%. The benefits of this strategy are simplicity, rapidity, and non-destructive detection. However, owing to the high similarity between roasted coffee and roasted cereal flours and the influence of the roasting degree on fluorescent Maillard reaction products, its application is limited to the preliminary screening of roasted coffee with the same roasting degree, adulterated with relatively large amounts of roasted cereal flours which are roasted to analogous color to the coffee.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00003-022-01396-8.

Characterizing the effects of Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 on reaction products and drying shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated slag

This study is undertaken to explore the relationship between the reaction products and the drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag (AAS) with the varying hydroxide dosage. AAS pastes were firstly produced with either Al(OH)3 or Mg(OH)2 to investigate the effects of hydroxide on the composition of reaction products and the drying shrinkage of AAS. Secondly, the main reaction products formed in AAS pastes, viz. C4AH13, M4AH10, C-S-H, C-A-S-H and C-M-S-H, were synthesized individually. Synthetic products were then taken to cast the respective paste sample to examine the performance against the drying exposure. The results show that adding Mg(OH)2 indeed improved the shrinkage resistance of AAS. This is primarily connected to the increased crystalline phases, namely the hydrotalcite-like phases and the unreacted Mg(OH)2. Whereas adding Al(OH)3 did not relieve the drying shrinkage of AAS as the interlayer spacing of C-A-S-H was enlarged, which in turn allowed for more shrinkage. Further, the investigation of individual synthetic products illustrates that their drying shrinkage scales satisfied the following order: C4AH13 < M4AH10 < C-M-S-H < C-S-H < C-A-S-H. Moreover, the shrinkage scale of C-S-H was found to evolve as the Ca/Si ratio decreased.

Reusing waste red brick powder as partial mineral precursor in eco-friendly binders: Reaction kinetics, microstructure and life-cycle assessment

A large number of solid wastes are produced in the process of demolishing old buildings, and waste red brick is one of such wastes. To discuss the reutilization of waste red brick powder (WRBP) in alkali-activated material, a novel ternary eco-friendly binder was prepared by using slag, fly ash and WRBP as precursor. The impact of WRBP on the reaction kinetics, microstructure and life-cycle assessment of alkali-activated cement paste were evaluated. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogrov model was established based on the heat release results. With the incorporation of WRBP, the degree of reaction was deepened, supporting the enhancement of matrix strength. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis results show the consistent mineralogical composition of reaction products and increase of gel quantity. Pore characteristics determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry method exhibit that large capillary pores were refined by enrichment of gels and filling effect of WRBP. From the economic and environmental aspects, the reuse of WRBP significantly saved the energy consumption and reduced the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. On the basis of the optimal compressive strength, the energy consumption efficiency index and CO2 intensity index were 27.3 MJ/MPa and 1.7 kg/MPa, which can provide 38.55% energy consumption and 44.90% carbon footprint savings. Such work may shed valuable insights to the recycling of various types of solid waste and low-carbonation of building field.

Influences of different bischofite on the properties of magnesium oxychloride cement

In recent years, magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) has been widely used in the field of building materials. As the main raw material in MOC, bischofite plays an important role in the composition, performance, and cost of MOC. This work systematically investigated the influence of salt lake/marine bischofite on the properties of MOC pastes, and a series of tests on the compressive strength, water resistance, reaction product composition, thermal stability, and microstructure of the MOC pastes was carried out. The results indicated that salt lake bischofite had lower content of impurity ions than marine bischofite, which endowed salt lake bischofite-based MOC with better mechanical strength, thermal stability, and microstructure than marine bischofite-based MOC. In addition, the anions in bischofite were the leading factor in the phase composition difference of MOC, and the dissolution rate of the cations was related to the Coulombic forces of the ions.

Pyrolysis of Polyamide-Containing Materials. Process Features and Composition of Reaction Products

Pyrolysis of Polyamide-Containing Materials. Process Features and Composition of Reaction Products