Composition Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Phenolic Compound Composition of Sambucus nigra L. Wild-Growing Plants from Kosovo.

The aim of this study was to determine the phenolic components in the flowers and leaves of wild-growing Sambucus nigra L. Plant materials were collected from eleven localities in Kosovo. Before LC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis, an ultrasonic-assisted method with 70% methanol for 30 min extraction was used. In total, 34 and 37 phenolic compounds were identified in flower and leaf extracts, respectively, with a total content of 61321.82-85961.64 mg/kg dry weight (DW) and 36136.62-93890.37 mg/kg DW. In all of the analyzed extracts, 15 phenolic acids, 20 flavonoids, one lignan, and one coumaroyl iridoid were detected. The major components were flavonoids, especially flavonols (quercetin-3-rutinoside, caffeoyl-kaempferol, and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside), followed by phenolic acids (dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer, caffeic acid derivative, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer, and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer). In general, the methanolic extracts of flowers have shown higher polyphenolic content than those found in leaves. The multivariate statistical analysis of the phenolic content of the samples resulted in PLS-DA models with appropriate correlation coefficients of 0.903 and 0.921 for flower and leaf extracts, respectively. The models revealed distinctive clustering patterns, and the loading scatter plots depicted the unique phenolic compounds specific to each sample group.

Synchronic shifts in phenolic compounds and fungal communities during litter decomposition in boreal forests

Phenolic compounds in plant litter influence decomposition process both directly by their own degree of decomposability and indirectly by affecting decomposer processes. While phenolic characteristics of aboveground plant biomass are well-known, the fate of litter phenolics and their regulatory effects on belowground decomposition remain unclear. We conducted a two-year decomposition experiment distributing litterbags of spruce, pine, and bilberry along a gradient from mesic spruce-dominated to xeric pine-dominated forests. Litter material was analysed for mass loss, low molecular weight phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, fungal biomass, and fungal community composition (using DNA metabarcoding). Bilberry litter initially decayed more rapidly than the conifer litter, but the remaining mass of bilberry litter was the same as for pine and higher than that of spruce litter after two years. The concentration and composition of phenolic compounds decreased with time, with mainly MeOH-insoluble condensed tannins remaining at the end of the experiment. Correspondingly, fungal biomass increased in the first year, while all litter types underwent rapid changes in fungal community composition. The species-specific pattern of temporal change in mass loss, as well as in the synchronic shift in composition of phenolic compounds and fungal community, give new insights in the importance of litter quality for the decomposition process.

Characterization of Spanish chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.): proximate, mineral, and phenolic compounds composition

Characterization of Spanish chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.): proximate, mineral, and phenolic compounds composition

Exploration of grape pomace peels and amaranth flours as functional ingredients in the elaboration of breads: phenolic composition, bioaccessibility, and antioxidant activity.

This study evaluated the incorporation of two ingredients as a source of bioactive compounds: amaranth flour (AF) and grape pomace peels flour (GP) to improve the nutritional qualities and functional properties of a wheat bread, emphasising the revalorisation of agricultural residues from grape winemaking as an ethical and economically viable source of bioactive compounds. Specifically, wheat flour (WF) substitutions were carried out for the individual ingredients, replacing 20% WF (A20 bread) or 5% GP (GP5 bread) and a mixture of both ingredients 20% WF and 5% GP (A20GP5 bread), and the antioxidant potential of the breads was analysed. The effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) on the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the fortified breads was also investigated. The substitution of WF by AF or GP introduced several phenolic compounds, digestion increased the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and reshaped their phenolic composition profiles. The combined presence of AF and GP in the breads modified the phenolic compounds composition and improved their antioxidant activity after SGID. Interactions between the phenolic compounds and other AF components (possibly proteins) were observed, which could protect the phenols from degradation during SGID, allowing them to be released after SGID.

Изучение состава фенольных соединений, антирадикальной активности и влияния на фагоцитоз сухого водного экстракта шишек сосны обыкновенной

Pine cone is a new promising type of plant raw material for using in a medical practice. Objective: determination of the phenolic compounds composition of pine cones dry aqueous extract, research of its toxicity, antiradical activity and effect on phagocytosis. Materials and methods. The research object was a collection of pine cones gathered in October 2020. A dry aqueous extract was obtained from the cones by extraction with hot water. The phenolic compounds composition of the pine cones dry aqueous extract was determined by ultra-efficient liquid chromatography/MS on a Waters Acquisition chromatograph with a diode-matrix UV detector and a tandem quadrupole MC detector TQD (Waters). To determine the antiradical activity, a reaction with a stable free radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), was used. The acute toxicity of the pine cones dry extract was researched by the V.V. Prozorovsky express method on white non-linear mice. The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes was determined in vivo by a modified method. Results. The phenolic compounds composition of the extract was analysed. The research identified 12 substances present in the extract, representing at least 1% of the total area on the chromatogram. The following procyanidins were found in the pine cones extract: procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, procyanidin C1, procyanidin D1. Additionally, flavonoids and phenolic carboxylic acids were identified. The pine cones dry extract demonstrated pronounced antiradical activity, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The acute toxicity determination revealed that the LD50 of the researched compounds is in doses greater than 1260 mg/kg. Upon examination of the effect of pine cone extract on the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes, an increase in the phagocytic index was observed, yet no change was noted in the activity of total leukocyte phagocytosis. Conclusion. The dry aqueous extract of pine cones contains biologically active components of phenolic nature, which suggests that further research into its pharmacological activity may be promising.

Phenological Variations in the Content of Polyphenols and Triterpenoids in Epilobium angustifolium Herb Originating from Ukraine.

The composition of secondary metabolites undergoes significant changes in plants depending on the growth phase and the influence of environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to determine the harvesting time of plant material for the optimum secondary metabolite profile and therapeutic activity of the primary material. The shoots of Epilobium angustifolium are used as a healing tea due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the composition of phenolic compounds and triterpenoid saponins in E. angustifolium leaves and flowers and to estimate the dynamics of their content depending on the flowering phase. Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of polyphenols and triterpenoids in E. angustifolium samples from Ukraine of three flowering phases were performed using the high-performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. During the present study, 13 polyphenolic compounds and seven triterpenoids were identified in the plant material. It was noted that the largest content and the best polyphenol profile was in late flowering. The most important polyphenolic compounds in the plant material were chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitin, and oenothein B. The triterpenoid profile was at its maximum during mass flowering, with corosolic and ursolic acids being the dominant metabolites. The results of the analysis revealed that the quantity of many of the tested metabolites in the raw material of E. angustifolium is dependent on the plant organ and flowering phase. The largest content of most metabolites in the leaves was in late flowering. In the flowers, the quantity of the metabolites studied was more variable, but decreased during mass flowering and increased significantly again in late flowering. The results show that E. angustifolium raw material is a potential source of oenothein B and triterpenoids.

Enrichment of Water Bodies with Phenolic Compounds Released from Betula and Pinus Pollen in Surface Water.

Betula and Pinus pollen, which are dispersed in natural surface waters, release biologically active compounds into the water bodies. This study aims to evaluate variations in the distribution and composition of phenolic compounds in suspended particles in natural water bodies during pollen spreading. Samples taken from water bodies of different trophic levels were analyzed by microscopy, UV/VIS spectroscopy, HPTLC, and HPLC/DAD. The study revealed that the total phenolic content in water-suspended particles varied from 3.0 mg/g to 11.0 mg/g during Betula and Pinus pollen spreading. It was also observed that the surface water of dystrophic natural lakes had a higher content of phenolic compounds than the eutrophic, hypereutrophic, and mesotrophic water bodies. Chlorogenic, trans-ferulic, vanillin, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids were frequently detected in the surface water samples. Experimental measurements have shown variations in the release of phenolic compounds from Betula pollen into water (p < 0.05). After the exhibition of pollen, the distilled water predominantly contained bioactive chlorogenic acid. Further in situ investigations are necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the function of phenolic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. The exploration of the release of bioactive compounds from pollen could provide valuable insights into the potential nutritional value of pollen as a nutrient source for aquaculture.

Effect of Cooking on Phenolic Compound Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility in Sustainable Foods: A Case Study on Black Beans

Legume production and consumption have emerged as meeting sustainability principles. Legumes can help fight climate change, hunger, and obesity. Legumes are also a valuable dietary source of phytochemicals, whose content and composition vary depending on genotype, as well as on growing conditions, geographical origin, storage, and cooking. The health effects of legume consumption are nevertheless related to the bioaccessibility of these molecules, which is deeply affected by the cooking method. The aim of this study was to investigate the content and composition of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins present in black beans grown locally and cooked with three different methods (i.e., regular boiling, pressure-cooking, and microwave-cooking) and determine the in vitro biaccessibility. It emerged that Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC) decreased significantly in all three cooked black beans. TPC loss was lowest (63%) in pressure-cooked beans and highest (77%) in boiled beans. TAC loss ranged between 93 and 98% but was not significantly different among treatments. Caffeic, t-ferulic, and sinapic acids were identified by HPLC. Cyanindin-3-O-glucoside and Peonidin-3-O-glucoside were also detected. The simulation of gastrointestinal digestion showed that phenolic compound bioaccessibility was highest when beans were boiled or pressure-cooked, while anthocyanins were mostly bioaccessible in pressure-cooked black beans.

Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Activities, GC-MS and HPLC Fingerprint Analyses of Different Extracts of Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC

The family Fabaceae is the third-largest flowering plant family, and the genus Desmodium has exhibited a wide range of biological activities and a variety of chemical constituents. In the present study, different extracts of Desmodium tortuosum were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities, as well as their total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant activities were estimated using the 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picraylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), while the cytotoxic activity was evaluated via the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The antioxidant activity results revealed that the DPPH radical scavenging activity (SC50) ranged from 1.12 to 61.22 µg/ml with respect to ascorbic acid (SC50 = 7.45 µg/ml). Among all tested fractions, 90% methanol was the most active. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activities were arranged as follows: n-BuOH (LC50 = 310), EtOAc (LC50 = 350), and 70% methanol (LC50 = 380). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fingerprint analyses were used to determine the chemical composition and relative proportions of phenolic compounds. GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of fatty acids and other compounds. The major identified compounds were Benzene (1-butyloctyl) (11.88%) and Himachalene &lt;α-&gt; (11.08%) for the ethyl acetate extract and 10-Undecenoic acid, methyl ester (25.50%) for unsaponifiable matter.

HPLC/ESI-MS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Cnicus benedictus L. Roots: A Study of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Alzheimer's Activity.

The phenolic composition of Cnicus benedictus roots from four Algerian regions was investigated. Extractions were performed in both hydro-methanolic (30 : 70, v/v) and hydro-ethanolic (30 : 70, v/v) solvents. Their efficiency was determined in terms of the qualitative and quantitative composition in phenolic compounds by HPLC-LC/MS of the different extracts isolated from C. Benedictus roots. Cnicus benedictus roots extract have been characterized by high content of phenolic compounds, where the trans chalcone, 2,3-dihydro flavone, 3-hydroxy flavone and cinnamic acid constitute the major components, in addition to fourteen minor acidic compounds and flavonoids as rutin. The hydro-methanolic extract was the richest in phenolic compounds yield from C benedictus. On the other hand, hydro methanolic (30 : 70, v/v) and hydro ethanolic (30 : 70, v/v) extracts exhibited a high anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity (IC50 : 6.05±94.16 μg/mL) as well as by in silico docking according two methods. Likewise, anti-Alzheimer activity of extracts was confirmed by this last technique taking into account the major compounds identified. Antibacterial tests revealed interesting results compared to amoxicillin for the different regions studied with a high content in trans chalcone and 3-hydroxy Flavone.

Phenolic compounds in leaves of &lt;i&gt;Tanacetum balsamita&lt;/i&gt; L.

Tanacetum balsamita L. is a perennial rhizomatous plant of the Asteraceae family. T. balsamita is cultivated as medicinal, aromatic plants and food plant. Extract of costmary exhibits hepatoprotective, antiseptic and anthelmintic properties. The herb of T. balsamita contains essential oils and phenolic compounds. This species included in the "Biocollection of medicinal and aromatic plants of open and protected ground", Botanical garden of the VILAR. The main aim was to study the composition of phenolic compounds in the leaves of T. balsamita with application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry. The object of the study was the leaves of T. balsamita. Samples were extracted with 1 ml of 80% aqueous acetone. An ultra-performance liquid chromatographic system with a photodiode detector and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for analysis of phenolic compounds. The UV and MS data of phenolic compounds were used for their identification or tentative characterization with application of mass spectrometry databases and data published in the literature.Results. The results obtained showed the presence in the leaves of 17 phenolic compounds. Five compounds were identified as caffeoylquinic, feruloylquinic and three dicaffeolquinic acid isomers, and two compounds as ferulic acid hexoside isomers. The leaves of T. balsamita contained also five luteolin derivatives, two chrysoeriol derivatives, and spinacetin/axillarin. Four compounds were not identified.

Biologically active substances in blueberry shoots (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) of Russian origin

In the current study composition of phenolic compounds of common bilberry shoots (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from the Russian Federation was determined. The presence of arbutin, rutin, tannin, and gallic acid in crude herbal drugs was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. A quantitative analysis of these substances in common bilberry shoots, harvested in the Bryansk and Vladimir regions in 2016-2017, and the Tver region in 2017 showed similar results. The obtained data can be used in the comparative study of the metabolome of medicinal plant, the development of regulatory documentation for common bilberry shoots. It is shown, that common bilberry shoots have antiradical, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, and antitoxic activity.

Acid hydrolysis conditions do affect the non-extractable phenolic compounds composition from grape peel and seed

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrolysis conditions on non-extractable phenolic compounds (NEPC) composition of grape peel and seed powder. The effect of temperature (50–90 °C), hydrochloric acid concentration (0.1–15.0 %), and time (5–20 min) were evaluated to understand their impact on NEPC release/extraction and degradation. The use of 1.0 and 8.0 % of HCl concentrations (v/v) and temperatures of 65 and 80 °C produced extracts with higher concentrations and a larger set of compounds. These conditions promoted a balance between release/extraction and degradation processes, thereby maximizing the NEPC content in the extracts. Furthermore, the results suggest that hydrolysis conditions can be set to modulate the release of specific classes. Non-extractable proanthocyanidins showed higher concentrations when intermediate values of temperature and acid concentration were applied. Hydrolysable tannins and hydroxybenzoic acids, on the other hand, were better extracted using higher acid concentrations and higher temperatures. The results suggest that the concentration and composition of NEPC are influenced by the hydrolysis conditions and the type of matrix. Hence, it is crucial to account for this compositional variation when conducting research on the biological effects of NEPC and when using this fraction as supplements or food ingredients.

Physico-Chemical Characterization, Phenolic Compound Extraction and Biological Activity of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Canes

Annual grapevine pruning produces large amounts of unused waste as woody canes. The current study is aimed at the sustainable valorization of viticultural waste by establishing phenolic compound extraction conditions, composition, and biological potential of crude and purified cane extracts of three Vitis vinifera L. cultivars growing in temperate climate conditions. Grapevine canes proved to be rich in carbohydrates and minerals; chlorophyll and carotenoids were also quantified. The highest yield of phenolic compounds was obtained when dry canes (&lt;0.5 mm) were subjected to liquid–solid extraction (1:20 w/v) with 70% (v/v) ethanol, for 4 h at 35 °C, after a preliminary ultrasound treatment (6 min., 42 KHz); Pinot Gris canes showing the highest concentration of flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Stilbenes (resveratrol) and flavan-3-ols (catechin and epicatechin) were the main phenolic representative, resveratrol concentrations varying significantly between red-black (419.01–425.60 μg/g d.w.) and white (282.19 ± 4.14 μg/g d.w.) grape cultivars. Purified extracts (C-18 cartridge) exhibited higher antioxidant and antiradical activities compared to the crude extracts, and a higher antimicrobial effect, especially against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni showed a reduced susceptibility even at high extract concentrations (&gt;100 mg/mL). These findings indicate that grapevine canes represent a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds, that are currently insufficiently known and not exploited to their true functional and economic potential.

Phenolic Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. during Vegetation Stages

Over the past ten years, particular attention has been paid to Artemisia L. genus plants and their chemical composition. Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L., which are traditional medicinal, aromatic plants with a strong digestive activity that is determined by the various phytochemicals. The research aim was to determine the variation in polyphenols in the samples of different vegetation stages of two Artemisia species and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of the Artemisia samples was carried out using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-PDA techniques, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Significant differences in the diversity of phenolic compounds were found among Artemisia species during vegetation stages. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin were predominant among the phenolic compounds. The study provides valuable insights into the composition of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Artemisia plants at different growth stages, shedding light on their potential pharmacological effects and antioxidant activities. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the quality and safety of herbal materials derived from Artemisia species.

Fermentation of Lactobacillus fermentum NB02 with feruloyl esterase production increases the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant properties of oat bran

In this study, strains producing feruloyl esterase were screened by Oxford Cup clear zones method and by evaluating the ability to decompose hydroxycinnamoyl esters. The strain was identified by 16S rDNA molecular biology. The contents of dietary fiber, reducing sugar, water-extractable arabinoxylans, phytic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoid, phenolic compounds composition, microstructure and antioxidant activity in bran before and after fermentation were studied. Eight strains producing feruloyl esterase were screened, among which strain P1 had the strongest ability to decompose hydroxycinnamoyl esters. The strain was identified and named L. fermentum NB02. Compared with unfermented bran, fermented bran exhibited higher contents of soluble dietary fiber, reducing sugar, water-extractable arabinoxylans, total phenolics, total flavonoid, and lower insoluble dietary fiber and phytic acid content. The dense surface structure of bran was destroyed, forming a porous structure. The release of phenolic compounds increased significantly. L. fermentum NB02 fermentation improved the antioxidant capacity of bran.

Impacts of Fermentation on the Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Volatile Compounds Profile of Commercially Roasted Coffee Beans

Fermented coffee beans are believed to have significantly different compositions of phenolic and volatile compounds and physicochemical properties compared to unfermented coffee beans. This study evaluated the effects of fermentation on coffee beans at a commercially roasted level by characterizing their phenolic compounds and semi-quantifying their volatile compounds using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) and headspace/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Coffee beans from two varieties of Coffea arabica, Geisha (G) and Bourbon (B), both fermented beans had higher contents of total phenolic compounds (G: 33.52 mg/g; B: 29.95 mg/g), total flavonoid (G: 0.42 mg/g; B: 0.35 mg/g), total tannins (G: 3.49 mg/g; B: 3.18 mg/g), and higher antioxidant potential in all assays. In total, 131 phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized via LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, where 73 and 65 phenolic compounds were characterized from fermented Geisha and Bourbon, respectively. Regarding GC-MS, the fermented coffee beans had higher levels of phenols, pyrazines, furan, and furanic compounds. These findings substantiated that fermented coffee beans exhibit elevated levels of phenolic and volatile compounds and greater antioxidant activity, which could contribute to relatively higher nutritional values and organoleptic properties.

Comparison of Phenolic Compounds and Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass (Asteraceae) from Different Geographical Areas of Queretaro (Mexico).

Porophyllum ruderale (P. ruderale) is a well-known Mexican plant from the group of "Quelites", widely consumed plant species used for several food and medicinal purposes. As the production is very heterogeneous and the diverse agroclimatic conditions significantly impact the plant's phytochemical composition, this research aimed to compare the phenolic compound composition and the antioxidant capacity of the P. ruderale plant from three different collection sites (Queretaro, Landa de Matamoros, and Arroyo Seco) in the State of Queretaro (Mexico). Plants collected from Queretaro displayed the lowest total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins, reflected in a lower antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS), compared to the other collection places. Flavones (epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate) were the most abundant (36.1-195.2 μg equivalents/g) phenolics quantified by HPLC-DAD, while 31 compounds were identified by UHPLC-DAD-QToF/MS-ESI. Most compounds were linked to biological mechanisms related to the antioxidant properties of the leaves. A PCA analysis clustered Landa de Matamoros and Arroyo Seco into two groups based on flavones, hydroxybenzoic acids, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH), and total phenolic compounds, the main contributors to its variation. The results indicated contrasting differences in the polyphenolic composition of collected P. ruderale in Queretaro, suggesting the need to standardize and select plants with favorable agroclimatic conditions to obtain desirable polyphenolic compositions while displaying potential health benefits.

Interpopulation Variability of Polyphenol Concentration in the Leaves of &lt;i&gt;Spiraea aquilegifolia&lt;/i&gt; (Rosaceae) from the Republic of Buryatia

Abstract—Composition and content of flavonoids and phenol carboxylic acids in the leaves of Spiraea aquilegifolia Pall. from natural populations of the Republic of Buryatia (Western Transbaikalia) are given in the article. Aqueous ethanol (40%) extracts from raw materials were used for chromatographic study of phenolic compounds. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out on an analytical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system consisting of an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph (USA) with a diode array detector, an autosampler, and a system for collecting and processing chromatographic data ChemStation. At least 24 phenolic compounds were identified in aqueous ethanol extracts from Spiraea aquilegifolia Pall. leaves by HPLC. Three acids (chlorogenic, p-coumaric and p-hydroxybenzoic) and six flavonols (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, astragalin, quercitrin and kaempferol) were identified among them. Flavonols hyperoside (2.9–8.2 mg/g), avicularin (3.0–5.8 mg/g) and isoquercitrin (0.8–2.5 mg/g) are the main substances in aqueous ethanol extracts from leaves. Plants from populations located at the northern distribution limit in the Western Transbaikalia have a higher content of phenol carboxylic acids (near the village Koma) and flavonols (near the village Klyuchi). Plants from populations located to the eastern limit (near villages Kusoty and Zagan) have the lowest concentration of identified phenolic compounds. A high and very high level of interpopulation variability of the studied biochemical parameters has been established. This can be explained by the functional significance of the identified compounds and their active participation in general metabolic processes in the plant. The content of identified free phenolic acids and flavonols in S. aquilegifolia was characterized by medium and high levels, compared to other studied Spiraea species. This confirms the prospects for further study of the composition of phenolic compounds of S. aquilegifolia.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Corylus avellana L. Bioproducts Grown in Giresun-Türkiye

Hazelnut has become an important commercial product in recent years due to its worldwide applications in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in the confectionery and food industry. In addition, hazelnut shell is a waste material obtained after hazelnut harvest and mainly used as heating sources. However, its bioproducts are essentially a very important phytochemical source. In this study, the composition of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, tocopherols and fatty acids of different bioproducts of hazelnut plant were investigated. The highest phenolic compound content (2630.84 µg/g), and lutein amount (73.05 µg/g) were determined in green leafy cover. The major fatty acids were found to be as oleic acid (81.493%), linoleic acid (7.778%) and palmitic acid (6.408%), respectively. Total tocopherol concentration of hazelnut kernel was determined as 364.1 µg/g. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of hazelnut bioproducts was determined using eight pathogenic bacteria. They showed strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria which might be attributed to the rich phytochemical composition of hazelnut bioproducts. This work comprehensively summarized the chemical composition of hazelnut bioproducts and their antibacterial activity potential grown in Giresun-Türkiye region which had an important place in the global market.