Composition Of Leaf Oils Research Articles

Chemical composition of leaf and root essential oils of Boenninghausenia albiflora Reichb. from northern India

The leaf and root essential oil composition of Boenninghausenia albiflora Reichb and Meissner (family: Rutaceae), collected from Uttarakhand, India, was analysed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The major constituents identified in the leaf essential oil were β-myrcene, (Z)-β-guaiene, (Z)-β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene, whereas bicyclogermacrene, α-terpinyl acetate, geijerene and β-copaene-4α-ol were identified as the major constituents of the root essential oil. This is the first time that the chemical compositions of leaf and root essential oils of B. albiflora have been investigated in detail. The results show significant qualitative and quantitative variations in leaf and root oil composition.

Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf and Root Volatile Oils of Morinda lucida

Morinda lucida (L.) Benth. (Rubiacae) is used in traditional medicine in many West African countries for the treatment of various human diseases. The leaves and roots of this plant were subjected to hydro-distillation to obtain volatile oils which were analyzed by high resolution GC/MS. Fifty compounds were identified in the leaf volatile oil and the major compounds were alpha-terpinene (17.8%) and beta-bisabolene (16.3%). In the root oil, 18 compounds were identified, the major constituents being 3-fluoro-p-anidine (51.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.0%). Antioxidant activities of the oils were examined using the DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. All assays were concentration dependent with varying antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant activity of the root volatile oil of M. lucida was similar to that of the standard drugs used.

Artabotrys oliganthus Engl. & Diels from Ivory Coast: Composition of Leaf, Stem Bark and Fruit Oils

The composition of essential oil isolated from leaves, stem bark and fruits of Artabotrys oliganthus Engl. & Diels growing wild in Ivory Coast, was investigated by GC (retention indices) and 13C NMR. The oils were found to contain mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons. The composition of leaf and stem bark oil was dominated by Δ-3-carene (60.2 % and 57.2 %, respectively). Conversely, myrcene (59.2 %) was by far the major component of the fruit oil (Δ-3-carene: 16.3 %).

Comparative study of essential oil composition of leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. at different post- harvest drying periods

Essential oils from the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. dried for different times (0 (fresh), 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of drying, respectively) were isolated using hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of oils was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The identified components constituted 95.06, 94.51, 94.64 and 91.60% of the leaf oil and 47.71, 64.19, 49.96, 94.47 and 91.56% of the rhizome oil of fresh, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days drying samples, respectively. Thirty four components were identified, among which 31 had not been detected previously. The major constituents in fresh, one, two and three days dried leaves were cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl), while for leaves dried for seven days were 1, 6, 10-dodecatriene, 7 and 11-dimethyl-3-methylene. β-pinene was the major component for fresh and two days dried rhizomes, while 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl) was the major constituent for one, three and seven days dried rhizomes. The post-harvest drying period had a positive effect on the oil yield of both leaf and rhizome. The highest oil yield was obtained from leaves dried for 7 days (0.300 v/w) and rhizomes dried for 3 days (0.162 v/w). This study suggests that the yield and content ofessential oils from the leaves and rhizomes of A. conchigera could be increased by drying leaves and rhizomes for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Key words: Alpinia conchigera Griff., essential oil, GC-MS, post-harvest drying, Zingiberaceae.

Composition and Chemical Variability of Leaf Oil of Myrtus Communis from North-Eastern Algeria

The chemical composition of 27 oil samples of Myrtus communis isolated from leaves collected in three locations in north-eastern Algeria was investigated by GC(RI) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Yields ranged between 0.2-1.2% (w/w). The chemical composition of the oils was largely dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, with alpha-pinene (40.5-64.0%), 1,8-cineole (10.9-29.1%) and limonene (6.7-8.2%) being the major compounds. In all the samples, 3,3,5,5,8,8-hexamethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(6)-ene-2,4-dione was identified (0.8-1.5%). The composition is similar to that reported for myrtle oils from Corsica, Sardinia and Tunisia, but differed from that of Moroccan and Spanish myrtle oils.

Essential Oil Composition of Leaf and Rhizome Oil of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt. from Northeast India

The essential oils of the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt., family Zingiberaceae, were obtained by hydrodistillation and yielded 0.02% and 0.4%, respectively. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition by capillary GC and GC/MS. A total of 18 compounds were identified representing about 96.4% of leaf and 97.8% of rhizome oils, respectively. 1,8-cineole was the major component in both leaf (25.4%) and rhizome (34%) oils. In addition, β-pinene (15.1%), camphor (15.3%), carotol (7.3%), α-pinene (7.8%) and camphene (7.0%) were also present in leaf oil, whereas in the rhizome oil α-fenchyl acetate (13.1%), α-terpineol (9.6%), β-pinene (8.1%) and camphene (7.0%) were the other main constituents.

Functional and evolutionary relationships between terpene synthases from Australian Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae is one of the chemically most variable and most significant essential oil yielding plant families. Despite an abundance of chemical information, very little work has focussed on the biochemistry of terpene production in these plants. We describe 70 unique partial terpene synthase transcripts and eight full-length cDNA clones from 21 myrtaceous species, and compare phylogenetic relationships and leaf oil composition to reveal clades defined by common function. We provide further support for the correlation between function and phylogenetic relationships by the first functional characterisation of terpene synthases from Myrtaceae: a 1,8-cineole synthase from Eucalyptus sideroxylon and a caryophyllene synthase from Eucalyptus dives.

Variation in Volatile Leaf Oils of Twelve Eucalyptus Species Harvested from Hajeb Layoun Arboreta (Tunisia)

Hydrodistillation of the dried leaves of twelve species of the genus Eucalyptus L' Hér., i.e., E. brockwayi C. A. Gardn., E. gracilis F. Muell., E. gillii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muell., E. loxophleba Benth., E. occidentalis Endl., E. oldfieldii F. Muell., E. salmonophloia F. Muell., E. sargentii Maiden, E. stricklandii Maiden, E. torquata Luehm., and E. woodwardii Maiden, harvested from Hajeb Layoun arboreta (region of Kairouan, central Tunisia) in January 2005, afforded essential oils in yields varying from 0.5+/-0.1 to 5.7+/-0.5%, dependent on the species. E. sargentii and E. brockwayi provided the highest and the lowest percentage of essential oil amongst all the species examined, respectively. Analysis by GC (RI) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 133 components, representing 92.9-98.8% of the total oil. The contents of the different samples varied according to the species. The main components were 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene (2), p-cymene, aromadendrene (1), globulol (5), trans-pinocarveol (6), spathulenol (7), beta-eudesmol, torquatone (3), and 4-methylpentan-2-yl acetate (8). The principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering indicated that the volatile leaf oil composition of the twelve Eucalyptus species could be clearly differentiated.

Essential Oil Constituents of Leaves and Fruits of Myrtus communis L. from Iran

Myrtus communis L. is an evergreen aromatic plant growing wild in Iran. Leaf samples were collected from two origins and in two different growth stages. Myrtle fruits were collected at full ripening stage. The oils of all samples were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and their constituents were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major oil components of leaves of two origins at flowering stage were α-pinene (3.8 - 23.0 %), 1,8-cineole (9.9 - 20.3 %), limonene (5.5 - 17.8 %), linalool (12.3 - 17.6 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (1.8 - 7.0 %). The leaf oil compositions at fruit ripening stage was highly similar to those of flowering stage as 1,8-cineole (24.0 %), α-pinene (22.1 %), limonene (17.6 %), linalool (11.4 %), linalyl acetate (4.5 %), α-terpinyl acetate (2.2 %), and geranyl acetate (1.2 %) were main components. Major constituents of fruit oil were α-pinene (28.6 %), 1,8-cineole (26.7 %), limonene (18.0 %), α-terpinyl acetate (5.4 %), linalyl acetate (3.4 %) and linalool (2.3 %).

The Essential Oil of Bupleurum fruticosum L. from Corsica: A Comprehensive Study

A detailed analysis of Bupleurum fruticosum oil was carried out by combination of GC (RI), GC/MS, and 13C-NMR analyses. After fractionation by column chromatography, 34 components accounting for 97.8% of the oils were identified. The main component was beta-phellandrene (67.7%), followed by sabinene (9.3%), and limonene (5.6%). The evolution of the chemical composition according to the stages of development of the plant was investigated as well as the composition of leaf, twig, and flower oils. A solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of aerial parts was carried out and the composition of the extract compared with that of the essential oil. Finally, 57 oil samples isolated from aerial parts of individual plants, collected all around Corsica, were analyzed, and the data were submitted to statistical analysis. Although the contents of the main components varied, only one group emerged, accompanied with some atypical compositions.

Leaf Oil Composition of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana et Planch.

The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana et Planch. was studied by GC and GC/MS. Ninety-seven constituents were identified, which constituted more than 92% of the leaf oil composition. The most prominent compounds were limonene (30.7%), (E)-β-ocimene (20.8%) and β-elemene (11.3%). The composition of the leaf oil was characterized by its richness in monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.

Essential oil constituents of leaves and fruits of Myrtus communis L. from Iran

Abstract Myrtus communis L. is an evergreen aromatic plant growing wild in Iran. Leaf samples were collected from two origins and in two different growth stages. Myrtle fruits were collected at full ripening stage. The oils of all samples were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and their constituents were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major oil components of leaves of two origins at flowering stage were α-pinene (3.8 - 23.0 %), 1,8-cineole (9.9 - 20.3 %), limonene (5.5 - 17.8 %), linalool (12.3 - 17.6 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (1.8 - 7.0 %). The leaf oil compositions at fruit ripening stage was highly similar to those of flowering stage as 1,8-cineole (24.0 %), α-pinene (22.1 %), limonene (17.6 %), linalool (11.4 %), linalyl acetate (4.5 %), α-terpinyl acetate (2.2 %), and geranyl acetate (1.2 %) were main components. Major constituents of fruit oil were α-pinene (28.6 %), 1,8-cineole (26.7 %), limonene (18.0 %), α-terpinyl acetate (5.4 %), linalyl acetate (3.4 %) and linalool ...

Volatile leaf oil diversity in the narrow range endemic Eucalyptus argutifolia (Myrtaceae) and its widespread congener Eucalyptus obtusiflora

Variation in the qualitative composition of volatile leaf oil was examined in the rare Eucalyptus argutifolia and its widespread congener Eucalyptus obtusiflora. The results revealed that, consistent with the pattern seen with allozymes, E. argutifolia had less variation within populations than E. obtusiflora. Total leaf oil diversity was also significantly lower in the rare species. As found with allozymes, most leaf oil diversity was within populations, but there was also a significant proportion of the variation between populations (25.2% and 27.3% for E. argutifolia and E. obtusiflora, respectively). There were significant associations between phenotypic distance based on leaf oils and geographical distance and between phenotypic and genetic distance across all populations, but these associations were not evident within species. Factors leading to reduced variation in E. argutifolia appear to affect all types of variation, but the relationships between different types of variation within the species are less apparent. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 738–745.

Essential Oil Compositions of Three Lantana Species from Monteverde, Costa Rica

The leaf essential oils of three species of Lantana from Monteverde, Costa Rica (L. camara, L. velutina, and L. hirta) were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical compositions determined by GC-MS analysis. The principal components of L. velutina were limonene (21.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (23.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.2%). The leaf oil composition of L. hirta was relatively simple, containing mostly 1-octen-3-ol (64.6%), germacrene D (24.5%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.9%). Two different samples of L. camara, however, yielded vastly different leaf oil compositions; one was dominated by sesquiterpenes, (E)-caryophyllene (30.3%), gamma-muurolene (27.2%), bicyclogermacrene (24.4%) and beta-elemene (14.2%); the second sample, on the other hand, was composed largely of fatty acid-derivatives, (Z)-3-hexenol and 1-octen-3-ol. The very different compositions for L. camara are consistent with the wide diversity of chemical compositions observed in previous reports for this species.

Leaf Oil Composition of Premna barbata Wall. ex. Sch. from Kumaon Region of Uttarakhand

The hydrodistilled leaf essential oil of Premna barbata Wall. ex. Sch. collected during winter and spring season from Kumaon region has been characterized by GC and GC/MS. A total of about 45 constituents comprising 87–91% of oils have been identified. 1-Octen-3-ol (37.3–21.5%) and epi-α-bisabolol (12.2–14.1%) were the major constituents. The high 1-octen-3-ol content makes the oil biologically active.

Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Leaf Essential Oils of Twelve Species of Piper from Monteverde, Costa Rica

The leaf essential oils of twelve species of Piper (Piperaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica ( Piper aequale, Piper amalago, Piper biasperatum, Piper bredemeyeri, Piper dotanum, Piper fimbriulatum, Piper glabrescens, Piper imperiale, Piper lanceifolium, Piper nemorense, Piper oblanceolatum, and Piper sp. A near aereum) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The Piper leaf oils have been screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli; for Artemia salina (brine shrimp) lethality; for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (human breast tumor) cells; and inhibition of the cysteine protease cruzain. A cluster analysis comparison with previously published Piper leaf oil compositions was carried out in order to discern the differences and similarities between the volatile chemical compositions of Piper species.

Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Three Species of Myrcianthes from Monteverde, Costa Rica

To examine the chemical diversity of essential oils from Myrcianthes species (Myrtaceae) as well as potential chemotaxonomic relationships between them, the leaf essential oils of M. fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh, M. rhopaloides (Kunth) McVaugh, and an undescribed species, Myrcianthes 'black fruit', from Monteverde, Costa Rica, were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The most abundant components of the essential oil of M. fragrans were 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (15.7%), (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (10.0%), alpha-cadinol (10.4%), eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1beta-ol (9.0%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), and spathulenol (7.5%). The leaf oils of two different samples of Myrcianthes rhopaloides were quantitatively different with one sample composed mostly of linalool (17.7%), alpha-cadinol (14.4%), spathulenol (11.1%), tau-cadinol (9.6%), and 1-epicubenol (6.9%), and the other was made up largely of (E)-hex-2-enal (46.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.5%), linalool (9.1%), alpha-cadinol (6.7%), and alpha-terpineol (4.4%). The major components in the leaf essential oil of Myrcianthes 'black fruit' were 1,8-cineole (38.3%), alpha-terpineol (21.2%), heptan-2-ol (15.5%), terpinen-4-ol (4.2%), and beta-pinene (3.8%). The leaf oil compositions of Myrcianthes in this study are very different from leaf oils from other members of Myrcianthes reported in the literature. A cluster analysis reveals large chemical variation not only between members of the genus, but also between samples of the same species.

A molecular perspective on terpene variation in Australian Myrtaceae

The terpenoid-dominated essential oils in Australian Myrtaceae mediate many ecological interactions and are important industrially. Of all the significant essential oil-producing families, Myrtaceae is the only one for which there is no molecular information on terpene biosynthesis. Here we summarise available knowledge on terpene biosynthesis and its relevance to the Myrtaceae to provide a foundation for ecological and genetic studies of chemical diversity. There are several steps in the terpene biosynthesis pathway that have potential for influencing the oil yield, profile and composition of leaf oils in Myrtaceae. The biochemical steps that influence oil yield in Myrtaceae probably occur in the steps of the pathway leading up to the synthesis of the terpene backbone. Qualitative differences in oil profiles are more likely to be due to variation in terpene synthases and terpene-modifying enzymes. Most of the information on molecular variation in terpene biosynthesis is based on the analysis of artificially derived mutants but Australian Myrtaceae can provide examples of the same mechanisms in an ecological context.

Citrus Essential Oil of Nigeria Part II Valencia Orange Leaf Oil Composition

Leaf oils from Valencia late and Campbell Valencia (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck cv. Valencia) obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Valencia late volatile oil gave thirty-four constituents, these accounted for 86.28 % of the total oil, while forty-four constituents representing 96.61 % of the total oil were identified in Campbell Valencia. Both oils were largely dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, 73.45 % in Campbell Valencia and 69.10 % in Valencia late. Sabinene (28.27–34.81 %) and ô-3-carene (10.81–13.86 %) were the major monoterpene hydrocarbon constituents in both oils. Oxygenated monoterpenes amounted to 16.46 % and 14.24 % of the total volatiles of Campbell Valencia and Valencia late respectively. In each oil linalool, terpinene-4-ol, neral and geranial were the main oxygenated monoterpenes. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for 6.65 % and 2.95 % in Campbell and Valencia late oils, a-humulene (0.94–1.83 %), (E)-caryophellene (0.61–1.03 %) and ß-elemene (0.68–1.00 %) were the dominant sesquiterpenes.

Chemical Composition of Leaf and Fruit Oils of Heracleum candolleanum

Essential oils from leaves and fruits of Heracleum candolleanum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components in the leaf oil were sabinene (13.2%), limonene (9.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.4%), whereas the major constituents in the fruit oil were limonene (70.0%) and octyl acetate (7.2%).