Emulsion Composition Research Articles

Understanding Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions with Pea Protein─Studies of Structure and Properties.

This study investigates the stability and structure of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by pea protein. Of the wide range of emulsion compositions explored, a region of stability at a minimum of 5% w/v pea protein and 30-50% v/v oil was determined. This pea protein concentration is more than what is needed to form a layer covering the interface. X-ray scattering revealed a thick, dense protein layer at the interface as well as hydrated protein dispersed in the continuous phase. Shear-thinning behavior was observed, and the high viscosity in combination with the thick protein layer at the interface creates a good stability against creaming and coalescence. Emulsions in a pH range from acidic to neutral were studied, and the overall stability was observed to be broadly similar independently of pH. Size measurements revealed polydisperse protein particles. The emulsion droplets are also very polydisperse. Apart from understanding pea protein-stabilized emulsions in particular, insights are gained about protein stabilization in general. Knowledge of the location and the role of the different components in the pea protein material suggests that properties such as viscosity and stability can be tailored for various applications, including food and nutraceutical products.

The Effect of Hydroxy Silicone Oil Emulsion on the Waterproof Performance of Cement.

The hydrophilic and porous structure of cement-based concrete materials makes it vulnerable to various harmful ions dissolved in water in the environment or during the freeze-thaw cycle, resulting in a significant decline in durability. Therefore, the introduction of hydrophobic hydroxyl silicone oil with good chemical stability and excellent hydrophobic properties during the process of concrete preparation to achieve the hydrophobic modification of its internal holes has very positive significance in terms of improving its durability. In order to disperse the hydrophobic hydroxyl silicone oil evenly in the internal pores of the concrete, synthetic non-ionic polyether-modified silicone oil was used as an emulsifier to make it a water-soluble emulsion. The influences of the composition of the emulsifier on the dispersion, water contact angle, water absorption, porosity, and compressive strength of cement mortar were investigated. The results show that when the emulsion content is 0.5%, the pore volume of the cement mortar decreases by 15%, and the maximum contact angle reaches 128°, which is conducive to improving the anti-erosion and anti-freezing properties of concrete and provides a new solution for the preparation of high-durability concrete. However, the introduction of polyether-modified silicone oil increases the number of large holes in the cement mortar, and leads to an increase in water absorption and a decrease in compressive strength. It is necessary to further optimize the composition of emulsifier in future work.

Salt ions improve soybean protein isolate/curdlan complex fat substitutes: Effect of molecular interactions on freeze-thaw stability

Although emulsion gels show significant potential as fat substitutes, they are vulnerable to degreasing, delamination, and other undesirable processes during freezing, storage, and thawing, leading to commercial value loss in terms of juiciness, flavor, and texture. This study investigated the gel strength and freeze-thaw stability of soybean protein isolate (SPI)/curdlan (CL) composite emulsion gels after adding sodium chloride (NaCl). Analysis revealed that adding low salt ion concentrations promoted the hardness and water-holding capacity (WHC) of fat substitutes, while high levels displayed an inhibitory effect. With 40 mM NaCl as the optimum concentration, the hardness increased from 259.33 g (0 mM) to 418.67 g, the WHC increased from 90.59 % to 93.18 %, exhibiting good freeze-thaw stability. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and particle size distribution were used to examine the impact of salt ion concentrations on protein particle aggregation and the damaging effect of freezing and thawing on the proteoglycan complex network structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and protein solubility evaluation indicated that the composite gel network structure consisted of covalent contacts between the proteoglycan molecules and hydrogen bonds, playing a predominant role in non-covalent interaction. This study showed that the salt ion concentration in the emulsion gel affected its molecular interactions.

Effects of polysaccharides on colonic targeting and colonic fermentation of ovalbumin-ferulic acid based emulsion

Rutin is a polyphenol with beneficial pharmacological properties. However, its bioavailability is often compromised due to low solubility and poor stability. Encapsulation technologies, such as emulsion systems, have been proven to be promising delivery vehicles for enhancing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Thus, this study was proposed and designed to investigate the colonic targeting and colonic fermentation characteristics of rutin-loaded ovalbumin-ferulic acid-polysaccharide (OVA-FA-PS) complex emulsions. The results indicate that OVA-FA-PS emulsion effectively inhibits the degradation of rutin active substances and facilitates its transport of rutin to the colon. The analysis revealed that the OVA-FA-κ-carrageenan emulsion loaded with rutin exhibited superior elasticity and colon targeting properties compared to the OVA-FA-hyaluronic acid or OVA-FA-sodium alginate emulsions loaded with rutin in the composite emulsion. Additionally, it was observed that the rutin loaded within the OVA-FA-κ-carrageenan emulsion underwent degradation and was converted to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid during colonic fermentation.

Chemical stability of β-carotene composite or bilayer emulsions coated with pea protein isolate and γ-polyglutamic acid compared to monolayer emulsion

Abstract The integration of β-carotene into functional foods is limited due to its limited hydrophilicity and chemical stability. To address this issue, emulsion was encouraged to be utilized. Monolayer, composite, and bilayer emulsions were prepared using pea protein isolate (PPI) alone or in combination with poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA). Our findings indicate that the bilayer emulsion utilizing γ-PGA as an external emulsifier exhibited the smallest droplet size (737.61 nm) and highest zeta potential (−35.23 mV). Under various environmental stresses, the chemical stability of the composite emulsion surpassed that of the monolayer emulsion but was inferior to that of the bilayer emulsion. Moreover, following simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the β-carotene bioaccessibility in the composite emulsion (12.76 %) exceeded that in the monolayer emulsion (6.57 %) but was less than that in the bilayer emulsion (20.01 %). Therefore, the emulsion preparation method or the sequence of γ-PGA addition significantly affects emulsion stability. Among the studied emulsions, the bilayer emulsion demonstrated the most stable structure, enhancing the stability of β-carotene within the oil droplets.

Constructing myosin/high-density lipoprotein composite emulsions: Roles of pH on emulsification stability, rheological and structural properties

The emulsification activity of myosin plays a significant role in affecting quality of emulsified meat products. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) possesses strong emulsification activity and stability due to its structural characteristics, suggesting potential for its utilization in developing functional emulsified meat products. In order to explore the effect of HDL addition on emulsification stability, rheological properties and structural features of myosin (MS) emulsions, HDL-MS emulsion was prepared by mixing soybean oil with isolated HDL and MS, with pH adjustments ranging from 3.0 to 11.0. The results found that emulsification activity and stability in two emulsion groups consistently improved as pH increased. Under identical pH, HDL-MS emulsion exhibited superior emulsification behavior as compared to MS emulsion. The HDL-MS emulsion under pH of 7.0–11.0 formed a viscoelastic protein layer at the interface, adsorbing more proteins and retarding oil droplet diffusion, leading to enhanced oxidative stability, compared to the MS emulsion. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed more flexible conformational changes in the HDL-MS emulsion. Microstructural observations corroborated these findings, showing a more uniform distribution of droplet sizes in the HDL-MS emulsion with smaller particle sizes. Overall, these determinations suggested that the addition of HDL enhanced the emulsification behavior of MS emulsions, and the composite emulsions demonstrated heightened responsiveness under alkaline conditions. This establishes a theoretical basis for the practical utilization of HDL in emulsified meat products.

Fabrication of sodium lignosulfonate/waterborne polyurethane composites with high biological content to enhance mechanical properties and UV resistance

The conversion of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) into high-value functional materials remains challenging. Hereon, a bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was synthesized using castor oil and isophorone diisocyanate as the raw materials. SL was used as a functional filler to prepare transparent or translucent composites of sodium lignosulfonate/waterborne polyurethane with good properties through physical blending method. The influence of varying SL contents on the performance of composite emulsions and films were studied. The results indicated that the composite derived from bio-based materials had an occupancy rate of 89.5 %, and all composite emulsions exhibited outstanding storage stability. Interestingly, the addition of sodium lignosulfonate greatly improved the mechanical properties and heat resistance due to the strong interfacial interaction between WPUs and SL molecular chains. Furthermore, the composite film could achieve complete UV shielding performance when the sodium lignosulfonate content reached 9 wt %. This work had significantly expanded the range of high-value-added applications for lignin and potential prospects for its use in the field of sunscreen coatings.

SUBSTANTIATION OF METHOD FOR LEVELING INJECTIVITY PROFILE UNDER CONDITIONS OF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS OF FIELD NAMED AFTER R. TREBSA

At the moment, the issue of reducing water cut during the development of carbonate fractured reservoirs is relevant. In the work, the object of the study is the carbonate deep reservoirs of the R. Trebs field. According to the field development analysis, there are production wells with sharp unpredictable breakthrough of injected water.In order to increase the coverage of pay zones by waterflooding, it is necessary to use methods aimed at limiting the filtration of injected water into water-flooded intervals.High formation temperature and mineralization of formation water are complicating factors in the selection of the injection profile alignment (runway) technology.Taking into account the criteria specified in the work, potential candidates for testing the technology were selected for the runway.The article analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the existing runway methods used when exposed to injection wells. The criteria for the applicability of various technologies based on the use of: polymer/gel compositions, emulsion compositions, including reverse emulsions, injection of aqueous salt solutions, silicate, thermotropic and complex reagents are highlighted. Technologies and compositions based on water-soluble polymers that form viscoelastic compositions when crosslinkers of various nature are added are recognized as the most promising for the conditions of the fractured reservoir of the Trebs field.Particular attention is paid to laboratory experiments aimed at studying the physical and chemical properties of crosslinked polymer systems, conducting filtration experiments, determining the applicability of the technology for the geological and physical conditions of the study object.According to the results of physicochemical experiments, such parameters as the time of dissolution of reagents, compatibility with formation water, time and temperature of gelling were determined. Based on the shear test, rheological parameters of the investigated polymer systems are determined. Testing was carried out to determine the conditions under which the crosslinked polymer composition breaks down.Filtration experiments were carried out on linear and volumetric models of the formation using core material from the Trebs field to determine the reagent with the highest colmating abilities calculated from the residual resistance factor.

Preparation of a curcumin oil bodies delivery system based on pH-Shift treatment: Physicochemical properties, protein structure, and digestive properties

Curcumin (Cur) was encapsulated in oil bodies (OBs) using pH-shift treatment. The physicochemical properties, surface protein structure, stability, and in vitro digestion of the prepared composite emulsion (COB) were characterized. The results showed a fading of Cur crystallization peak in COB. Besides, the highest encapsulation rate, largest particle size and zeta potential were observed at pH 0.5. Compared to OBs, the hydrophilic groups of COB surface proteins were unfolded and the central hydrophobic region remained relatively stable, with reduced COB storage stability and good oxidative stability. In vitro simulated digestion revealed that Cur was released in a sustained manner. The highest bioaccessibility (57.5%) and stability (67.3%) of COB were observed at pH 0.5. The present study suggested that pH-shift treatment is a viable method for the preparation of COB carriers. This information may provide new ideas for the preparation of lipophilic polyphenol delivery systems such as Cur, which can contribute to the application of OBs in a variety of food processing applications, including plant-based milk, fortified foods, etc.

Development of an emulsion composition with fennel and caraway essential oils for use in the combined therapy of ulcerative colitis

The aim of the study is to develop the composition of an emulsion containing essential oils of Fennel and Caraway seeds for use in the symptomatic complex therapy of ulcerative colitis with the aim of eliminating functional intestinal disorders. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of emulsions containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (essential oils of Fennel and Caraway), purified water, oils (refined sunflower oil, refined olive oil, refined sesame oil), emulsifiers (polyethylene glycol 40 hydrogenated castor oil, polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol 100 stearate, acacia gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, soya lecithin), viscosity regulator - apple pectin and flavouring agents (food additives with cherry and tarragon flavour). Organoleptic properties, stability, rheological parameters, pH, particle size determination by microscopy, and a taste test were carried out with model emulsion samples. Research to establish the optimal technological parameters was carried out in parallel. Results. The main parameters of the technological process have been established, which allow to obtain an emulsion with evenly distributed particles: 15 minutes at maximum speed. The concentration of emulsifiers at which the emulsions are stable was selected. It was found that the samples containing polyethylene glycol 100 stearate, gums, and soy lecithin have satisfactory organoleptic properties. The sample with soy lecithin emulsifier differs from the others in its ability to form microemulsions, but it has low viscosity. To improve the rheological properties, apple pectin was added to the emulsion. The taste test showed that among vegetable oils, refined sesame oil has a more neutral taste, and the flavouring additive "Tarkhun" balances the taste better. The release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the emulsion base was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Conclusions. A microemulsion with essential oils based on refined sesame oil, soy lecithin, with the addition of viscosity and flavour correctors was developed. The obtained emulsion has satisfactory organoleptic properties and conforms to the requirements for emulsion quality indicators

Analysis of Emulsion Composition and the Migration and Transformation in Mine Water

Analysis of Emulsion Composition and the Migration and Transformation in Mine Water

Study on modified graphene oxide-based emulsion cleaner for oily sludge

Abstract Oily sludge is a complex system that is inevitably generated during the process of oil extracting and processing. It will cause serious environmental pollution and waste of resources if untreated sludge is discharged. In this paper, a composite emulsion cleaner based on modified graphite oxide and surfactants was developed for cleaning oily sludge. First, graphite oxide (GO) was functionally modified with butylamine, and its structures were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the oil-in-water composite emulsion cleaner was prepared by using butylamine modified graphite oxide and surfactants. The conditions for emulsion preparation and oil sludge cleaning were modelled and optimized by the response surface methodology. The obtained optimal formulations were: surfactant content was 2.17 ‰ with SDS/AEO-3 ratio of 9:1, GO-A4 content was 0.96 ‰, water-oil ratio was 5:5, and the oil removal rate was 97.45 %. The optimal cleaning conditions were: liquid-solid ratio of 3.2:1, cleaning time of 32 min, cleaning temperature of 28.7 °C, and oil removal rate of 99.02 %. The solid sediments were characterized by FTIR and SEM, which proved the feasibility of cleaning oily sludge with the emulsion.

Formation mechanism of quinoa protein hydrolysate-EGCG complexes at different pH conditions and its effect on the protein hydrolysate-lipid co-oxidation in emulsions

This study aimed to investigate the interaction, structure, antioxidant, and emulsification properties of quinoa protein hydrolysate (QPH) complexes formed with (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) at pH 3.0 and 7.0. Additionally, the effect of pH conditions and EGCG complexation on protein hydrolysate-lipid co-oxidation in QPH emulsions was explored. The results indicated that QPH primarily interacted with EGCG through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. This interaction led to alterations in the secondary structure of QPH, as well as a decrease in surface hydrophobicity and free SH content. Notably, the binding affinity between QPH and EGCG was observed to be higher at pH 7.0 compared to pH 3.0. Consequently, QPH-EGCG complexes exhibited more significant enhancement in antioxidant and emulsification properties at pH 7.0 than pH 3.0. The pH level also influenced the droplet size, ζ-potential, and interfacial composition of emulsions formed by QPH and QPH-EGCG complexes. Compared to QPH stabilized emulsions, QPH-EGCG stabilized emulsions were more capable of mitigating destabilization during storage and displayed fewer lipid oxidation products, carbonyl generation, and sulfhydryl groups and fluorescence loss, which implied better oxidative stability of the emulsions. Furthermore, the QPH-EGCG complexes formed at pH 7.0 exhibited better inhibition of protein hydrolysate-lipid co-oxidation. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the potential application of QPH and its complexes with EGCG in food processing systems.

Process Optimization of Tinospora cordifolia Extract-Loaded Water in Oil Nanoemulsion Developed by Ultrasound-Assisted Homogenization.

Nanoemulsions are gaining interest in a variety of products as a means of integrating easily degradable bioactive compounds, preserving them from oxidation, and increasing their bioavailability. However, preparing stable emulsion compositions with the desired characteristics is a difficult task. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCAE) into a water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion and identify its critical process and formulation variables, like oil (27-29.4 mL), the surfactant concentration (0.6-3 mL), and sonication amplitude (40% to 100%), using response surface methodology (RSM). The responses of this formulation were studied with an analysis of the particle size (PS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In between, we have studied a fishbone diagram that was used to measure risk and preliminary research. The optimized condition for the formation of a stable nanoemulsion using quality by design was surfactant (2.43 mL), oil concentration (27.61 mL), and sonication amplitude (88.6%), providing a PS of 171.62 nm, FFA content of 0.86 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.597 Pa.s for the blank sample compared to the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion with a PS of 243.60 nm, FFA content of 0.27 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.22 Pa.s. The EE increases with increasing concentrations of TCAE, from 56.88% to 85.45%. The RSM response demonstrated that both composition variables had a considerable impact on the properties of the W/O nanoemulsion. Furthermore, after the storage time, the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion showed better stability over the blank nanoemulsion, specially the FFAs, and the blank increased from 0.142 to 1.22 meq/kg oil, while TCAE showed 0.266 to 0.82 meq/kg.

Stability of Ti3C2-MXene/Waterborne polyurethane composite emulsion and investigation of visible light-driven film self-healing performance

Intrinsic self-healing waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is an environmentally friendly, economically viable, and practical novel intelligent material. However, the key to achieving practical applications lies in the remote activation of repair in self-healing materials and the excellent mechanical properties of the matrix. In this study, we introduce quadruple hydrogen bonding in the polyurethane backbone. We have incorporated a novel two-dimensional sheet-like material, MXene, to achieve visible light remote-driven self-healing of material hydrogen bonds while enhancing the material’s mechanical properties. By utilizing the MXene supernatant, this approach not only resolves the issues of poor stability and easy sedimentation of MXene nanosheets in water-based polymers but also helps to prevent resource wastage. Our research results demonstrate that the composite film exhibits a tensile strength of 6.55 MPa and a fracture elongation of 604%. Additionally, quadruple hydrogen bonds in the WPU chains enable rapid self-healing of microcracks under visible light irradiation at 300 mW/cm2, with complete disappearance within 80 min.

La-Doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU-Coated Leather Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Performance.

Flexible La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/polyurethane (PU) coated leather composites were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method, with highly efficient photocatalytic degradation properties by coating the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU emulsion onto the leather and drying it. The phase composition and optical properties of the as-prepared photocatalytic material were systematically characterized. The result revealed that La was doped in Sm2Zr2O7 successfully, and the prepared samples still possessed pyrochlore structure. The absorption edge of the prepared samples exhibited a red-shift with the increase in La doping, indicating that La doping could broaden the absorbance range of the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 materials. The catalytic performance of La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU composite emulsion coating on the photocatalytic performance of leather was studied with Congo red solution as the target pollutant. The results showed that the best photocatalytic property was found in the 5% La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 nanomaterial at a concentration of 3 g/L. The resulting 5% La-doped Sm2Zr2O7 nanomaterial exhibited a high specific surface area of 73.5 m2/g. After 40 min of irradiation by a 450 W xenon lamp, the degradation rate of Congo red reached 93%. Moreover, after surface coating, the La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites showed obviously improved mechanical properties, as the tensile strength of La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites increased from 6.3 to 8.4 MPa. The as-prepared La-doped Sm2Zr2O7/PU coated leather composites with enhanced mechanical properties and highly efficient photocatalytic performance hold promising applications in the treatment of indoor volatile organic compounds.

Scope and Limitations of Using Microemulsions for the Covalent Patterning of Graphene.

Patterning of graphene (functionalizing some areas while leaving others intact) is challenging, as all the C atoms in the basal plane are identical, but it is also desirable for a variety of applications, like opening a bandgap in the electronic structure of graphene. Several methods have been reported to pattern graphene, but most of them are very technologically intensive. Recently, we reported the use of microemulsions as templates to pattern graphene at the μm scale. This method is very simple and in principle tunable, as emulsions of different droplet size and composition can be prepared easily. Here, we explore in detail the scope of this methodology by applying it to all the combinations of four different emulsions and three different organic reagents, and characterizing the resulting substrates exhaustively through Raman, SEM and AFM. We find that the method is general, works better when the reactive species are outside the micelles, and requires reactive species that involve short reaction times.

Removal of turbidity in low-alcohol Chinese baijiu by coalescence separation

Chinese Baijiu has always been preferred by the majority of alcoholic drink lovers with its rich aroma. With the popularity of drinking culture and mental health, low-alcohol Baijiu has achieved increasing attention. This paper innovatively adopts the coalescence method of separating emulsion to solve the turbidity problem in the process of degrading Baijiu. Firstly, the characteristics of feasible materials for turbidity removal via coalescence were explored. Three materials with different pore size, chemical composition, and wetting behavior, namely polyether sulfone (PES), glass fiber (GF) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), were characterized. Secondly, the emulsion structure and composition of the diluted Chinese Baijiu were analyzed. Finally, the selected porous materials were conducted to separate the precipitates in the degraded Baijiu for a clear Baijiu. The results found that both PVDF with excellent affinity to esters under alcohol solution and PES with small pore size exhibited efficient turbidity removal efficiency. Furthermore, the effect of pore size ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm of the PVDF coalescing material on the turbidity removal was investigated. However, the small pore size resulted in great pressure drop and followed the screening mechanism which contributed to high energy consumption and membrane fouling issue. The large pore size PVDF materials with average pore size of 1.6–4.0 μm achieved high flux of 5.30 × 104 L/(m2·h) with 90∼100% turbidity removal for 39% alcohol content-Baijiu via coalescence. The quality after coalescence removal of turbid was good indicating the coalescence removal method is a Chinese Baijiu turbidity removal potential technology.

Incomplete lipid extraction as a possible cause for underestimation of lipid oxidation in emulsions

AbstractLipid oxidation deteriorates the sensory and nutritional quality of food emulsions containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Classically, different extraction solvents are used as a first step to measure lipid oxidation in emulsions. However, it is unclear how the applied extraction method influences the measured lipid oxidation values. In this work, we systematically examined the performance of common solvent mixtures such as chloroform, methanol, and hexane (or isooctane)–isopropanol on lipid extraction from emulsions stabilized with different emulsifiers (Tween 20 (T20), whey proteins, and pea proteins) and oxidation levels, and how this, in turn, affected the measured hydroperoxide concentrations. Chloroform–methanol was the most effective solvent (lipid yield >93 wt.%). When using hexane–isopropanol, extraction yields were consistently high for T20‐ and pea protein‐based emulsions (>60 wt.%), but in whey protein‐based emulsions, values as low as 26 wt.% were measured. In case of incomplete extraction, hydroperoxide concentrations measured by colorimetric methods need to be corrected for this effect. When using 1H NMR to assess lipid oxidation, the actual amount of extracted lipids is intrinsically taken into account. This highlights not only the importance of the extraction method in determining lipid oxidation in emulsions but also that of the actual analysis method.Practical application: This study highlights that the lipid extraction yield can vary depending not only on the emulsion composition (e.g., type of emulsifier) but also on the oxidative state of the emulsion and the extraction solvent used. If this is overlooked, errors can be made in the hydroperoxide determination. Although these effects can be corrected for, this is not standard procedure, which implies that awareness on this matter should be increased. It is also important to point out that depending on the solvent used, the different lipid classes (including various lipid oxidation products) may be extracted at different levels. Chloroform–methanol should be preferred for extraction of all lipid and lipid oxidation‐derived molecules, including aldehydes.

Impact of Pickering Emulsions Composition on Lipase Catalyzed Peroxyacetic Acid Synthesis

AbstractDue to the need for environmental protection and sustainability, there has been a rising need to replace the traditionally harsh oxidative functionalization process, which is essential for syntheses of various organic compounds, by biocatalysis. However, the investigated alternative processes are still challenged with enzyme instability and/or low specific reaction rate. Due to these still existing challenges and the recognition of Pickering emulsions as an efficient platform for continuous biphasic biocatalysis, the first, enzymatic step of the lipase catalyzed oxidative functionalization was investigated in bioactive Pickering emulsions. The study focused on the impact of Pickering emulsion composition such as the volume phase fraction, type and concentration of the nanoparticles and enzymes on continuous peroxyacetic acids synthesis. The type of nanoparticles used and Candida antarctica lipase B concentration significantly impacted the process while the other named parameters only had a marginal influence.