Composition Of Blood Plasma Research Articles

Evidence that transpeptidation is a significant function of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (purified from rat kidney) was incubated with glutathione and a mixture of amino acids that closely approximates the amino acid composition of blood plasma, and the relative extents of transpeptidation and hydrolysis were determined by quantitative measurement of the products formed (glutamate, cysteinylglycine, gamma-glutamyl amino acids). At pH 7.4, in the presence of 50 microM glutathione and the amino acid mixture, about 50% of the glutathione that was utilized participated in transpeptidation. Studies in which the formation of individual gamma-glutamyl amino acids was determined in the presence of glutathione and the amino acid mixture showed that L-cystine and L-glutamine are the most active amino acid acceptors, and that other neutral amino acids also participate in transpeptidation to a significant extent. These in vitro experiments are consistent with a number of other findings which indicate that transpeptidation is a significant physiological function of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

The effect of ambient calcium on prolactin cell activity and plasma electrolytes in Sarotherodon mossambicus ( Tilapia mossambica)

The low prolactin cell activity in seawater fish is related to the high calcium and magnesium concentrations in seawater, not to its high osmolarity or high sodium content. After transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, prolactin cell activity was markedly reduced. A similar reduction occurred in freshwater fish after increasing the ionic calcium concentration to that of seawater. Magnesium ions, although considerably less effective than calcium in the same concentration, had a similar effect. In seawater fish prolactin cells were stimulated by reduction of the ambient calcium and magnesium concentrations. Data on blood plasma composition do not support the supposition that the effect of ambient calcium on prolactin secretion is mediated by changes in plasma osmolarity, plasma sodium, or plasma calcium levels. Prolactin is known to reduce the permeability of the fish integument for ions and water. Similar effects have been reported for ambient calcium and magnesium ions. The present results support the hypothesis that prolactin compensates for the effects of low ambient calcium and magnesium levels on water and ion permeability of the skin and gills, in hypotonic as well as hypertonic conditions.

Intracellular ionic activity measurements in nerve and muscle.

Intracellular ionic activity measurements in nerve and muscle.J L Walker, and H M BrownJ L Walker, and H M BrownPublished Online:01 Oct 1977https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1977.57.4.729MoreSectionsPDF (8 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByDestabilization of DNA G-Quadruplexes by Chemical Environment Changes during Tumor Progression Facilitates Transcription8 January 2018 | Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, No. 2Chloride transport in the renal proximal tubule16 July 2004 | Pfl�gers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 448, No. 6Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis: a Tool for Elucidating the Role of Ions in Neuronal Physiology and Pathophysiology1 November 1999 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 5, No. 6Intracellular Na+ activities in Aplysia gut: effect of transported solutesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 107, No. 3Determination of the intracellular free chloride concentration in rat brain synaptoneurosomes using a chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicatorBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 1153, No. 2Intracellular K+ activities in Aplysia californica gut: Effect of transported solutesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 1Ethanol-induced Cl− flux in rat cerebellar granule cells as measured by a fluorescent probeBrain Research, Vol. 568, No. 1-2Change of intracellular K+ activity in rat soleus muscle during hypokalemiaBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 6Ion-sensitive micro-electrode measurements of intracellular K+, Na+ and Cl− activities in Lepidopteran skeletal muscleJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 35, No. 3Studies of axon-glial cell interactions and periaxonal K+ homeostasis—I. The influence of Na+, K+, Cl− and cholinergic agents on the membrane potential of the adaxonal glia of the crayfish medial giant axonNeuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 3Insect muscle: Intracellular ion concentrations and mechanisms of resting potential generationJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 33, No. 5Procedures for manufacturing double-barrelled ion-sensitive microelectrodes employing liquid sensorsJournal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, Vol. 13, No. 1The osmotic concentration of parietal muscle of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa L., including estimates of free and bound constituentsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 84, No. 4A simple method for making ion-selective microelectrodes suitable for intracellular recording in vertebrate cellsJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 15, No. 2Concentrations and activity coefficients of NA+, K+ and Cl− in Aplysia californica enterocytesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 77, No. 4The composition of blood plasma and parietal muscle of oslo fjord eels [Anguilla anguilla (L.)] and the river lamprey [Lampetra fluviatilis (L.)]Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 77, No. 3Intra- and extracellular potassium activities, acetylcholine and resting potential in guinea pig atria.Circulation Research, Vol. 54, No. 1A comparison of the selectivities of microelectrodes incorporating the Orion and Corning liquid ion exchangers for potassium over sodiumJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 8, No. 4Potassium activity in leech neuropile glial cells changes with external potassium concentrationBrain Research, Vol. 270, No. 2Intracellular Na+ and K+ activities during insulin stimulation of rat soleus muscleR. J. Stark, and J. O'Doherty1 March 1982 | American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 242, No. 3Determination of muscle ions from trout, Salmo gairdneri, by a simple wet extraction techniqueComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 72, No. 1Heterogeneity of intracellular potassium activity and membrane potential in hypoxic guinea pig ventricle.Circulation Research, Vol. 49, No. 5A comparative analysis of extracellular fluid volume of several tissues as determined by six different markersLife Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 5Intracellular measurement of ionic activityTrends in Neurosciences, Vol. 4Factors affecting the contribution of the catecholamine activated electrogenic sodium pump to the membrane potential of rat soleus muscle fibersGeneral Pharmacology: The Vascular System, Vol. 12, No. 1Emerging techniques Ion-sensitive microelectrodes for intracellular useTrends in Biochemical Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4Theory and applications of ion-selective electrodes Part IIIAnalytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 111Intracellular potassium activity of isolated human and rabbit corneal epitheliumExperimental Eye Research, Vol. 29, No. 4Energetics of coupled Na+ and Cl− entry into epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestineBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 551, No. 1A NEW TEST SHOWING ABNORMAL NET Na+ AND K+ FLUXES IN ERYTHROCYTES OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTSThe Lancet, Vol. 313, No. 8112Recording intracellularly with potassium ion-sensitive electrodes from single cortical neurons in awake catsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 61, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 57Issue 4October 1977Pages 729-78 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1977 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1977.57.4.729PubMed20645History Published online 1 October 1977 Published in print 1 October 1977 Metrics

Phospholipid composition of blood plasma, erythrocytes, and "ghosts" in sickle cell disease.

We examined the phospholipid composition of the plasma, of whole erythrocytes, and of "ghosts" of the erythrocytes from healthy volunteers, patients with sickle cell disease without crisis, and such patients in crisis, and found that phosphatidylglycerol in the plasma and "ghosts" was very significantly increased in sickle cell crisis but not in the absence of crisis. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Force-feeding effects on growth, carcass and blood composition in the young chick.

1. Excessive amounts of food (70% greater thanad lib. intake) introduced into the gastrointestinal tract of young chicks were efficiently digested and caused increased growth resulting mainly from lean body substance and partially from fat deposition, more efficient energy utilization than thead lib.-fed controls, increased relative weights of the crop, proventriculus, intestine, liver and abdominal adipose tissue. Pancreas relative weight was not changed and that of the gizzard was reduced.2. The treatment also caused changes in blood plasma composition. Free fatty acid, trigly-ceride, α2-, β- and γ-globulin and pre-β-lipoprotein concentrations increased.3. Fasting for 30 h caused higher body fat losses and lower body protein losses in the force-fed chicks than in thead lib.-fed chicks.4. The effects of over-feeding on body and blood plasma composition and differences found in these measurements during starvation are discussed.

The effect of hemorrhagic shock on the phospholipid composition of blood plasma of anesthetized dogs.

SummaryThe phospholipid composition of arterial, sagittal sinus and hepatic venous blood plasma was investigated in dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia both before and shortly after a severe hemorrhage. The total lipid P concentration in the artery decreased following hemorrhage, but the phosphatidyl-glycerol concentration increased. Only small and variable differences were observed across the splanchnic region either before or after the bleeding. A significant release of total lipid P, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, choline plasmalogen and phosphatidylglycerol was noted across the brain under control conditions. The individual phospholipids were continued to be released even following hemorrhage. The physiological significance of these changes will have to await further study.

The effects of cold on corneal thickness and on aqueous humor and blood plasma composition of Rana pipiens

When summer frogs are switched from a normal ambient temperature of 18–20°C to 4–8°C, the cornea undergoes a limited initial swelling, following which a new steady-state thickness and corneal transparency are maintained for days. In contrast, enucleated eyes kept under the same conditions show a rapid, continuous swelling until loss of transparency prevents further thickness determination. Maintenance of corneal thickness in situ is some-what jeopardized by destruction of the central nervous system, or by the elimination of general circulation; but even in the dead frog, the rate and extent of cold-induced corneal swelling in the in situ eye is less than that observed at the same temperature on enucleated eyes. Preliminary results also indicate that the cornea of summer frogs has a greater tendency to swell in the cold than the cornea of winter frogs. These observations, together with previous results obtained on normothermic and hibernating woodchucks, indicate that enucleation of the eye may alter some parameters of corneal function which render the cornea more vulnerable to cold-induced depression of metabolically-dependent dehydration mechanisms.

Carotenoid transport in the plasma of the scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber)

1. 1. A study was made of the lipoprotein composition of blood plasma from the scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber), white ibis and a pink hybrid. Donor animals were obtained either from the delta of the Amazon River or from the National Zoo, Washington, D.C. 2. 2. It was found that the carotenoid composition of the plasma of the captive scarlet ibis differed from that of the wild bird. 3. 3. The carotenoid pigments which are characteristic for scarlet ibis were principally associated with the high-density lipoprotein fractions. Pigment half-life was of the order of 80–100 hr and consistent with the metabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). 4. 4. Further fractionation of the HDL by disc electrophoresis indicated the presence of a component which appears to be a carotenoid carrier protein. Substantial amounts of this protein were present in the scarlet ibis whereas only traces could be detected in the white ibis.

Toxicity of terephthalic acid.

The acute toxicity of terephthalic acid and its sodium salt, the effect of terephthalic acid administration on liver and renal functions, and the chemical composition of blood plasma were studied. LD50 of terephthalic acid in mice was found to be more than 5000 mg/kg by oral administration and 1430 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Those of its sodium salt (Na2TPA) were 6300 mg/kg (oral), 8600 mg/kg (subcutaneous), 4600 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), and more than 1300 mg/kg (intravenous). Terephthalic acid feeding for 7 days (0.5% in diet) did not affect the dye (PSP) excretion from kidney, the transaminase activity (GOT and GPT) in blood plasma, and the contents of sugar, protein, free amino acids, and urea in blood plasma. The BSP retention in liver was not increased, but rather decreased. The barbiturate sleeping-time was shortened markedly by terephthalic acid feeding. In view of these facts, it was concluded that terephthaic acid did not show any toxic indications in mice fed 0.5% terephthalic acid diet.

Changes in composition of blood plasma of the rat during acute radiation syndrome, and their partial mitigation by dibenamine and cortin.

Changes in composition of blood plasma of the rat during acute radiation syndrome, and their partial mitigation by dibenamine and cortin.

Effects of fat meals and heparin on blood plasma composition as shown by paper chromatography.

Summary1. Changes in the plasma protein patterns of dogs after high fat meals, and after the intravenous administration of heparin or Tween 81, have been demonstrated, using the paper chromatograph...

SPECIES VARIATION IN NORMAL BLOOD LIPIDS ESTIMATED BY OXIDATIVE MICROMETHODS

The blood plasma of 10 healthy bullfrogs and of 15 healthy, adult dogs was analysed for lipids by oxidative micromethods. The lipid content of the blood plasma of bullfrogs was found to be low and of the order of that found previously in guinea-pigs with, in addition, the peculiar feature that no neutral fat was present. The lipid content of the blood plasma of the dog, on the other hand, was found to be high, higher even than is found in man. The lipid composition of blood plasma in bullfrogs and dogs was then compared with corresponding values previously determined by the author, using the same technique, in guinea-pigs, albino rats, rabbits, cows, cats, cockerels, and man. Data are also presented upon the concentration of lipids in the red blood cells of bullfrogs and these are compared with corresponding values previously found in rabbits, man, and guinea-pigs.

EFFECT OF ADRENAL FACTORS ON PLASMA PROTEINS1,2

THE ADRENAL CORTEX plays an important part in the regulation of the composition of blood plasma. In its absence plasma volume is reduced, plasma sodium falls and potassium rises. Treatment of an adrenalectomized animal withadrenal extract can maintain the normal volume and electrolyte composition of the plasma. This extract can be divided into two fractions, one (sodium factor fraction) which maintains normal electrolyte composition and the other (cortin fraction) which maintains the health of the adrenalectomised animal with a normal plasma volume and a low plasma sodium (1). The synthetic compound, desoxycorticosterone, can also maintain normal plasma volume and electrolyte pattern. Quite recently Levin and Leathern (2) have reported the effects of adrenalectomy on the plasma proteins of six rats. Their observations led to the tentative conclusion that the albumin level is maintained by the adrenal cortex.