Composition Ba0 Research Articles

Utilization of soft magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-high frequency range

In the communication sector especially at ultra-high frequency range, a major challenge is to maintain the real permeability (μ′) and real permittivity (ε′) with controlled electromagnetic losses. To fulfill this demand, the present work reported electromagnetic studies over the frequency range of 2–3.4 GHz for magnetic nanoparticles of Sr2+-doped Z-type hexaferrites of compositions Ba3-xSrxCo2Fe24O41(x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion soft chemical route. The most desirable results obtained at 2 GHz for composition Ba1·5Sr1·5Co2Fe24O41 hexaferrite were μ′ = 5.002 with magnetic loss tangent of 0.003, and ε′ = 4.734 with electric loss tangent of 0.005. The multiple manifestations of electromagnetic studies are reported which are explained on the basis of a suitable Globus model, a theoretical model of Herzer, Snoek's law, a Maxwell–Wagner model together with Koop's model, and pertinent existing theories. Such magneto-dielectric substrate material could be favorable for fabrication of antennas with reduced physical dimensions and, also, almost equal values of μ′ and ε′ led to good impedance-match to free space in the gigahertz range for communication applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of (BaSr)PbTiO3 Material Compositions

AbstractThe ferroelectric composition Ba0.8−xSrxPb0.2TiO3 (BSPTx) with x = 0.2–0.4 are synthesized using ceramic route of synthesis. From XRD, it is observed that with an increase in x, the c/a ratio decreases. From the observations of variation of dielectric constant ɛ with temperature, it is revealed that for x = 0.3 and 0.2, the BSPTx shows a relaxor behavior. On the other hand, for all other compositions, the phase transition is a diffused phase transition (DPT). For x = 0.3 and 0.2, the variation of Curie temperature (Tc) with frequency obeys the Vogel–Fulchar relation. The present observations suggest that the BSPTx could be a useful ferroelectric system.

Synthesis, characterisation and dielectric properties of low-loss Zr-doped barium strontium titanate materials

ABSTRACTA series of materials of the composition Ba0.7Sr0.3ZrxTi(1 − x)O3 (BSZT), where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03, were synthesised through the sol–gel method whereupon the manifestations of partial substitution of Ti4+ by Zr4+ on the structural and dielectric behaviour of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 (BST) were studied. X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples showed the development of a single-phase crystalline perovskite structure. The dielectric behaviour of the ceramic samples has been studied in detail in the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature, and as a function of increase in temperature. The sample with 2% Zr recorded the highest dielectric constant. The dielectric loss values for all the BSZT compositions are remarkably low, tan δ = 0.021∼0.026 at 1 MHz, in contrast to the literature reports. It is observed that small amount of Zr doping on BST, where 0 < x ≤ 0.03 results in the enhancement of dielectric constant while decreasing the bulk density and dielectric loss.

Evaluations of structural, magnetic and various dielectric parameters of Ni-substituted Zn2W-type hexagonal ferrites for high frequency (1–6 GHz) applications

The structural, electrical, magnetic and high frequency properties of Ni-substituted Zn2W-type hexagonal ferrites were investigated for microwave applications. Ferrite powders with chemical compositions Ba0·5Sr0.5NixZn2-xFe16O27 (where Ni-substitution was varied from 0.0 to 1.5 with a step size of 0.5) were prepared using sol-gel auto-combustion at 1300 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the single-phase hexagonal ferrite structure. The lengths of both the axis i.e. minor and major (a, c) obtained from hkl values of XRD peaks were decreased with Ni-substitution due to the difference in ionic radius of the substituted metal ions. DC electrical resistivity obtained by two-point probe method increased with Ni-substitution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed hexagonal plate-let like structure. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed two characteristic bands corresponding to metal-ion stretching vibrations. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results showed thin S-shaped M − H curves with high saturation magnetization and low magnetic coercivity for all substituted samples. Vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to investigate the high frequency parameters of both dielectric and magnetic type. The real part of permittivity and permeability decreased with increasing frequency whereas variation in imaginary part of both the parameters was negligible. The magnetic losses were decreased appreciably to 0.1 with Ni-substitutions. Microwave absorbance linked with loss tangent was found to increase whereas relaxation peaks shifted to high frequencies with Ni-substitution. It was found that Ni-substituted Zn2W-type hexagonal ferrites were suitable for the microwave absorbing applications in1–6 GHz frequency range.

(Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 thin films prepared by PLD: Relaxor properties and complex microstructure

Ferroelectric lead-free thin films of the composition (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 (BCZT) were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates using a ceramic BCZT target prepared by a conventional solid state reaction. The target material itself shows a piezoelectric coefficient of d33 = 640 pm/V. The (111) textured thin films possess a thickness of up to 1.1 μm and exhibit a clamped piezoelectric response d33,f of up to 190 pm/V, a dielectric coefficient of ɛr = 2000 at room temperature, and a pronounced relaxor behavior. As indicated by transmission electron microscopy, the thin films are composed of longitudinal micrometersized columns with ∼100 nm lateral dimension that are separated at twin- and antiphase boundaries. The superposition phenomena according to this columnar growth were simulated based on suitable supercells. The major structural component is described as a tetragonal distorted variant of the perovskite parent type; however, frequently coherently intergrown nanodomains were observed indicating a much more complex structure that is characterized by a 7-layer modulation along the growth direction of the films.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, microwave absorption, and optical sensing properties of BaM/CCTO composites in Ku-band

Abstract Sol-gel autocombustion technique was used to synthesized composites of barium hexaferrites (BaM) and calcium copper titanate (CCTO) with chemical composition Ba1−xCoxFe12−x−yDyxLayO19 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and y = 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) and Ca1-xErxCu3Ti4−yMnyO12 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and y = 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) respectively. The BaM/CCTO composites exhibit a single crystalline phases of both BaM and CCTO, this observation is supported by Raman spectroscopy. Characteristics peaks of both BaM and CCTO were observed at 439 and 592 cm−1; these peaks give a hint on the formation of both BaM and CCTO phase in the composites. Morphology analysis show that the grains of the BaM nanoparticles exhibit uneven distribution with morphology close to hexagonal structure while the CCTO microparticles shows cubic-like grains with homogenous distribution and the stoichiometry of the prepared composites was also observed. Lattice fringes of BaM nanoparticles and CCTO microparticles with sizes of 0.2629 and 0.2613 nm corresponding to (1 1 4) and (2 2 0) hkl planes respectively have been observed. The observed band-gap increases with increase in crystallite size. The coercivity increases as a result of the presence of CCTO phase. BaMCCTO4 composite shows maximum reflection loss (RL) of −27.9 dB (99.83% absorption) at 16.5 GHz and matching thickness of 3 mm with effective absorption (RL 10 dB) bandwidth of 1.7 GHz (between 15.7 and 17.4). The EMI shielding capacity of the BaMCCTO4 composite shows a total shielding effectiveness of 41.8 dB at 16.5 GHz corresponding to 99.99% shielding of EM waves with effective shielding (SET > 20 dB) bandwidth of 4.2 GHz.

Comparative analysis of efficient Pb dopant in R and R–S blocks of BaFe12O19 structure synthesized by co-precipitation method

Site occupancy plays an important role in the properties of the materials in general, and in the case of ferrites, this makes a significant effect. Barium ferrite has a wide range of applications ranging from everyday applications to sophisticated communication technologies. Two compositions Ba1−xPbxFe12O19 and BaPbxFe12−xO19 (x = 0.0–1.0) were synthesized by co-precipitation method using similar synthesis conditions. The aim was to understand the different behaviors when Pb replaced Ba in R and R* blocks in the first composition, while in the second composition it replaced iron in RSR*S* blocks. Microstructural and morphological variations in both synthesized compositions because of Pb dopant were responsible for affecting all properties. Higher ionic radius (1.76 A), lower melting point (950 °C) of lead and gradually increased concentration were responsible for generating stresses and distortions of different magnitudes in both compositions. Magnetic and DC electrical characterizations were investigated by applying similar conditions. Higher phase purity and better morphology are obtained when Ba is replaced by Pb. Strong variation in coercivity due to decrease in anisotropic energy is useful in high-density storage devices. For the other composition, when Fe is replaced by Pb, higher resistivity is obtained. The obtained range of resistivity is useful against eddy current losses in high-frequency devices.

Magnetic and optical properties of Gd-Tl substituted M-type barium hexaferrites synthesized by co-precipitation technique

The substitution of numerous cations into hexagonal ferrite has been extensively used to endow novel properties and functionalities for various applications. In the present work Gd-Tl substituted barium hexaferrites prepared by co-precipitation process, having the composition Ba0.75Cu0.25(GdxTl0.5-x)Fe11.5O19 (x = 0.0, 0.25 and 0.50). The hexaferrite formation during calcination of sample x = 0.25 was confirmed by TGA/DSC which was processed at 1000 °C for 3 h. The analysis of X-ray diffraction depicts the existence of magneto-plumbite structure with the formation of a minor secondary α–Fe2O3 phase x ≤ 0.0 and BaFe2O4 phase x ≤ 0.50. UV–Vis spectra reveal the dropping down behavior in the optical energy band gap from 2.47 eV to 1.74 eV. The grains with hexagonal platelet-like shape having size of 0.415–0.446 μm of magnetic powder nanoparticles (MPs) are observed by SEM images. The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis was employed for presence of ferrite elements within a single particle. Hysteresis loops signifies the magnetization (Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) first increases up to x = 0.25 then reduces with the substitution (x) increment; contrarily, the coercivity (Hc) exhibited initially decreased with maximum content of Tl at x = 0.0 then increases at x = 0.25 after that it decreases at x = 0.50. Maximum values such as Ms (51.727 emu/g), Mr (28.061 emu/g), and Hc (4.057 kOe) are attained for x = 0.25 at room temperature. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles are found to be suitable for microwave absorbing materials, permanent magnets, catalyst, high density recording media and optoelectronic devices.

Analysis of Cd2+ and In3+ ions doping on microstructure, optical, magnetic and mo¨ssbauer spectral properties of sol-gel synthesized BaM hexagonal ferrite based nanomaterials

Abstract Precise studies of cadmium and indium doped barium hexagonal ferrites having chemical composition Ba0.7Nd0.3Cdx/2Inx/2Fe12-xO19 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) have been performed by sol-gel auto-combustion method in which ethylene glycol was used as a gel precursor. The structural, morphological, optical, elemental and magnetic properties have been studied by using various techniques like XRD, FESEM, FTIR, EDS and VSM. The XRD patterns shows characteristic (110), (008), (107), (114), (108), (203), (205), (206), (1011), (300), (217), (2011), (220), (2014) peaks along with the presence of secondary phase confirming the formation of hexagonal structure with an average crystallite size of 43–59 nm. FESEM supports the formation of hexagonal, dense and agglomerated nanoparticles. The Vibronic study using infrared radiation was carried by FTIR analysis reveal the various configuration modes with hexagonal symmetry of prepared nanoparticles. The magnetic measurements have been studied at room temperature indicates that saturation magnetization (Ms) and magnetic moment (nB) found to be of range 40–86 emu/g and 7.97–17.23 μB. The precise magnetic studies made it possible to reveal that saturation magnetization (Ms) increases with the cadmium and indium concentration for x = 0.1 and after that it decreases for x = 0.2, 0.3 which may be due to the difference in the magnetic moments of Cd, In and Fe ions. Due to high value of saturation magnetization (Ms), it can be used for applications in the field of high density recording storage devices and also, this magnetic change has been explained on the basis of exchange interactions. The room temperature M o ¨ ssbauer spectra of all the nano-sized materials shows normal Zeeman splitting consisting of six merged line patterns which indicates the formation of ferromagnetic phase that supports the magnetic properties.

Влияние температуры синтеза на микроструктуру и электрофизические свойства пленок BST 80/20

The paper shows the effect of synthesis temperature on the microstructure and electrophysical properties of ferroelectric films of composition Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 when formed on silicon substrates with a platinum sublayer. On the basis of electrophysical and topographical measurements, a conclusion is made about the effect of the temperature of synthesis of ferroelectric films on their properties.

An investigation on microstructural, spectral and magnetic properties of Pr–Cu double-substituted M-type Ba–Sr hexaferrites

This is first report on Pr–Cu double-substituted M-type Ba–Sr hexaferrites with nominal compositions Ba0.3Sr0.7−xPrxFe12.0−xCuxO19 (x = 0.00–0.35) fabricated by the solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Hysteresis graph meter were used to characterize the synthesized M-type Ba–Sr hexaferrites. XRD results show that the hexaferrites with x ≤ 0.21 exhibited single M-type phase, while the hexaferrites with x ≥ 0.28 exhibited the M-type phase and impurity phases. FE-SEM images proposed that all particles with hexagonal platelet-like shape were homogeneously dispersed. The remanence (Br) first increased with Pr–Cu content (x) from 0.00 to 0.14, and then decreased when x ≥ 0.14. The intrinsic coercivity (Hcj) and magnetic induction coercivity (Hcb) first decreased with x from 0.00 to 0.14, and then increased when x ≥ 0.14. Maximum energy product [(BH)max] reached the maximum value at x = 0.14.

A study on structural, spectral, and magnetic properties of Pr–Bi co-doped M-type barium–strontium hexaferrites via the solid-state reaction method

Pr–Bi co-doped M-type Ba–Sr hexaferrites with nominal compositions Ba0.35Sr0.65−xPrxFe12.0−xBixO19 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.40) were synthesized for the first time by the solid-state reaction method. These hexaferrites were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). XRD patterns showed that the single M-type hexaferrite phase was obtained only if Pr–Bi content (x) ≤ 0.24. FT-IR frequency bands in the range (608–610) cm−1 and (445–447) cm−1 correspond to the formation of tetrahedral and octahedral clusters of metal oxides in the hexaferrites, respectively. FE-SEM micrographs indicated that the grains were of platelet-like shapes. The saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization (Mr), magnetic anisotropy field (Ha), first anisotropy constant (K1) and coercivity (Hc) first increased with Pr–Bi content (x) from 0.00 to 0.08, and then decreased when Pr–Bi content (x) ≥ 0.08. The Curie temperature (Tc) decreased with increasing Pr–Bi content (x) from 0.00 to 0.40.

Enhanced dielectric and optical properties of nanoscale barium hexaferrites for optoelectronics and high frequency application

M-type barium hexaferrites with chemical composition Ba1–xDyxFe12–yCryO19 (x = 0.0,0.1,0.2, and y = 0.0,0.4,0.5) were synthesized via sol–gel auto-combustion method. The samples were pre-sintered at 400 °C for 3 h and sintered at 950 °C for 5 h. The changes in the structural, dielectric, and optical properties were studied after the substitution of Dy3+ and Cr3+ ions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of single phase hexaferrites with the absence of secondary phase. FTIR analysis gives an idea of the formation of hexaferrites with the appearance of two peaks at 438 cm–1 and 589 cm–1. The field emission scanning electron micrographs (FESEM) show a combination of crystallites with large shapes close to hexagonal platelet-like shape and others with rice or rod-like shapes, whereas EDX and elemental analysis confirm the stoichiometry of prepared samples. The calculated band gap from UV-vis NIR spectroscopy spectra was found to decreases with increase in Dy3+–Cr3+ substitution. The dielectric properties were explained on the basis of Maxwell–Wagner model. Enhancement of dielectric constant at higher frequencies was observed in all the samples. Low dielectric loss is also observed in all the samples and Cole–Cole plot shows that grain boundary resistance (Rgb) contribute most to the dielectric properties. The prepared samples exhibit properties that could be useful for optoelectronics and high frequency application.

Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Blue-Green (Ba0.8Eu0.2O)(Al2O3)4.575×(1+ x) Phosphor through Structural Modification.

Exploring phosphors with high quantum efficiency (QE) and thermal stability is an important issue for their application in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, the crystal structure and luminescent properties of Eu2+-activated aluminate phosphors with a normal composition (Ba0.8Eu0.2O)(Al2O3)4.575×(1+ x) (short for BA1+ xO:0.2Eu2+) were studied. Although the crystal structures of BA1+ xO:0.2Eu2+ have a same space group, the increase of the Al content will lead to the decrease of cell volume, occupancy of Ba and O6 that is at around Ba1 site, and the increase of the average distance between Eu2+ ions, which are responsible for the modification of luminescent properties. BA1+ xO:0.2Eu2+ exhibits a blue-green emission with an emission peak at around 450 nm and a shoulder at around 490 nm. The increase of Al/(BaEu) ratio results in the increase of both absolute QE and thermal stability. The absolute QE of BA1.5O:0.2Eu2+ is 99.4%, and the emission intensity at 150 °C remains more than 90% of that at room temperature, showing the best performance. Furthermore, all of the external QE values of BA1+ xO:0.2Eu2+ ( x = 0.2-0.5) are higher than 70%. The properties of the LEDs based on the as-prepared phosphor suggest its potential as a candidate for UV LED pumped phosphor-converted white LEDs.

Significant improvement in morphological, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics of Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3–BaNb2O6 nanocomposites

Multifunctional composite with material composition (1 − x)Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3–xBaNb2O6 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) has been successfully synthesized using mechano-chemical activation process. The co-existence of perovskite tetragonal phase of BSTZ and niobate orthorhombic phase of BNO was detected by X-ray diffraction measurement and confirmed by Rietveld analysis. All the BSTZ–BNO composites show a polygonal grain type morphology with clearly visible grain boundaries. BSTZ–BNO composites possessed a thermally stable dielectric constant within a broad range of temperature. The obtained results show a strong influence of BNO addition on the microstructural, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric and breakdown strength of bare BSTZ ceramic. For x = 0.10, the composite exhibit optimum properties with high dielectric constant em = 5842, large remnant polarization Pr = 9.25 µC/cm2, improved piezoelectric constant d33 = 296 pC/N and high breakdown strength Ebd = 304 kV/cm. The high dielectric constant accompanied by very low dielectric loss and large piezoelectric constant make BSTZ–BNO a suitable material for ceramic capacitors and electromechanical device applications.

The acceleration of crystal growth of gold-doped glasses within the system BaO/SrO/ZnO/SiO2

Glasses with the base composition 8 BaO·8 SrO·34 ZnO·50 SiO2 were studied with respect to the crystallization of a phase with the composition Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn2Si2O7. Some glasses were doped with gold and/or antimony oxide. All glasses exhibited solely surface crystallization. If the glasses contained both antimony and gold, they showed red coloration after different heat treatments and the crystal growth velocities were enhanced, depending on the chosen temperature, by around a factor of 30. Crystals were proven to be oriented statistically, while in all other glasses of the system under consideration, i.e., in those which did not contain both gold and antimony, an orientation of the crystals with their c-axes perpendicular to the surface was obtained. This effect is explained by a continuous nucleation in front of the growing crystals.

Structural, dielectric and photoelectrochemical properties of new lead-free ceramics of composition Ba0.925Bi0.05(Ti0.95−x Zr x )Sn0.05O3

Structural, dielectric and photoelectrochemical properties of new lead-free ceramics of composition Ba_0.925Bi_0.05(Ti_{0.95−<i>x</i>}Zr_<i>x</i>)Sn_0.05O₃

Investigation of electrical, dielectric and microwave properties of double substituted M-type Ba(1−2x)LaxNaxFe10Co0.5TiMn0.5O19 hexaferrite

M-type Barium Hexaferrite Ba(1−2x)LaxNaxFe10Co0.5TiMn0.5O19 (x = 0.00–0.25 in steps of 0.05) samples have been synthesized by means of solid state reaction technique. The average crystallite size was depicted in 60.8–81.9 nm range from XRD analysis. High precision impedance analyzer was used in 10 kHz–1 MHz depicts an increase in AC conductivity and increase in dielectric parameters (e′ and e″) of the samples with an increase in the frequency of the applied signal as well as substitution amount (x). Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurement in X-band frequencies give the dielectric constant values in 5.5–7.1 and dielectric loss values in 0.01–1.2 range. The values of magnetic permeability and magnetic loss lies in 1.08–1.5 and 0.0–0.5 range respectively. The occurrence of peaks in reflection loss (RL) plots is observed at those frequencies where there exists an impedance matching between free space and sample material. The reflection loss of the sample Ba0.9La0.05Na0.05Fe10Co0.5TiMn0.5O19 is observed to be maximum amongst all the samples with a value of − 35.43 dB and − 10 dB bandwidth of 1.092 GHz. The large RL suggests that the composition Ba0.9La0.05Na0.05Fe10Co0.5TiMn0.5O19 could be a potential contender for microwave absorbing material.

Effect of La-Na Doping in Co-Ti Substituted Barium Hexaferrite on Electrical and X-Band Microwave Absorption Properties

Lanthanum and sodium co-substituted barium hexaferrite Ba(1−2x)LaxNaxFe10CoTiO19 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) samples were prepared using a conventional solid state reaction route. Structural, morphological, electrical and microwave absorption properties of synthesized hexaferrites were investigated using various instruments including x-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), impedance analyzer and vector network analyzer. Single phase formation was confirmed by XRD analysis. Unit cell volume decreased with increase in concentration. Average grain size as estimated from SEM micrographs lies in 0.73–1.15 μm range. The DC resistivity decreased with increase in La-Na concentration. The dielectric parameters were measured in the 10 kHz–1 MHz frequency range. At lower frequencies, dielectric constant (e′) and tangent loss (tan δ) values were high, which decreased with increases in frequency. Electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties were evaluated theoretically in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) for different sample thicknesses. The microwave absorption analysis suggests that the sample with composition Ba0.80La0.10Na0.10Fe10CoTiO19 could be an effective microwave absorbing candidate for microwave applications in the X-band frequency range.

Dielectric behavior of a lead-free electroceramics Ba1−xEr2x/3(Ti1−yZry)O3

Lead-free electroceramics samples of composition Ba1−xEr2x/3(Ti1−yZry)O3 (BETZ) with x = 0.01 and 0.02 and 0.20 ≤ y ≤ 0.35 have been elaborated by solid-state reaction technique. X-ray diffraction at room temperature discloses a single perovskite phase with a cubic symmetry. Dielectric measurements were carried out in the ranges (80–445 K) and (102–106 Hz) of temperature and frequencies respectively. The ceramics exhibited normal and/or relaxor ferroelectric properties then some of them have very interesting dielectric characteristics in the vicinity of room temperature. A wide dielectric anomaly combined to the dielectric maxima shift toward a higher temperature with increasing frequency denotes either a diffuse phase transition or relaxor behavior in some ceramics. For any erbium concentration, when titanium is substituted by zirconium, the temperature of the permittivity maximum TC (Tm) and the maximum permittivity (e′rmax) decreases while ΔTm(f)= [Tm(106 Hz) − Tm(102 Hz)] and tan δ increase. The diffuse phase transition parameters were calculated from the modified Curie–Weiss law linear fit. Further a relaxor nature was confirmed and endorsed by a good fit to the Vogel–Fulcher relation.