Composite Belt Research Articles

PORPHYRY COPPER RECURRENCE IN THE ANDES OF CHILE AND ARGENTINA

Abstract Porphyry Cu deposits in the Chilean and Argentinian central Andes occur in a series of orogen-parallel magmatic arcs, which migrated episodically eastward since the Early Cretaceous. The three Cenozoic belts, corresponding to Paleocene-early Eocene, middle Eocene-early Oligocene, and Miocene-early Pliocene epochs, cut obliquely across a composite belt of subeconomic porphyry Cu mineralization formed at several times during the Late Carboniferous to Triassic interval. Based mainly on U-Pb zircon and Re-Os molybdenite ages, 10 Cenozoic porphyry Cu centers, including major deposits in all three of the Cenozoic belts, occupy the same sites as late Paleozoic-Triassic porphyry Cu mineralization where their respective magmatic arcs cross one another. The sites of recurrent porphyry Cu mineralization are believed to be underlain by long-lived dike conduits that were utilized at least twice—first in the late Paleozoic-Triassic and then again in the Cenozoic—to rapidly transmit hydrous magma from deep to shallow levels of the crust. Contenders for preferential dike localization include arc-oblique fault and subjacent ductile shear zones—transcrustal discontinuities—long hypothesized to be present in the region, particularly where they intersect magmatic arcs and associated porphyry Cu belts. Regardless of the controls on porphyry Cu recurrence, alteration zones hosted by late Paleozoic-Triassic volcanic and plutonic rocks in the central Andes of Chile and Argentina must be considered prime exploration targets for potentially large, high-grade Cenozoic porphyry Cu deposits.

Barrow of the Early Saka Time Ulkensor

In 2020 on the shore of Lake Ulkensor (in the Burabay district of the Akmola region) a single barrow was discovered and then studied, there was a burial of the early Saka time. This paper presents an analysis of the results of a practical study of the obtained materials and their interpretation. The burial was performed in undercut, at the bottom there was a full skeleton of a man in an extended position, on his back, with his head oriented to the west with a deflection to the south. Accompanying goods are represented by a composite belt, a bronze dagger in a case with a chape, a grindstone, a quiver with bronze arrowheads, a whip, a antler clasp and an iron knife. The burial rite and set of items allow the authors to attribute the site to the Ulubai-Tasmola archaeological culture of Northern Kazakhstan and date it to the 7th–6th centuries BC. The most important archaeological find for the region is a composite belt, its details are made of antler (presumably, of deer antler). The shape and type of individual elements of this specific decoration, its decor and design features reflected the position of the owner on the social ladder and also find analogies in the Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan and in the circle of early Saka sites from the Urals to the Altai-Sayan.

Mechanical Properties of the Materials Making up the Conveyor Belt Structure

Belt conveyors, equipped with belts designed for transporting materials and finished products are used in many industries. They allow to transport delicate items, for example made of glass, heavy products, such as canned food products and lightweight items, such as cardboard boxes. For this reason, the conveyor belts must, besides transferring power, ensure adequate conditions of transport for the conveyed materials without compromising the service life of the belt. Homogenous belts may not be capable of meeting all these requirements at a time. Composite belts, composed of the load-bearing layers and covering materials adhered thereon with the purpose to modify the surface properties, can be an option of choice in such cases. The described experiments were carried out on the respective materials making up composite belt joints as part of the research efforts related to the PhD thesis on adhesive bonding of composite belting materials. The strength tests were carried out on dumbbell-shaped specimens that were prepared from the load-carrying layer of synchronous polyurethane belting, the facing materials, namely polyamide fabric and polyurethane foam and the polyurethane adhesive used to join these layers. The differences in the parameters describing the surface properties, i.e. hardness and roughness were also checked. The experimental results were used to determine the material and strength properties of the components and the resulting differences were analysed.

Design Issues Related to the Construction of Automatic Devices for Conveyor Belt Perforation

The conveyor belt perforation process causes a lot of technical issues to the worldwide manufacturers due to the improved mechanical properties adjusted to the specific applications. For that reason, the need for designing the universal automatic device for polymer multilayer composite belt perforation. In this paper the design issues related to such machine are presented based on the project, which was build and is used in the industry. Presented information can be very helpful to improve the design process of similar machines. Additionally, the proposed solutions are innovative in terms of both design and control. Developed design is characterized with module construction, which is consistent with popular today module design theory and practice. The advantage of such approach is ease of adaptation to specific requirements. In this paper the application of the modelling in the mechatronic design was also highlighted.

Composite Belt Ornaments with Bear Claw Pieces in Medieval Men’s Costume of the Perm Region, Western Urals

Longstanding excavations at the Boyanovo and Rozhdestvenskoye medieval cemeteries in the Perm Territory revealed a new type of belt ornament—pendants with arch-shaped pieces carved from dorsal plates of bear claws. Each piece has two drilled holes in the central third, and they were strung on two cords in a “rope ladder” fashion. Pieces made of bear claws were interchanged with bronze beads or pipes. At the ends of strings, bells or pendants were attached. Such ornaments were worn exclusively by boys and men of all ages (from two to sixty). Silver artifacts and other “elite” items, suggesting that they were markers of high social status, accompanied the ornaments. The use of bear claws might indicate an apotropaic function. The available facts point to the use in funerary costume only, but the difficulty of manufacturing such ornaments obviates the possibility of a one-off use. Previously, such an ornament was found only at Zagarye, a cemetery dating to the final stage of the Lomovatovka culture. The pendants, then, were used during the late 9th to the late 11th centuries.

Determining the Power Consumption of the Automatic Device for Belt Perforation Based on the Dynamic Model

The subject of the dynamic analysis presented in the article is the linear drive system with a timing belt utilized in the automatic device for polymer composite belt perforation. The analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the timing belt was modeled with all the relevant dynamic phenomena; subsequently, the tension force of the belt required for the correct operation of the belt transmission was determined. The necessary parameters for belt elasticity, vibration damping, and inertia are based exclusively on the catalog data provided by the manufacturer. During the second stage, equations of motion were derived for the designed drive system with a timing belt, and characteristics were identified to facilitate the optimal selection of electromechanical drives for the construction solution under analysis. The presented methodology allows for designing an effective solution that may be adapted for other constructions. The obtained results showed the influence of the kinematic parameters on the motor torque and proved the importance of reducing the mass of the components in machines that perform high-speed processes.

Сборные поясные привески с элементами из когтей медведя в средневековом мужском костюме Пермского Предуралья

В процессе многолетних исследований Баяновского и Рождественского средневековых могильников на территории Пермского края выявлена новая разновидность поясных украшений. Она представляла собой привеску, основными элементами которой являлись дугообразные планки, вырезанные из передней стенки когтя медведя. Эти планки имели по два отверстия, просверленные в центральной трети изделия, и нанизывались на два шнура на манер «веревочной лесенки». Элементы из когтя медведя перемежались бронзовыми бусинами или пронизями. Завершались низки колокольчиками или подвесками. Эти украшения носили исключительно мужчины различных возрастных категорий (от 2 до 60 лет). Такие привески представлены в погребальном инвентаре, содержавшем предметы из серебра и различные «статусные» вещи. Это позволяет предполагать их принадлежность к костюму социальной элиты. Использование в составе привесок когтей медведя, очевидно, свидетельствует о том, что они могли выполнять функцию амулета. Судя по имеющимся на настоящий момент данным, такие украшения являлись принадлежностью только погребального костюма, хотя определенная трудоемкость изготовления элементов из когтей медведя, сложность состава привесок представляются избыточными для производства одноразовой вещи. Могильники, где обнаружены такие украшения, включая Загарский, откуда происходит единственная известная ранее подобная находка, относятся к финальному этапу ломоватовской археологической культуры. Период распространения рассматриваемых привесок — конец IX — вторая половина XI в.

Evaluation of the belt punching process efficiency based on the resistance force of the compressed material

Vacuum conveyor belt punching process by using the piercing punch which cooperates with the die has potential to be modified in aspects of lowering the perforation force, extending the tool life, and improving the hole quality in the perforated belts. All these parameters have an influence on the efficiency of the process and strictly depends on the punch geometry. This indicates that based on these criteria the optimization of the tool constructional features may be performed. In the presented research, authors have shown the linear correlation between the resistance force of the compressed material of the multilayer polymer composite belt in punching and the efficiency of the process. It was also proved that using the effective geometry of the piercing punch with spherical bowl can reduce the perforation force by 69%. Based on the obtained model, the simplified optimization as well as the evaluation of the punches with defined geometry can be performed, since all characteristics of the material compressive force obtained for the effective punches were almost consistent. For proper analysis, it is necessary to use the combination of the analytical and numerical modelling, computer simulations with using the finite element method (FEM) and the experimental tests. However, by performing simple compression tests for various tool geometry on the strength testing machine, it is possible to perform the comparison analysis of different piercing punches based on the derived models. This approach can be used to evaluate the properties of selected tools for the groups of materials with wide divergence of the mechanical properties without performing the complex research.

Late Triassic (late Carnian-early Norian) conodonts discovered from the Takisawa limestone body in the Chichibu Composite Belt, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, central Japan

Late Triassic (late Carnian-early Norian) conodonts discovered from the Takisawa limestone body in the Chichibu Composite Belt, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, central Japan

Detachment Waves and Self-Oscillation in a Belt-Drive System Incorporating Tensile Cords

Abstract Recent experimental studies have shown that tension transition via detachment waves (rather than via sliding, as commonly accepted) occurs at the belt–pulley interface for systems using simple homogeneous or textured flat belts operating under slow speeds. This raises the question of whether or not such detachment waves are universal—e.g., will they persist in systems incorporating belts with composite cross sections, such as those used in commercial applications? Herein, we experimentally explore the behavior of a belt-drive system incorporating a composite belt with tensile cords, with and without a patterned contact surface, and document the persistence of detachment waves. This then leads to a re-evaluation of the Firbank model of belt shear. We also explore the effect of tensile cords on (i) the amplitude and frequency of the observed detachment waves, (ii) the ensuing oscillations of the pulley, (iii) the evolution of belt shear strain, and (iv) the frictional losses of the system. We find that the detachment frequency increases and the pulley rotates steadier with inclusion of tensile cords. The corded belt undergoes shear deformation starting from the entry point due to a speed differential between the pulley envelope and the tension members, which is consistent with the classical Firbank shear model. However, the Firbank model cannot predict the rapid relaxation of the shear traction via detachment waves at the exit region. Additionally, accounting for shear and detachment events, we find that frictional losses in the belt-drive system decrease with inclusion of tensile cords.

Analysis of the guiding column and sleeve cooperation in the linear slide bearing of the punching die head-punch block

A proper cooperation of the guiding column and sleeve in the linear slide bearings of the punching die head-punch block is very important in the context of alignment between the punch and the die. Multiple factors like the shaft and sleeve tolerances, contact surface roughness or the type of loading applied to the bearing may have an effect on the movement of the mechanism. In the paper authors focus on the influence of the linear slide bearings distribution on the punching die plate on the stress distribution on the column and the sleeve as well as on the deflection of the head-punch block. It is especially important for the punching dies with one-sided guiding that enables moving it toward the center of the material to perform a designed perforation pattern. Considering the machines for polymer composite belt perforation, the deflection of the head-punch block has to reach its minimum since very small punch-die clearances (below 1 % of the hole diameter) are used. The presented FEM analyses provide a lot of useful information and enable designing effective constructions of the punching die. Additionally, the effect of the return spring system was also modelled.

Рентгенофлюоресцентный анализ металлических деталей наборного пояса монгольского времени из памятника Кармацкий (Верхнее Приобье)

Рентгенофлюоресцентный анализ металлических деталей наборного пояса монгольского времени из памятника Кармацкий (Верхнее Приобье)

Design and analysis of composite belt for high rise elevators

Abstract This paper describes and evaluates the mechanical properties of glass and carbon fiber composites for high-rise applications by theoretically comparing and experimentally replacing conventional steel cables. The tensile and bending strength to weight ration of these fibers are extremely high such that the self-weight of the hoisting mechanism is reduced to a larger quantity, which enables to travel twice that of the present travel limitations. Both Unidirectional and bidirectional glass and carbon fibers have been analyzed with different combinations to compare mechanical properties. Significant increases in mechanical properties were absorbed in both fiber combinations.

Development of Belt-Type Microstructure Array Flexible Mold and Asymmetric Hot Roller Embossing Process Technology

This study proposed the belt-type microstructure array flexible mold designed hot roller embossing process technology. An extrusion molding system was integrated with belt-type hot roller embossing process technology and, deriving the asymmetric principle as the basis of prediction, designed a belt-type microstructure array hot roller embossing process system. This study first focused on the design and manufacturing of a belt-type hot roller embossing process system (roll to belt-type). It then carried out system integration and testing, along with the film extrusion system, to fabrication microstructure array production. Hot embossing was used to replicate the array of the plastic micro lens as the microstructure mold. The original master mold was fabricated with micro electromechanical technology and the PC micro lens array as the microstructure (inner layer) film using the gas-assisted hot embossing technology. A microstructure composite belt and magnetic belt were produced on the hot roller embossing by an innovated coated casting technique. The forming accuracy of the belt-type microstructure array flexible mold hot roller embossing process and the prediction precision of numerically simulated forming were discussed. The proposed process technology is expected to effectively reduce the process cycle time with the advantages of being a fast and continuous process.

Ocean island basalts and sedimentary units in the accretionary complex of Kochi, SW Japan: Implications for convergent margin tectonics and arc subduction

Ocean island basalts (OIBs) and associated sedimentary units form part of the ocean plate stratigraphy accreted onto island arcs or continental arcs and provide important insights into convergent margin processes. Here, we investigate some of the typical localities of Sanpozan, Shirakidani, and Kamiananai within the Chichibu composite belt in Kochi, SW Japan, where the accretionary complexes incorporate OIBs and sedimentary rocks that preserve the travelogue of an oceanic plate from a mid‐oceanic ridge (MOR) to subduction zone. We present petrology and geochemistry, as well as zircon U–Pb geochronology and REE data of the accreted OIB and sedimentary formations from Sanpozan, Shirakidani, and Kamiananai. The OIBs are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HREE. The chondrite‐normalised REE patterns of zircon grains from OIBs and sedimentary rocks display LREE depletion and HREE enrichment, sharply positive Ce and Sm anomalies and negative Pr and Eu. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb geochronology of zircon grains from the OIBs shows three major populations with 206Pb/238U mean ages of 164–456, 724–955, and 1,638–2,202 Ma. The diverse ages suggest heterogeneous recycled source components in the plume‐related upwellings that generated the OIBs, as well as different times of formation and accretion of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic oceanic islands. The dominant population of zircon grains from the sedimentary units shows 206Pb/238U mean ages of 147 and 288 Ma and indicate a major change in the provenance regime with subduction and the disappearance of older arcs attesting to the destruction of continental crust in convergent margins.

Research on Design of Polycrystalline Diamond Composite Pendulum Wear-Resistant Belt

The torque impactor can effectively solve the stick-slip vibration of PDC bit in the deep formation, but the wear of the pendulum seriously restricted the service life of the impactor. In order to reduce the wear of the pendulum under complicated working conditions, the polycrystalline diamond composite material was used as the wear-resistant material to design the pendulum wear-resistant belt. Based on the analysis of the feasibility of using polycrystalline diamond as pendulum wear-resistant material, the finite element model of dynamic contact interaction between pendulum wear-resistant belt and impact cylinder was established, the influence of the arrangement of wear-resistant blocks on the stress of the contact area between the pendulum wear-resistant belt and the impact cylinder was studied. The results show: Polycrystalline diamond composite material has stronger wear resistance and better anti-friction performance than conventional wear-resistant materials, and can reduce the wear of the inner wall of the impact cylinder, which is feasible on the surface of the pendulum hammer. The use of the wear-resistant belt structure is beneficial to improve the variation of the shear stress of the area where the pendulum and the impact cylinder contact each other. The wear-resistant belt structure is beneficial to improve the shear stress variation amplitude of the pendulum and impact cylinder in contact with each other. When the wear-resistant block is arranged in a circular block staggered arrangement, the shear stress change amplitude of the interaction contact area is the largest, the triangular block staggered arrangement mode is second, and the trough block shape staggered arrangement is the smallest. The research results have important reference significance for the design and application of polycrystalline diamond composite pendulum wear-resistant belt.

Modelling mechanical properties of the multilayer composite materials with the polyamide core

Due to the wide range of application for belt conveyors, engineers look for many different combinations of mechanical properties of conveyor and transmission belts. It can be made by creating multilayer or fibre reinforced composite materials from base thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. In order to gain high strength with proper elasticity and friction coefficient, the core of the composite conveyor belt is made of polyamide film core, which can be combined with various types of polymer fabrics, films or even rubbers. In this paper authors show the complex model of multilayer composite belt with the polyamide core, which can be used in simulation analyses. The following model was derived based on the experimental research, which consisted of tensile, compression and shearing tests. In order to achieve the most accurate model, proper simulations in ABAQUS were made and then the results were compared with empirical mechanical characteristics of a conveyor belt. The main goal of this research is to fully describe the perforation process of conveyor and transmission belts for vacuum belt conveyors. The following model will help to develop design briefs for machines used for mechanical perforation.

Geologic correlation and Middle Jurassic radiolarian fossils from mudstone of the Shiraki Group within the Northern Belt of the Chichibu Composite Belt in the Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan

Geologic correlation and Middle Jurassic radiolarian fossils from mudstone of the Shiraki Group within the Northern Belt of the Chichibu Composite Belt in the Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan

ジルコンU-Pb同位体年代測定を用いた，西南日本外帯秩父累帯下部白亜系に含まれる火成岩礫の年代

ジルコンU-Pb同位体年代測定を用いた，西南日本外帯秩父累帯下部白亜系に含まれる火成岩礫の年代

Study on Blending Modification of Metallocene Linear Low Density Polyethylene

In recent years, with the rapid development of China's wire and cable industry, optical cable demand gradually increased, but the wire and cable water resistance is not good, and vulnerable to corrosion caused by the distortion of the optical signal, so the cable aluminum-plastic composite belt should be born. In this study, The aluminum-plastic composite tapes were hot-pressed with low density polyethylene (LDPE) or metallocene linear low density polyethylene (MLLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) to test their heat sealing strength and mechanical properties. The rheological study shows that the HDPE/MLLDPE blends and HDPE/LDPE blends have a linearity in the lgG'-lgω curve in the low frequency region, and the heterogeneous system is in the molten state. The tanδ value of the blends gradually increased with the increase of the MLLDPE content, which indicated that the viscosity of the blends became higher, which improved the process ability of blends. The TGA blend shows that HDPE has better heat resistance. The melting point of HDPE in HDPE/MLLDPE blends decreased with the increase of MLLDPE content, which indicated that the two had mechanical compatibility. In the HDPE/ LDPE blends, two melting peaks were found, which indicated that the HDPE and LDPE had different crystal structure compatibility, and they were more likely to crystallize separately.