Component Of Cosmic Rays Research Articles

On the relation between the astrophysical neutrino fluxes and the cosmic ray fluxes

Some generalizations of the relation between high-energy astrophysical neutrino and cosmic ray fluxes are obtained, taking into account present results on the cosmic ray spectrum and composition as well as a more realistic modeling of the Galactic and extragalactic cosmic ray components down to PeV energies. It is found that the level of neutrino fluxes measured by IceCube can be consistent with sources that are thin to escaping protons. This could also make it easier for heavier nuclei to be emitted from the sources without suffering excessive disintegration processes.

Properties of a New Group of Cosmic Nuclei: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on Sodium, Aluminum, and Nitrogen.

We report the properties of sodium (Na) and aluminum (Al) cosmic rays in the rigidity range 2.15GV to 3.0 TV based on 0.46million sodium and 0.51million aluminum nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station. We found that Na and Al, together with nitrogen (N), belong to a distinct cosmic ray group. In this group, we observe that, similar to the N flux, both the Na flux and Al flux are well described by the sums of a primary cosmic ray component (proportional to the silicon flux) and a secondary cosmic ray component (proportional to the fluorine flux). The fraction of the primary component increases with rigidity for the N, Na, and Al fluxes and becomes dominant at the highest rigidities. The Na/Si and Al/Si abundance ratios at the source, 0.036±0.003 for Na/Si and 0.103±0.004 for Al/Si, are determined independent of cosmic ray propagation.

Origin of Galactic Sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission: Constraints from High-energy Neutrino Observations

Abstract Very recently, diffuse gamma-rays with 0.1 PeV < E γ < 1 PeV have been discovered from the Galactic disk by the Tibet air shower array and muon detector array (Tibet AS+MD array). While the measured sub-PeV flux may be compatible with the hadronic origin in the conventional Galactic cosmic-ray propagation model, we find that it is in possible tension with the nondetection of Galactic neutrino emissions by the IceCube neutrino telescope. We further find that the presence of an extra cosmic-ray component of relatively hard spectrum, which is probably related to the Cygnus Cocoon region and other PeV cosmic-ray sources in the Galactic disk, would alleviate the tension. This scenario implies the existence of an extreme accelerator of either protons or electrons beyond PeV in the Cygnus region, and predicts the continuation of the gamma-ray spectrum of Cygnus Cocoon up to 1 PeV with a possible hardening beyond ∼30–100 TeV.

Feasibility study of cosmic-ray components measurement by using a scintillating fiber tracker in space

Feasibility study of cosmic-ray components measurement by using a scintillating fiber tracker in space

The reliability of muography applied in the detection of the animal burrows within River Levees validated by means of geophysical techniques

Animal burrows in a river's earthen levee leads to water piping phenomena causing structural damage and eventual collapse during floods. Currently, the state of the art comprises case studies that deal with management and maintenance, while very few documents attempt at assessing possible animal-induced failure mechanisms. For the latter, detection and characterisation of the animal burrows is crucial and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar are the most employed geophysical techniques. Between 2017 and 2018 a team of physicists, engineering geologists, and geophysicists has for the first time probed the possibility of exploiting the Muon Transmission Radiography (MTR) to verify the internal conservation status of levees that were visibly damaged by animal activities. The technique is a non-invasive method, currently under development, based on the detection of muons, a highly penetrating component of atmospheric cosmic rays. MTR is capable of providing angular maps of the average density of the material present in front of the detector. A test site measurement campaign was carried out with a prototype instrument placed at the side of the levee. This new survey methodology was compared to a more traditional ERT measurement, performed with a pole-dipole and dipole-dipole configuration. Moreover, the actual burrows' distribution was mapped during the demolition works using Terrestrial Laser Scanner measurements to validate and constrain results. The comparison between ERT and MTR maps shows that, in spite of some limitations, the latter is a suitable and promising technique that could successfully complement a program of geological risk assessment.

High precision particle astrophysics as a new window on the universe with an Antimatter Large Acceptance Detector In Orbit (ALADInO)

Multimessenger astrophysics is based on the detection, with the highest possible accuracy, of the cosmic radiation. During the last 20 years, the advent space-borne magnetic spectrometers in space (AMS-01, Pamela, AMS-02), able to measure the charged cosmic radiation separating matter from antimatter, and to provide accurate measurement of the rarest components of Cosmic Rays (CRs) to the highest possible energies, have become possible, together with the ultra-precise measurement of ordinary CRs. These developments started the era of precision Cosmic Ray physics providing access to a rich program of high-energy astrophysics addressing fundamental questions like matter-antimatter asymmetry, indirect detection for Dark Matter and the detailed study of origin, acceleration and propagation of CRs and their interactions with the interstellar medium.In this paper we address the above-mentioned scientific questions, in the context of a second generation, large acceptance, superconducting magnetic spectrometer proposed as mission in the context of the European Space Agency’s Voyage2050 long-term plan: the Antimatter Large Acceptance Detector In Orbit (ALADInO) would extend by about two orders of magnitude in energy and flux sensitivity the separation between charged particles/anti-particles, making it uniquely suited for addressing and potentially solving some of the most puzzling issues of modern cosmology.

Red dwarf stars as a new source type of galactic cosmic rays

AbstractThe experimental data obtained with Pamela, Fermi, AMS‐02, and other spectrometers cannot be explained using the diffusive models of propagation of cosmic‐rays accelerated at the supernova shocks and require the existence of nearby sources of cosmic rays at the distances less than 1 kpc. These sources could explain the growth of the ratio of galactic positrons to electrons with an increase of their energy, the complex dependence of the exponent of the proton and alpha spectra from the energy of these particles, the appearance of anomaly component in cosmic rays. We consider active dwarf stars as possible sources of galactic cosmic rays in the energy range up to ∼1014 eV. These stars produce powerful stellar flares sometimes with energy release more than 1036 erg. The generation of high‐energy cosmic rays should be accompanied by high‐energy gamma‐ray emission, which may be detected. Here we present the SHALON long‐term observation data aimed to search for gamma‐ray emission above 800 GeV from the active red dwarf stars: V388 Cas, V547 Cas, V780 Tau, V962 Tau, V1589 Cyg, GJ 3684, GJ 1078, and GL 851.1. The TeV gamma‐ray emission mostly of flaring type from these sources was detected. This result confirms that active dwarf stars are also the sources of high‐energy galactic cosmic rays.

КОСМОГЕННИЙ БЕРИЛІЙ-7 У ПРИЗЕМНОМУ ПОВІТРІ УКРАЇНИ

The 7Be isotope is of exclusively natural origin. This radionuclide attaches to the submicron aerosols, so 7Be can be used as a marker in the search for patterns of air mass movements. Studies of natural cyclic variations and sporadic increases in volume activity of 7Be are needed to identify of various sources of total radioactivity of near-ground air. Using the measurement data of radionuclide stations located in four regions of Ukraine within 48–51°N and 25–30°E, seasonal and annual variations in the volume activity of beryllium-7 in surface air were studied. We used both published data for 2005-2019 and new measurement results of the Main Center for Special Control in Ukraine (https://gcsk.gov.ua/), carried out in 2017–2020. This material confirms the seasonal changes in the volume activity of beryllium-7, found earlier for latitudes 45–55°N, with a maximum in April-August and a minimum in November- February. Comparison of measurements in Ukraine with the data of radionuclide monitoring of neighboring countries made it possible to choose the most reliable row of average annual values from 2005 to 2011, which was obtained from measurements in the Chernobyl zone. This data correlates with the flux of the neutron component of cosmic rays and with the height of the equipotential surface of 200 mbar.

Muon Puzzle in Cosmic Rays and Its Possible Solution

There was a lot of puzzles in the history of the discovery and investigations of the muon itself and the muon component of cosmic rays. The last of them is an excess of high-multiplicity muon groups that grows with increasing energy of primary cosmic rays and which is detected in various experiments. An excess of muons that have ultrahigh energies (above 100 TeV) is the second aspect of the muon puzzle. Various approaches to solving the muon puzzle that are associated with measuring the energy features of the muon component of cosmic rays are considered.

“HADRON-55” complex setup for study of hadron interactions within the central part of cosmic ray extensive air showers (EAS) cores

“HADRON-55” with scintillation detectors and ionization calorimeters is used for studies in high-energy gamma-astronomy and cosmic ray physics. The “HADRON-55” consists of two parts - the upper gamma block and the lower hadron block. The gamma block absorbs and detects the electron-photon components of cosmic rays, while hadrons are not absorbed when they pass through the gamma block and begins to form particles in the hadron block. Project's main idea is to select events where there is the interaction in gamma block and no interaction in hadron block. Analysis of experiments results on “HADRON-55” accounts for ∼ 6% of such events. The peripheral part of “HADRON-55” consists of 8 scintillation detectors placed in 2 circles with radii of 40 and 100 m. Over 4 years, more than 120,000 events with high energy of 1015 eV were detected.

Anomaly of the Charge Spectrum of Galactic Cosmic Ray Nuclei in Olivines as Evidence of Meteorite Radiation History

A new additional aspect of the analysis of the data of the OLYMPIA experiment on the search for nuclei of heavy cosmic ray components in olivine crystals from stony—iron meteorites is presented. Two groups of crystals with different charge spectra of recorded nuclei are detected. Possible causes of this phenomenon and its effect on the final spectrum are discussed.

DNA Damage Baseline Predicts Resilience to Space Radiation and Radiotherapy

SUMMARYDeep space exploration will require real-time, minimally invasive monitoring of astronaut health to mitigate the potential health impairments caused by space radiation and microgravity. Genotoxic stress in humans can be monitored by quantifying the amount of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in immune cells from a simple finger prick. In a cohort of 674 healthy donors, we show that the endogenous level of DSBs increases with age and with latent cytomegalovirus infection. To map the range of human responses to space radiation, we then study DSB induction and repair in immune cells from 319 healthy donors after the cells are exposed to galactic cosmic ray components and lymphocytes from 30 cancer patients after radiotherapy. Individuals with low baseline DSB have fewer clinical complications, enhanced DNA damage repair responses, and a functional dose-dependent cytokine response in healthy donor cells. This supports the use of DSB monitoring for health resilience in space.

On the combined role of cosmic rays and supernova-driven turbulence for galactic dynamos

ABSTRACT Large-scale coherent magnetic fields observed in the nearby galaxies are thought to originate by a mean-field dynamo. This is governed via the turbulent electromotive force (EMF, $\overline{{\boldsymbol {\cal E}} {}}$) generated by the helical turbulence driven by supernova (SN) explosions in the differentially rotating interstellar medium (ISM). In this paper, we aim to investigate the possibility of dynamo action by the virtue of buoyancy due to a cosmic ray (CR) component injected through the SN explosions. We do this by analysing the magnetohydrodynamic simulations of local shearing box of ISM in which the turbulence is driven via random SN explosions and the energy of the explosion is distributed in the CR and/or thermal energy components. We use the magnetic field aligned diffusion prescription for the propagation of CR. We compare the evolution of magnetic fields in the models with the CR component to our previous models that did not involve the CR. We demonstrate that the inclusion of CR component enhances the growth of dynamo slightly. We further compute the underlying dynamo coefficients using the test-field method and argue that the entire evolution of the large-scale mean magnetic field can be reproduced with an α − Ω dynamo model. We also show that the inclusion of CR component leads to an unbalanced turbulent pumping between magnetic field components and additional dynamo action by the Rädler effect.

A Neutron Detector Ground-Based Facility for Detecting the Neutral Component of Cosmic Rays

The Neutron Detector facility for detecting the neutral component of cosmic rays has been developed by the Dolgoprudny Scientific Station of the Lebedev Physical Institute. The description and performance characteristics of the facility are presented. Each module of the facility is based on SNM-18 counters. Unlike standard neutron monitors, this facility is sensitive to thermal neutrons. The integration time of the counters is 1 ms. The function of continuous monitoring of meteorological data and data on the state of the supply voltages of the facility has been created. The results of the barometric-coefficient determination for the Neutron Detector facility and the analysis of the first experimental data are also presented.

Atmospheric Temperature Effect in Secondary Cosmic Rays Observed With a 2 m2 Ground‐Based tRPC Detector

AbstractA high time resolution 2 m2 tracking detector, based on timing Resistive Plate Chamber (tRPC) cells, has been installed at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) in order to improve our understanding of the cosmic rays arriving at the Earth's surface. Following a short commissioning of the detector, a study of the atmospheric temperature effect of the secondary cosmic ray component was carried out. To take into account this effect, temperature coefficients, WT(h), were obtained from cosmic ray data using a method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results obtained show good agreement with the theoretical expectation. The method successfully removes the correlation present between the different atmospheric layers, which would be dominant otherwise. We briefly describe the initial calibration and pressure correction procedures, essential to isolate the temperature effect. Overall, the measured cosmic ray rate displays the expected anticorrelation with the effective atmospheric temperature, through the coefficient αT=−0.279±0.051%/K. Rates follow the seasonal variations, and unusual short‐term events are clearly identified too.

LHAASO telescope sensitivity to diffuse gamma-ray signals from the Galaxy

We estimate the sensitivity of LHAASO telescope for the large angular scale diffuse gamma-ray flux in multi-TeV - multi-PeV energy range. We discuss possible sources of the signal in this energy range including the guaranteed flux from cosmic ray interactions in the interstellar medium and possible flux from decaying dark matter. We show that LHAASO will be able to detect the diffuse cosmic ray induced gamma-ray flux up to high Galactic latitude regions thus providing firm identification of the Galactic cosmic ray component of the astrophysical neutrino signal detected by IceCube and clarification of the nature of the knee feature of the cosmic ray spectrum. Comparing the diffuse flux sensitivity with the diffuse gamma-ray flux expected from the dark matter decays, we show LHAASO will be able to detect the gamma-ray signal from dark matter particles of PeV-EeV mass decaying on the time scale up to 3e29 s.

DNA Damage Baseline Predicts Space Radiation and Radio-Therapeutic Resilience

Deep space exploration will require real-time, minimally invasive astronaut health monitoring to mitigate at the individual level the potential health impairments caused by space radiation and microgravity. Genotoxic stress in humans can be monitored by quantifying the amount of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in immune cells from a simple finger prick. In a cohort of 300+ healthy donors, we first showed that the endogenous level of DSB increases with age and latent cytomegalovirus infection. To map the range of human responses to space radiation, we then studied DSB induction and repair in immune cells exposed to galactic cosmic ray components from 480+ healthy donors, and lymphocytes from 30 cancer patients after radiotherapy. Individuals with low baseline DSB showed less clinical complications, enhanced DNA damage repair response, and a functional dose-dependent cytokine response in healthy donor cells. This supports the use of DSB monitoring for health resilience in space.

The Responses of the Black Fungus Cryomyces Antarcticus to High Doses of Accelerated Helium Ions Radiation within Martian Regolith Simulants and Their Relevance for Mars

One of the primary current astrobiological goals is to understand the limits of microbial resistance to extraterrestrial conditions. Much attention is paid to ionizing radiation, since it can prevent the preservation and spread of life outside the Earth. The aim of this research was to study the impact of accelerated He ions (150 MeV/n, up to 1 kGy) as a component of the galactic cosmic rays on the black fungus C. antarcticus when mixed with Antarctic sandstones—the substratum of its natural habitat—and two Martian regolith simulants, which mimics two different evolutionary stages of Mars. The high dose of 1 kGy was used to assess the effect of dose accumulation in dormant cells within minerals, under long-term irradiation estimated on a geological time scale. The data obtained suggests that viable Earth-like microorganisms can be preserved in the dormant state in the near-surface scenario for approximately 322.000 and 110.000 Earth years within Martian regolith that mimic early and present Mars environmental conditions, respectively. In addition, the results of the study indicate the possibility of maintaining traces within regolith, as demonstrated by the identification of melanin pigments through UltraViolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric approach.

تقدير فيض الأشعة الكونية ومساهمتها في الجرعة الإشعاعّية الكلّيةفي مدينة زليتن

Cosmic radiation is one of the natural sources of radiation to which human beings have always been exposed. The flux of cosmic rays at the surface of the earth depends on altitude and longitude. In this 
 work, the fluxes of the major components of cosmic rays in the city of Zliten are calculated by the PARMA model by using the Excel- based program "EXPACS" version 4.09. The effective radiation dose due to these components is also calculated using the same program. The geographical latitude and longitude of the city of Zliten are used as inputs to the program. The flux is found to depend on the type and energy of the incident particle. The calculated total annual effective does is found to be 0.28mSv/year. The obtained results can be used to correct for the cosmic ray background in the measurements of natural or artificial radiation dose.

The CARPET Ground Facility for Detecting the Charged Component of Cosmic Rays

Abstract—This paper presents a description of the new CARPET facility for detecting the charged component of cosmic rays, as well as its technical characteristics; it was designed and installed at the Dolgoprudny Scientific Station of the Lebedev Physical Institute (DNS of the Lebedev Physical Institute). The detecting base of the CARPET facility consists of STS-6 gas-discharge counters combined in 12 units with ten counters in each. The upper counter layer is separated from the lower counter layer by an aluminum filter with a thickness of 7 mm. The integration time of these counters is 1 ms. Continuous monitoring of meteorological data and data on the state of the supply voltage of the facility occur. The results of determining the barometric coefficient for the CARPET and analysis of the first experimental data are also presented.