Proximal Component Research Articles

Nutritional Changes in the Process of Rendang Tempeh’s Production (Gulai, Kalio, and Rendang)

Food processing, such as cooking, can affect the bioactive components of the ingredients. In making rendang tempeh, several stages must be gone through, such as curry (gulai) and kalio formation; therefore, the production of rendang tempeh will take time and might be impacted by the changes in nutrients of the tempeh. This research was conducted to observe changes in chemical components, such as proximate components, antioxidants, fatty acids, and isoflavones, during the process of making tempeh rendang. This study processed tempeh into gulai, kalio, and rendang. Chemical analyses such as proximate analysis (water, fat, protein), antioxidant, fatty acid, and isoflavone analysis were carried out at each stage of making the rendang tempeh. Based on the study's results, it was known that the proximate profile increases during the rendang-making process. Linoleic acid, as the main fatty acid content in tempeh, was decreased, as was the isoflavone content. In this study, From the research, it was concluded that the cooking process changes the profile of the bioactive compounds in tempeh, which might be affected by the decrement of phytochemicals. In this study, the degradation pattern of phytochemical compounds, especially isoflavones, remains unknown, as well as whether the compounds are degraded or changed into aglycone forms with higher bioactivity. Therefore, the observation on molecular perspective on nutritional compounds of rendang tempeh during processing from tempe as raw material to rendang tempeh needs to be further conducted to obtain comprehensive information regarding the benefit of transformation of tempe to become a processed food "rendang tempeh."

Does Decompressive Chevron Osteotomy Decrease Subchondral Bone Density of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Hallux Rigidus?

To investigate the impact of decompressive chevron osteotomy on subchondral bone density at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Sixteen feet (12 patients) with hallux rigidus underwent decompressive chevron osteotomy. Standing cone beam 3D computed tomography (3DCT) were assessed preoperatively and at 4-month follow-up, and clinical data were collected. Radiologic measurements, including bone density using Hounsfield units (HU), were conducted. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate changes and correlations. Postoperative bone density significantly decreased in proximal (Pre, 650.9 ± 149.1; Post, 312.4 ± 115.9; P < .001) and distal (Pre, 910.4 ± 143.3; Post, 639.0 ± 167.1; P < .001) components of the first MTP joint and the first tarsometatarsal (TMT) (Pre, 762.9 ± 166.6; Post, 611.5 ± 165.9; P < .001) joint. No significant difference was measured at the tibiotalar joint (Pre, 497.5 ± 143.6; Post, 534.3 ± 130.7; P = .065). Length of the first metatarsal (Pre, 60.4 ± 3.4; Post, 54.3 ± 3.0; P < .001) and metatarsal protrusion index (MPI) (Pre, -0.9 ± 3.0; Post, -9.0 ± 3.6; P < .001) significantly decreased postoperatively. Clinical assessments showed significant improvements in pain on the visual analog scale (-5.3 ± 1.9). Decompressive chevron osteotomy leads to a significant decrease in subchondral bone density of the first MTP joint. A decrease in bone density occurs also in the first TMT joint. Level IV, radiographic study.

Tuning fungal promoters for the expression of eukaryotic proteins.

Fungal systems, yeast as well as filamentous fungi, are effective platforms for producing recombinant eukaryotic proteins because of their efficient secretion, robust development features, and capacity for post-translational modification. However, to achieve optimum protein expression in fungal hosts, a preciseregulation of gene expression levels is necessary. Promoters are critical cis-regulatory regions that drive gene expression. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of fungal promoters and the factors that influence their performance is an essential step in developing yeast and filamentous fungal platforms as hosts for the expression and secretion of eukaryotic proteins. However, literature on the characterization of filamentous fungal promoters is non-exhaustive. The present review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of available information and future applications of fungal promoters. The properties of promoters from different classes of fungi are discussed with respect to their general structure, the core and proximal components that constitute the fungal promoters, types of fungal promoters based on their functions etc. Furthermore, the utility of fungal promoters for applications in healthcare, biofuels, agriculture and biotechnology are also discussed. The comprehensive understanding of fungal promoters will help in developing tailored promoters, paving the way for the optimum production of economically important eukaryotic proteins in different host organisms.

Influence of Environmental Factors and Genotype on Natural Variation in the Chemical Composition of Maize Seeds

It is well known that environmental factors, management strategy, and genotype can affect the composition of maize seeds. For this reason, eight maize conventional varieties from Korea were grown over three years, 2021, 2022, and 2023, in three sites, Daegu, Hongcheon, and Suwon of South Korea, to describe the natural variation in the maize seed composition. The results indicate a sizable variation in component contents such as proximate, minerals, and fatty acid among the various varieties, which was more pronounced at the Daegu and Suwon cultivation sites and varieties. Since the DO3, JDO, and KIO are the dominant varieties, showing significantly higher accumulation of proximate (14.3%, 15.2%, and 13.1%), minerals (13.1%, 16.6%, and 14.7%), amino acids (17.01%, 15.1%, and 13.5%), and fatty acids (14.3%, 13.9%, and 15.1%) components, when comparing the genotype effects on seed composition. On the other hand, a significantly higher level of seed components, such as proximate (37.2%, 33.4%), minerals (38.5%, 33.4%), amino acid (38.3%, 33.1%), and fatty acids (36.5%, 33.9%), were found in the maize seeds grown in Daegu and Suwon when compared to Hongcheon. This may be possible due to the soil geochemical properties of Daegu and Suwon. Moreover, the comparison of cultivation years did not show a significant contribution to seed composition; however, a slight or moderate difference was found between the year 2023 and the years 2021 and 2022 of cultivation. An analysis of variability percentage and a principal component analysis showed that the compositions of maize seeds were influenced by genotype, location, and the interplay between genotype and location. In conclusion, compositional diversity in maize was influenced by the interaction between genotype, location, and environment.

SKA sensitivity to potential radio emission from dark matter annihilation in Ursa Major III

The recently discovered stellar system, Ursa Major III/UNIONS 1, may be the faintest and densest dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. Owing to its close proximity and substantial dark matter (DM) component, Ursa Major III emerges as a highly promising target for DM indirect detection. It is known that electrons and positrons originating from DM annihilation can generate a broad radio spectrum through the processes of synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering within galaxies. In this study, we investigate the potential of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) in detecting radio signatures arising from DM annihilation in Ursa Major III over a 100 hour observation period. Our analysis indicates that the SKA has strong capabilities in detecting these signatures. For instance, the SKA sensitivity to the DM annihilation cross section is estimated to reach O(10−30)−O(10−28) cm3 s−1 in the DM mass range from several GeV to ∼100 GeV for the e+e− and μ+μ− annihilation channels. The precise results are significantly influenced by various astrophysical factors, such as the strength of magnetic field, the diffusion coefficient, and the DM density profile in the dwarf galaxy. We discuss the impact of the uncertainties associated with these factors, and find that the SKA sensitivities have the potential to surpass the current constraints, even when considering these uncertainties. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Proximate and Phytochemical Profile of Cirsium arvense Leaves

The aim of this study is to investigate the proximate and quantitative phytochemical components of the leaves of Cirsium arvense. Fresh leaves of Cirsium arvense were collected from Achara Autonomous community in Obowo Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria and identified by a plant taxonomist from the department of plant science and biotechnology, River state university, Nigeria. Proximate and quantitative phytochemical analysis of C. arvense leaf were carried out using standard methods. Results of the proximate composition revealed that Carbohydrate content (59.284%) was high, followed by protein (11.55%) with energy value of 340.198 Kcal. The dry matter was 85% with moisture content of 15%, fat (6.318%), ash content (4.361%) and fibre (3.487%). The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids (Lunamarin (3.7340ug/ml), saponin (Sapogenin (5.7077ug/ml), phytate (19.2702ug/ml), Cynagenic glycoside (17.148ug/ml), flavonoids (Flavan 3 ol (10.5455ug/ml), Rutin (7.0365ug/ml), Flavonoes (4.1051ug/ml), Flavone (3.7603ug/ml), with flavonoids in high concentrations. The result from this study has revealed the chemical constituents embedded in this plant leaf and will provide needed information to researchers in the area of herbal medicine.

Nutritional and Phytochemical Profile of Commonly Consumed Spices in Nigeria

Background: Spices which are widely used in Nigeria have aroma, enhance taste of food and Possess medicinal values. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the nutritionaland phytochemical profile of commonly consumed spices in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Raw materials and other ingredients used for this study were purchased from Oja-Oba in Owo Local Government, Ondo State. The spices were analysed for proximate and mineral components using standard method as described by AOAC (2012). Sodium and potassium were determined using flame photometer and calcium, selenium, copper, zinc, magnesium, and iron were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Phytochemical analyses were carried out using standard procedures. Results: The proximate composition showed that protein was significantly (p≤0.05) high at 14.41% in Uziza seed and low at 11.60% in tumeric. Ginger contained high moisture content at 10.63%, while Uziza seed had the least value of 8.58%. High ash content was recorded in gingerat 5.27% and lowest at 3.70% in Uziza. Tumeric had the highest value of 65.57% for carbohydrate, while Uziza had the least value of 60.06%. Mineral composition showed high value of calcium in Uziza seed (402.03mg/100g). Nutmeg showed a high value of magnesium (13.3mg/100g) and turmeric indicated the highest value of potassium (405.43mg/100g), sodium (135.17mg/100g) for Uziza seed. The highest content of iron was recorded at 3.34mg/100g. Turmeric had a high value of zinc at 3.77 mg/100g and copper at 97 mg/100g, respectively. The spices contained an appreciable amount of phytochemicals. However, turmeric was significantly higher in alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Conclusion:This study showed that spices have greater use in medicine and as a food supplement.

Numerical Investigation and Validation of Noise Sources of a Distributed Propulsion System

This study delves into the exploration of a distributed propulsion system consisting of three co-rotating propellers in front of a high-lift wing system, with a primary focus on understanding its acoustic characteristics. Employing high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations, the flow field is simulated in climb condition. Subsequently, acoustic transport to far-field observers is conducted using the Ffowcs–Williams and Hawkings equation. Because the noise mechanisms of such a configuration are not fully understood yet, several permeable and impermeable surfaces as input for the acoustic simulation are used, aiming to separate the various noise source contributions. Results reveal that in addition to the rotor-alone noise from the propellers, noise arising from propeller–wing interaction emerges as dominant, emitting mostly at the blade passing frequency. Moreover, a boundary element method tool is applied to observe the scattering effect of propeller-generated noise by the wing. Furthermore, this study incorporates consideration of structural components in close proximity to the model, thereby achieving a more realistic acoustic field. With this knowledge, the simulation is validated with experimental data from an open wind tunnel test campaign. An overall good agreement is observed between the simulated and experimental results, substantiating the reliability of both aerodynamic and acoustic predictions.

Condition states in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) revealed by energy and proximate composition relationships.

Energy content has long been proposed as a fundamental, integrated, and reliable indicator of the condition of individuals as it reflects past bioenergetics and influences future life-history traits. There is a direct biochemical link between energy density and body composition described by four main compounds in fish (protein, lipid, ash, and water), with proteins and lipids being the sources of energy. If relationships between water content, or lipid content, and energy density have been well described in relative terms, the absolute mass variations in the proximate composition have been overlooked and thus their interpretation is often equivocal. In our study, based on a large and unique dataset on the proximate composition and energy density of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) from sampling in the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel, we aimed to better explain the patterns between water content and other proximate components or energy density, based on the dynamics of proteins, lipids, and water absolute masses. For the first time, we defined good, intermediate, and poor condition states in wild fish, based on water content, corresponding to the different dynamics of lipids and proteins in the metabolism of individuals. Anchovy and sardine exhibited remarkably similar patterns of variation in the compounds and in the limits between the condition states with respect to water content. Those patterns revealed that water mass remained constant for a given fish size whatever its condition state, and that variability in water content only resulted from the variation in lipid and protein masses. Furthermore, the differential dynamics of proteins and lipids, with only lipids mobilized in the good condition state, only proteins in the poor condition state, and both proteins and lipids in the intermediate condition state, elucidates the nonlinear pattern observed in the relationship between energy density and water content. Overall, our results highlight the importance of monitoring the intraspecific variations in water content to predict the proximate composition and energy content in small pelagic fish and better assess individual and population conditions in changing ecosystems as well as to better parameterize bioenergetic models.

Synergistic effects of gamma irradiation and butylated hydroxyanisole on the sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological quality of beef

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of gamma irradiation, in combination with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), on the safety and quality characteristics of refrigerated beef. The samples were divided into four treatment groups, which were subjected to marinating with 0.01 % BHA and gamma irradiation at different dosages. The treatment groups were labeled as follows: T0 (control, non-irradiated), T1 (3 kGy), T2 (5 kGy), and T3 (7 kGy). The specimens in each group were stored under refrigerated conditions at a temperature of 4 °C for intervals of 0, 5, 10, or 15 days. Data analyses were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a 4 × 4 factorial experiment. The experiment consisted of two factors, each with four treatments, and was reproduced three times with a 4-day gap. The instrumental color value CIE: lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) and physicochemical properties, including pH, drip loss, cook loss, extract release volume, and water holding capacity, were analyzed. The proximate components, including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and moisture, were found to have a significant effect (p < 0.01) (p < 0.01) among treatment groups, time intervals, and their interaction. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (POV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly increased (p < 0.01) (p < 0.01) (p < 0.01) among treatments and over the course of storage. Following the irradiation with BHA, there was a notable reduction in microbial populations and a delay in lipid oxidation. The sensory characteristics stipulated that both the control samples and the samples treated with BHA were more favored than the irradiated samples as the storage time progressed. Although treatment may cause some changes in the sensory characteristics of the meat, the samples were deemed suitable for refrigerated storage for a maximum duration of 10 days. In summary, the utilization of irradiation in conjunction with BHA presents a possible avenue for enhancing the quality and safety of refrigerated beef storage, hence offering promising applications within the meat sector.

The proximate composition of vegetables enriched by incorporation of municipal solid waste into fertilizers and its impacts on environment and human health

The recent over production of municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a significant threat to both the ecosystem and human health. Utilizing MSW for agricultural purposes has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce solid waste disposal while simultaneously increasing soil fertility. To explore this potential solution further, an experiment was designed to assess the impact of varying concentrations of MSW (25%, 50%, and 75%) on the proximate composition of 15 different vegetable species. The experiment, conducted between 2018 and 2019, involved treating soil with different levels of solid waste and analyzing the proximate components, such as crude protein, dry matter, crude fiber, crude fat, and moisture content, in the 15 selected crops. The results indicate that the application of 25% MSW significantly increased the levels of crude protein, crude fiber, dry matter, and fat in Spinacia oleracea, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Abelmoschus esculentus. Conversely, the addition of 75% MSW notably elevated the moisture and ash content in Cucumis sativus. Correlation and scatter matrix analyses were conducted to elucidate the relationships between the protein, fiber, dry matter, ash, and fat contents. Principal component analysis and clustering confirmed the substantial impact of Treatment_1 (25% MSW) and Treatment_3 (75% MSW) on the proximate composition of the aforementioned vegetables, leading to their categorization into distinct groups. Our study highlights the efficacy of using 25% MSW to enhance the proximate composition and nutritional value of vegetables. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to investigate the mineral, antioxidant, vitamin, and heavy metal contents in the soil over an extended period of MSW application.

Nutritional and safety assessment of aqueous extract of nutmeg seeds, Myristica fragrans

Nutmeg, Myristica fragrans is used as a spice or medicinal plant to manage ailments. This study evaluated the nutritional and safety assessment of an aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans in Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 180 - 240 g were randomly distributed into five groups: Control received distilled water, while 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg body weight represented the treatment groups, respectively. The extract was orally administered to the animals for 28 days and then euthanized under anesthesia. Blood, serum, and liver homogenates from rats were used for biochemical analysis. The phytate and tannin contents were 0.38 mg/100 g and 0.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The calculated phytic acid to zinc ratio was 0.12. The respective percentage proximate components of the extract include moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrates: 10.61%, 45.42%, 5.95%, 1.81%, 13.78%, and 22.43%, respectively. Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and lead were present in the extract. There was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and acid phosphatase (ALP) activity in the groups treated with the extract compared to the control groups. Similarly, there was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in serum total bilirubin and albumin concentrations in the extract treatment groups compared to control groups. On the contrary, there was a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the liver AST and ALP activity in the treatment groups compared to the control. The liver total protein and albumin concentrations showed a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the extract treatment groups compared to the control. There was a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the pack cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), Mean cell volume (MCV), and platelet (PLT) levels in the animals in the extract treatment groups compared to the control group. Myristica fragrans is abundant in essential nutrients crucial for maintaining optimal physiological functions within the body, however, it is important to avoid excessive dosage or prolonged consumption which might be toxic to liver cells. Key words: Myristica, animals, tannins, phytic acid, chemical and drug Induced liver injury, minerals

METABOLIC SYNDROME: IN VITROANTIOXIDANT, ANTICANCER, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF DISSOTIS ROTUNDIFOLIA(SM.) WITH PHYTOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS

Background:Dissotis rotundifolia(Sm.) Triana isa prostrate herb of the family Melastomataceae. It is used for the treatment of obesity, hypertension, circulatory problems and metabolic syndrome (MS). This study evaluated the antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory.and antimicrobial activities of the whole plant of D. rotundifoliato validateits therapeutic potential in the management and treatment of MS. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical components, as well as antioxidant activities using standard laboratory techniques. The anticancer activities of the ethanol plant extract were against kidney (VERO) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was determined using nitric oxide production inhibition assay and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five pathogenic organisms. All data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The plant was rich in carbohydrate (47.87%), protein (22.5%), crude fibre (9.57%), Na (206.67 mg/100 g), Ca (183.33mg/100 g), vitamin C (25.53 mg/100 g), flavonoids (685.00 mg/100 g), alkaloids (616.67 mg/100 g) and saponins (471.67 mg/100 g) contents. Theextract exhibited considerableand variedantioxidant activities.The plant extract was very active against VERO and MCF-7 cellsatlow concentrations(0.145 mg/ml and 0.141 mg/ml respectively) compared to doxorubicin. It also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory action against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW macrophage. The extract was active against all test organisms. Overall, D. rotundifolia displayed significant antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Conclusion: The observed bioactivities of the plant could be attributed to its phytocontents and are indications of itspotential as an agent for the managementand treatment ofmetabolic syndrome.

Natural variation in the nutritional composition of African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) from two ecological sites in Northern Malabar, Kerala, India

Adansonia digitata L., commonly known as the African baobab, is an important plant within the Malvaceae family. It is a highly nutritious forest tree and holds a special place in several African countries. Despite its prevalence in Africa, its presence is very limited in India, and only a few individual plants of this species are reported from different parts of India, including Kerala. This study focuses on the plants growing at Ajanur and Thalassery in the Kasaragod and Kannur districts of Kerala, respectively. This study reports natural variation in phytochemicals, minerals, and the proximate components of its flowers and leaves at these locations. The results of this study show that total carbohydrate (28.79 %), crude fibre (10.76 %), and protein (53.09 %) content was higher in leaves at Ajanur. In contrast, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content were highest in leaves at Thalassery and showed a value of 39.03 mg/g, 16.65 mg/g, and 13.21 mg/g, respectively. The highest quantity of elements viz. Ca, Zn, K, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Cr were reported in leaves from Thalassery, whereas Mg and Mn were abundant in the leaves from Ajanur. Flowers from Ajanur demonstrated a superior nutritional index, while Thalassery leaves exhibited a higher mineral index. Assessment of antioxidant activity indicated the highest DPPH scavenging activity in the leaves from Ajanur (IC50 = 102.57 μg/mL) and the highest ABTS scavenging activity in its flowers from Thalassery (IC50 = 62.74 μg/mL). The differences in nutritional components and antioxidant properties of the baobab from these two ecological sites underscore the role of ecological factors in its natural variation. Although it is an important forest food tree in the African continent, its potential contribution towards food security from the Indian subcontinent remains untapped.

High-throughput near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of nutritional composition in sweet potato stem tips

Leaf-vegetable sweet potato is a nutritious food source, with stem tips as the harvest organ. However, the lack of rapid quantitative approaches for quality evaluation of stem tips largely limits the genetic improvement of leaf-vegetable sweet potato. This study aimed to establish a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methodology for the rapid analysis of both proximate (cellulose, crude protein, and soluble sugar) and functional (chlorogenic acid, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content) components in the stem tips. Leveraging a dataset of 140 representative germplasm samples, we developed six robust NIRS models through the optimization of calibration sets and variable selection. These models exhibited exceptional accuracy, with high determination coefficients on calibration (R2C = 0.95–0.98), cross-validation (R2CV = 0.93–0.96), external validation (R2V = 0.91–0.95), and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD = 6.78–9.72). Overall, the NIRS models developed through this research facilitate high-throughput profiling of nutritional composition in stem tips, thereby enabling the swift identification of superior germplasm suited for leaf-vegetable sweet potato production.

Estimation of Proximate Composition in Rice Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics.

This study presents an innovative approach for estimating the proximate composition of diverse rice varieties using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals distinct separations among the seven rice varieties based on their FTIR spectra. Robust partial least squares (PLS) regression models, developed with high calibration (R 2) values from 0.778 for protein up to 0.941 for moisture, demonstrate high accuracy in predicting proximate composition. The root mean squared error (RMSE) in percentage values, indicative of prediction accuracy, were low across all proximate components. To ensure the response variable of regression, proximate composition measurements were taken five times, while FTIR spectra were scanned tens of times, employing random numbers around the average with the same standard deviation as the measurement. Notably, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of the amide-III band in protein determination, alongside specific wavenumber regions associated with molecular changes in proximate components. This research underscores the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for rapid and accurate proximate assessment in food science and agriculture.

Variability and Correlation-coefficient Analysis for Some Proximate Components of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Genotypes of Assam

Background: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet is an important and primarily consumed vegetable crop in Assam. Large number of genotypes of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet are available in Assam, India, which are prosperous source of the gene pool. However, there has been limited understanding of the genetic background of the various proximate components of Lablab, although we primarily use the crop for these proximate components. The present study helps us understand the genetic background of the various proximate components so that they can be efficiently utilized to further improve the genotypes. Methods: Sixteen (16) genotypes of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet of Assam were collected from the 6 (six) Agro-climatic zones of Assam, their genetic variability were assessed and correlation analysis with respect to their proximate components during the period 2020-2023. The various proximate components that were analyzed includes moisture, ash, fibre, fat, crude protein content and total carbohydrate content. Various genetic parametres were also determined which included heritability, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance (GCV and PCV) and genetic advance percentage of mean (GAPM). Result: Significant differences were found among the genotypes in all studied traits in the study. GCV and PCV revealed variability and less influence of the environment that supports the influence of heritable components on traits. High heritability and genetic advance for all the traits indicated action of additive genes. Heritability along with GAPM is a positive indicator of expected progress through selection. The study will help us in understanding the genetic parameters associated with the various proximate components.

Comparative analysis of nutrient composition and antioxidant activity in three dragon fruit cultivars.

Dragon fruit has significant economic value in many countries due to has excellent nutritional content, health advantages, and adaptability to different climates, making it an important crop in the global fruit industry. This study aimed to gather comprehensive nutritional data on three dragon fruit cultivars by analysing the levels of micronutrients, fibre, carbohydrates, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals in their pulps. Uniform dragon fruit samples underwent thorough analysis for proximate composition, mineral content, pigments, antioxidants, and vitamin C, with statistical methods used to assess significant differences among the parameters studied. The proximate composition analysis revealed significant differences among the three dragon fruit cultivars. Among the proximate components, protein (0.40±0.02g/100 g), moisture (91.33±0.88%), crude fibre (0.32±0.07 g/100 g), and ash (1.27±0.09 g/100 g) were more abundant in Hylocereus costaricensis than in Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus megalanthus. On the other hand, Hylocereus undatus had higher carbohydrate (17.02±0.63 g/100 g) and energy (69.74±2.44 kcal/100 g) contents. K (7.23±0.35 mg/100 g), Ca (1.61±0.13 mg/100 g), Fe (1.84±0.05 mg/100 g), and Zn (0.37±0.034 mg/100 g) are highly abundant in H. costaricensis. Additionally, Hylocereus costaricensis had the highest anthocyanin content (120.15±3.29 mg/g FW) and total carotenoid content (72.51±1.62 mg/g FW), along with the highest vitamin C content (8.92±0.13 mg/g FW) and total soluble phenolic content (572.48±20.77 mg/100 g). Its remarkable antioxidant activity was further highlighted by the lowest SC50 value (13.50±0.4 mg/mL) for its DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The total soluble sugar content was highest in Hylocereus megalanthus (8.72±0.30 g/100 g FW). Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed distinct trait and genotype associations; among the studied cultivars, Hylocereus costaricensis demonstrated superior performance across multiple traits. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations among several traits, while principal component analysis highlighted the contribution of each trait to overall variance, with PC1 explaining 73.95% of the total variance. This study highlights the nutritional variations among dragon fruit cultivars, with Hylocereus costaricensis showing superior performance, guiding dietary planning and functional food development.

Effect of different thawing methods on the quality of goat liver

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different thawing methods like ambient temperature thawing, refrigerator thawing and tap water thawing on the quality of goat liver. Sensory evaluation, proximate components, physico-chemical quality, biochemical properties and microbiological tests. Six goat livers were collected from a local slaughterhouse. Liver samples were preserved under freezing condition (-20°C) for 3 months after fresh evaluation. After evaluation of thawed liver, color, odor, juiciness, and tenderness were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different with maximum values of color and odor found in refrigerator thawing while maximum juiciness and tenderness value found in ambient temperature thawing. DM and Ash contents were not significantly differed (P&gt;0.05); however, the highest value found in refrigerator thawing within the three thawing methods. CP content was significant (P&lt;0.05) different among the different thawing methods. EE content differed significantly (P&lt;0.05), although less amount of EE content was found in refrigerator thawing. There was no significant (P&gt;0.05) variation of pH value on studied thawing methods. Thawing loss, WHC and colour measurement significantly (P&lt;0.05) differed with the different thawing methods, while thawing loss of tap water thawing, WHC value of ambient temperature thawing and colour value of refrigerator thawing were found in maximum level. TBARS value was significantly varied among the different thawing methods where the minimum result found in tap water thawing but maximum result found in ambient temperature thawing. TVC, TCC and TYMC comparatively more number found in ambient temperature thawing but less number found in refrigerator thawing. The lowest number of microbial counts found in refrigerator thawing. It may conclude that refrigerator thawing is the best thawing method to determine the quality of goat liver than others in this experimental condition.

Mathematical modeling of flexible printed circuit configuration: a study in deformation and optimization

This manuscript offers an exhaustive analysis of Flexible Printed Circuits (FPCs), concentrating on enhancing their design to surmount two primary challenges. Firstly, it seeks to obviate contact with proximate components. Secondly, it aspires to adhere to pre-established curvature constraints. Predicated on the curvature properties of FPCs, we have developed a model adept at accurately forecasting FPC deformation under diverse conditions. Our inquiry entails a thorough examination of various FPC configurations, including bell, 'U', and 'S' shapes. Central to our methodology is the strategic optimization of FPC spatial arrangements, aiming to avert mechanical interference and control curvature, thus mitigating mechanical strain. This dual-faceted strategy is pivotal in enhancing the durability and operational reliability of FPCs, particularly in contexts demanding elevated flexibility and precision. Our research offers essential insights into the refinement of FPC design, skillfully addressing the complexities associated with curvature and physical interaction. Collectively, this study advocates a comprehensive framework for the design and implementation of FPCs, significantly advancing the field of contemporary electronics by ensuring these components meet the evolving demands of the industry.