Paint Components Research Articles

Molecular spectroscopic and elemental analyses for the identification of multi-layered automotive coatings with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Common automotive coatings include acrylic, amino, alkyd, polyester, nitro, and polyurethane coatings. In addition to these coatings, pigments, such as Prussian Blue, phthalocyanine blue, toluidine red, and scarlet powder are commonly added. Additives including sulphate, chrome yellow, CaCO3(calcium carbonate), TiO2(titanium dioxide), talc, dolomite and kaolin, are also commonly included in the coatings. The combination of these components makes it complex to identify them as a whole. However, the analysis of automotive coatings is not only important for coating producers in the industrial field, but also for forensic scientists investigating hit-and-run accidents. In this study, the authors aimed to establish a method that combines FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS to investigate complex and multi-layered paint samples. As a result, comprehensive and detailed molecular spectroscopic and elemental information was successfully obtained for identification using this method. FTIR proved advantageous in analyzing resins, while Raman was more effective in characterizing additives and pigments. The selection criteria for infrared spectroscopy are based on the change in dipole moment in molecular vibration, while those for Raman spectroscopy are based on the change in molecular polarization. Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy have complementary application fields and can be used together to provide more comprehensive molecular vibration information. SEM-EDS can also accurately present elemental components. With this method, tiny differences in spectra can be clearly distinguished through mutual verification; corresponding components in paints can be confidently identified.

Health risk assessment of lead, cadmium, heavy metals and metalloids in residential paint flakes from indoor wall surfaces.

Paint components pose risky metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury that endanger occupants, mainly children and pregnant women. To assess the levels and health risks of 14 metals in paint flakes from indoor walls of residential houses in four states in South-western Nigeria. Flaked paints were collected from 144 houses where children reside. Metals were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) levels (mg/kg) ranged from 1239.9 to 2254.2, 1126.5 to 3080.3, 822.1 to 1492.0, and 2.5 to 60.6 in all the state capitals examined, respectively. All samples examined in this study were above the regulated permissible limits. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimated health risk assessment model was used to calculate the chronic daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR). HI > 1 was highest in the ingestion route (2.592341: adults, 24.5153: children), and the LCR in children and adults followed the order of LCRingestion > LCRinhalation > LCRdermal. The probability of developing cancer over a lifetime, Total Lifetime Cancer Risk, for children exceeded the limit range for Pb, Mn, and Zn in the paint flakes from all the buildings, while almost all buildings where children resided exceeded the limit range for Cd. The study revealed that paint flakes from indoor walls pose a significant source of metal contamination and health risk, especially for children. In Nigeria, there is a need for stricter regulation and monitoring of metal content in paints and paint flakes.

DIGITAL SUPPORT OF STUDENTS’ JOINT ACTIONS IN INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT’S ORIGIN: THE CASE OF PROPORTIONALITY

Our primary school module with the digital support “Inks” was designed following V.V. Davydov’s idea on the assembling sets context as crucial for number concept formation. Making-sets task and the mixture problem scaffold the initial steps towards proportional reasoning, which is known to be diffi cult for students. The learning situation revolves around purposeful transformations of the inks shade towards the one desired, with a variety of tasks’ conditions: restrictions on the available amount of water and inks, some ready-made mixtures provided, etc. The substantial feature of our instruction was the organization of joint work through distribution of the operations on paint components. The necessity of some preliminary coordination between partners is posed by the real-life restrictions: once water and inks have been mixed, they cannot be separated back. The computer simulation adheres to this “rule” and makes students refer to the special modeling space and plan their operations on water and inks beforehand using tokens. The divergence of results, predicted by students through tokens placement, and the real color shade, obtained in computer simulation, sets the learning task and emphasizes the problem of coordination between partners’ actions within the modeling space. As students start to rely on the portion-by-portion counting, they succeed on the fi rst try: the stain of their new paint, prepared with the different amounts of components, merges with the sample mixture.  second-graders from an urban school (– years old) participated in the experimental teaching series, the video-taped classroom discussions, computer logs and written works were analyzed in order to assess students’ conceptual thinking development. Students’ constant success in tasks and the development of their modeling means functionality proved the computer support, which we have designed, to be relevant in several aspects: problematization and feedback, enabling simultaneous partners’ work, providing substantial tasks variations

DECORATIVE PAINTING AS A MEANS OF TRANSLATING CULTURAL SEMANTIC NARRATIVE

Purpose. The research involves analyzing folk decorative painting and transferring its most typical compositional techniques and characteristics into souvenir items. Methodology. To achieve the research goal, a comprehensive approach was employed, utilizing general scientific methods of literature analysis and visual examination of historical materials and contemporary souvenir products. Results. During the research, the features of decorative painting, its techniques, and methods were studied; the morphological components of decorative painting and the ways of interpreting its elements were analyzed. Scientific novelty. The study highlights the cultural and historical significance of decorative painting in the design of souvenir products. A comparative analysis of various types of decorative painting has been conducted and systematized; the compositional elements employed in the creation of souvenir product designs have been analyzed. Practical significance. The research focuses on assessing the feasibility of incorporating elements of decorative painting into souvenir product design and highlights the issue of transmitting semantic narratives that contribute to enhancing the cultural value and aesthetic appeal of contemporary souvenir items.

Enhancing image sentiment analysis: A user-centered approach through user emotions and visual features

To bridge the gap between user understanding of emotions and image representation, this paper amalgamated a variety of user features to formulate an image sentiment analysis model. Through controlled user experiments, participants were engaged in discerning sentiment from abstract painting images. User visual features were derived from eye-tracking data collected during the experiment. This paper employed the FFM (Five Factor Model) and POMS (Profile of Mood States) methodologies to gather personality and mood data, which were utilized as user emotional features. Additionally, fundamental components of abstract painting were captured as basic image features. By synergizing features across these three dimensions, the study introduced the "User-Feature-Enhanced-Image-Sentiment-Model" (UFE-ISM) for image sentiment recognition. The research findings underscore the model's superior performance in sentiment classification on abstract painting. Notably, both basic image features and user visual features exhibited significant contributions to the image sentiment classification model.

Comprehensive characterization of modern industrial Argentinian paints for improved chronological painting attribution

Throughout the twentieth century, the paint industry developed a multitude of new binding media, pigments and additives that improved the appearance, ease of application, and performance of modern industrial paints. Depending on when and where they were first manufactured, and when they were introduced into paint formulations, some of these new paint components could conceivably be chronological markers useful in assigning attribution to specific artists or in the study of forgeries. The aim of this study was to develop a systematic methodology for characterizing organic and inorganic materials in modern paints, and search for potential chronological markers. Colored reference paints manufactured by local companies in Argentina from the 1940s and 1950s were studied with a multi-analytical approach that included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. A wide range of compounds was identified due to the complementarity use of the analytical techniques. Historical references, patents, books, and scientific publications about the materials used in that time period provided invaluable information in establishing tentative timelines for modern paint components. This investigation was part of a broader interdisciplinary investigation of Concrete Art, an international art movement of the beginning of the twentieth century, which took place in Argentina and other nearby countries during the 1940s and 1950s. To prove the concept, a micro-sample from “Obra N° 171” by Raúl Lozza was analyzed. Organic and inorganic fractions were studied and the information collected was correlated with developed timelines to support the authentication process. Ultimately, the information from this study may also have a direct impact on the key areas of material characterization, aging behavior, and conservation of works of art made from these products.

Quinoline-based hydrazones for biocide detection: Machine learning-aided design of new TBT chemosensors

Antifouling compounds are used as paint components to mitigate biofouling on ships and submerged structures. One of the most known and used antifouling compounds is tributyltin (TBT). However, TBT is toxic to aquatic living beings, causing problems such as reduction of growth and imposex. The development of a TBT chemosensor could be of utter relevance in the building of an in-situ TBT monitoring device. Therefore, this work reports the synthesis of five new quinoline-based hydrazones (HZ) and two new quinoline-based thiosemicarbazones (TSC), with synthesis yields from 17 to 83 %. The compounds were tested in the presence of TBT, and some compounds of the group showed colorimetric or fluorimetric changes. The interaction between these compounds and TBT was tested by spectrophotometric or spectrofluorimetric titrations, which allowed to calculate the limit of detection (LOD) for each interaction. The fluorimetric interaction between HZ 4a and TBT was shown to be the most sensitive chemosensory method, with a LOD value of 1.7 μM.A Ridge classifier model was developed to correlate the ability for TBT detection and the modification of the structure of each molecule. The validity of the proposed model was tested by assessing the TBT-sensing ability of the two novel TSC 5a and 5b, which were synthesized after the development of the model. These two compounds also showed colorimetric changes in the presence of TBT, with LODs of 13.8 and 3.1 μM, respectively, in good accordance with the model's predictions. Further analysis of the model's decision process provided some insights on the desirable properties of the novel quinoline-derived TBT optical chemosensors.

Advancing Stormwater Management at Great Lakes Marinas with Green Infrastructure: Outreach, Implementation, and Applied Research

One-third of recreational boats in the United States are located at marinas in the Great Lakes (USACE, 2008). Though these marinas depend on a healthy coastal environment, many of them carry out boat maintenance and repair that generate oils and greases, heavy metals (particularly copper, a major component of boat paint), sediment, and nutrients that can be mobilized by stormwater and directly conveyed to nearshore waters (Jessop and Turner, 2011). Given projections of increased precipitation and runoff for the Great Lakes region (Byun et al., 2019), marinas serve as a “last chance” opportunity to reduce stormwater volumes, peak flow rates, and pollutant concentrations. Here, we discuss how improved design and retrofits to existing marinas can mitigate runoff pollution (McAllister et al., 1996).

Gas-Phase and Surface-Initiated Reactions of Household Bleach and Terpene-Containing Cleaning Products Yield Chlorination and Oxidation Products Adsorbed onto Indoor Relevant Surfaces.

The use of household bleach cleaning products results in emissions of highly oxidative gaseous species, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These species readily react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as limonene, one of the most abundant compounds found in indoor enviroments. In this study, reactions of HOCl/Cl2 with limonene in the gas phase and on indoor relevant surfaces were investigated. Using an environmental Teflon chamber, we show that silica (SiO2), a proxy for window glass, and rutile (TiO2), a component of paint and self-cleaning surfaces, act as a reservoir for adsorption of gas-phase products formed between HOCl/Cl2 and limonene. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) shows that the gas-phase reaction products of HOCl/Cl2 and limonene readily adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2. Surface-mediated reactions can also occur, leading to the formation of new chlorine- and oxygen-containing products. Transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of adsorption and desorption of bleach and terpene oxidation products indicates that these chlorine- and oxygen-containing products strongly adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2 surfaces for days, providing potential sources of human exposure and sinks for additional heterogeneous reactions.

Chlorinated paraffin metabolism and its importance for understanding CP toxicity

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are industrial chemicals with broad use as plasticizers and components in paints, cutting and drilling oil additives. The research interest in CPs has recently increased, not least due to the progress in analytical techniques and the globally reported large production volumes of CPs. The adverse effects on CPs in biota and in man are being reported in an increasing number of articles and the mechanism of toxicity is being discussed. Whether the metabolism of CPs could increase their toxicity is, however, still an unsolved question. In this Perspective paper, CP metabolism is discussed and arguments pointing to the important role of metabolic enhancement in CP toxicity are highlighted.

Arctangent normalization and principal-component analyses merge method to classify characteristics utilizing time-dependent material data.

We propose a technique for classifying paints with time-dependent properties using a new method of merging principal-component analyses (the "PCA-merge" method) that utilizes shifting of the barycenter of the PCA score plot. To understand the molecular structure, elemental concentrations, and the concentrations in the evolved gaseous component of various paints, we performed comprehensive characterizations using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and head-space-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry while drying the paint films for 1-48 h. As various detected intensity- and time-axis variables have different dimensions that cannot be handled equally, we normalized those data as an angle parameter (θ) using arctangent to reduce the influence of high/low intensity data and the various analytical instrument. We could classify the paints into suitable categories by applying multivariate analysis to this arctangent-normalized data set. In addition, we developed a new PCA-merge method to analyze data groups that include different time components. This method merges the PCA data groups of each time-component axis into that of specific-component axes and distinguishes each sample by utilizing the shift in the barycenter of the PCA score plot. The proposed method enables the simultaneous utilization of various data groups that contain information about static and dynamic properties. This provides further insight into the characteristics of the paint materials via shifts in the barycenter of the PCA scores without requiring numerous peak identifications.

Formulation of calcium based 8-HQ fluorescent paint for fluorescent paint applications

We report the formulation of luminous paints with calcium-based quinoline complex, bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) (calcium) – Caq2 as a pigment (where Ca = Calcium, q = 8-hydroxy quinoline). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, UV–Visible absorption, Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photometric evaluation of the pigment were probed to evaluate its structural, optical and photometric properties. The excitation spectra of Caq2 pigment portrays a broad excitation peak at 370 nm, while emission spectra reveal a broad peak, registered at 473 nm which falls in the bluish-green region of the visible spectrum. Further, fluorescent paints were formulated on glass slides with epoxy resin/ urea formaldehyde as binder and toluene as solvent. The results reveal the change in intensity of the painted panels in the following order IZnO Epoxy(50%) > IEpoxy based pure pigment > IUF based pure pigment > IZnO Epoxy(10%) > IZnO UF(10%). These results reveal the potential of the pigment as one of the components of fluorescent paint.

Cancro da Laringe associado ao Trabalho

Introduction/framework/objectives Evidence that Laryngeal Cancer may originate at work or be influenced by behaviors carried out in the workplace has been increasing, although this relationship is still undervalued by health professionals. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer, so that occupational health professionals can have information available to facilitate workers’ health promotion and disease prevention tasks or, at the limit, suspect the problem earlier. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in January 2022, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Laryngeal Cancer is the most prevalent at the aerodigestive level; that is, about 130.000 new cases per year worldwide in males and 21.000 in females, although with some differences between countries. Although the main risk factors are alcohol and tobacco consumption, which contribute synergistically to the problem, there are activities, mainly in the primary and secondary sectors, which, due to their exposure to physical and chemical agents (such as silica, asbestos, asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other components of paints and cement, for example). Discussion and Conclusions There are some risk factors with suspected or proven association with the etiology of Laryngeal Cancer. It is essential that professionals in the sector acquire a minimum of knowledge regarding what the bibliography describes, to be able to take collective and individual protection measures that can mitigate the risk. It is essential that professionals in the sector acquire a minimum of knowledge regarding what the bibliography describes, to be able to implement collective and individual protection measures that manage to mitigate the risk. It would also be desirable for occupational health teams, with workers exposed to these working conditions, to be able to investigate the topic, releasing innovative and/or more complete data to the bibliography than what is currently published, including giving a perspective of the state of the art in our country.

An insight into spray paints for street art: Chemical characterization of two yellow varnishes by spectroscopic and MS-based spectrometric techniques

In recent decades, modern murals and graffiti have become valuable artistic expressions that deserve attention for their dissemination and conservation. The chemical composition of spray paints with improved technical performance reflects the assortment of materials used in these artworks. Understanding the spray formulations is important in preventing deterioration of street art. In this study, two yellow varnishes were investigated by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS), laser desorption ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted (MA) LDI mass spectrometry (MS). ATR-FTIR allowed us to distinguish the occurrence of acrylic and styrene-acrylic resins as the main binders with some additional components, while XPS shed light on the recognition of some silicone-based additives, which aggregate at the most superficial varnish layers. Several established experimental conditions of MALDI-MS including matrix, salt dopant and extraction solvent, revealed the use of polyethylene glycol as an additive, while direct LDI-MS/MS analysis proved to be very useful in characterizing the yellow (PY74) and orange (PO36) pigments. Some insight into the minor components of the spray paints, such as surfactant, humectant and silicone-based levelling or anti-cratering agents, which were not easily obtained through conventional approaches, was also gained.

Flame Resistant of Larch Plywood According to Main Ingredients of Fire Retardant Paint

The aims of this study is to comparative analyze the flame resistant of Larix kamperi according to fire retardant paints with different main components. Wood, an eco friendly traditional material, has been proven to reduce carbon, drawing attention as a solution to climate change, an international environmental issue. Wood is used as a material for buildings as furniture, interior, and furniture, and greatly satisfied users who require eco-friendliness. However, wood is a factor that increases the fire load in a fire. In previous studies, the fire vulnerability of Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, MDF, OSB, cork board, and plain wood plywood was analyzed. As a result, wood without flame retardant treatment was vulnerable to fire. To compensate for this problem, we intend to secure an evacuation time by delaying the ignition time in case of a fire. Accordingly, Flame retardant treatment is implemented in accordance with Article 20 of ?the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the maintenance and Safety Management of Firefighting Facilities?. The main flame-retardant paint used is bromine, a halogen compound, and has high flame resistant. However, it is subject to environmental regulations due to the problem of soot and smoke generation. Eco friendly fire retardant paint are continuously being developed to escape regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the effect of the flame resistant by treating the developed fire retardant paint for each tree species. So, three types of fire retardant paint with different main components are selected and treated on a larch plywood to analyze flame resistant. In this study, after flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured in accordance with Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea. The main components of fire retardant paint are ammonium polyphosphate, emulsion resin, and phosphorus based mixture. Based on each theoretical application amount, 150g/m2, 180g/m2, and 180g/m2 were applied as the flame retardant paint. As a control group, a test specimen that was not with flame retardant treatment was set. The results are as follows. First, ammonium polyphosphate was the most excellent flame resistant. Second, as a result of flame retardant treatment the phosphorus mixture with the same main ingredient on the same type of larch plywood, the effect of flame resistant was different depending on the technology development of each manufacturer. Third, all larch plywood satisfied the flame resistant regardless of the presence or absence of flame retardant treatment. This seems to be because Larix Kamperi itself has a property that does not burn easily. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for the production of semi noncombustible material suitable for flame resistant Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea in the future.

Hubungan Usia dan Status Gizi dengan Enzim Cholinesterase pada Pekerja Industri Pembuatan Bahan Baku Cat di Surabaya

The additive is one component of paint that inhibits the growth of bio-organisms in the finished paint product with pesticide-like properties. Workers in the manufacture of paints are one of the populations that are at risk of being exposed to heavy metals and pesticides, which enter the workers through inhalation for a long time continuously. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the age of workers and the nutritional status of the Cholinesterase enzyme in workers in one of the paint raw material industries in Surabaya. This study used a cross-sectional study design with a sample of 89 workers. The variables in this study were age, nutritional status values as measured by BMI values, and cholinesterase enzyme activity. The correlation test results using a nonparametric test, namely the Spearman correlation test. The correlation results show no significance between age and CHE levels (p-value=0.376) and that there is a relationship between BMI and CHE levels (p-value=0.003). It is recommended for future researchers to add research variables including the influence of the length of work, work habits including smoking habits and exercise as well as the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) while working.

Organophilic Synthetic Stevensite-Zn: Synthesis and Characterization, an Alternative Simple Method

Organophilic clays are used as components in petroleum fluids, lubricants, paints, adhesives, cosmetics, and others. This requires products that are increasingly pure with homogeneous properties, which are hardly found in natural clays. Synthetic clays can thus be a solution. For this, it is necessary to explore techniques for their production. The main focus of this study was to synthesize a smectite clay in a simple, fast, and economic way at a low temperature and pressure. To regulate the pH of the reaction and bring it closer to the ideal synthesis conditions, two different acids were used: nitric acid (the most widely used in the literature) and hydrochloric acid (more accessible and cheaper). Organostevensite was obtained by the direct incorporation of quarternary salt in synthetic stevensite using a semi-dry, fast, economic, and ecological method compared to that used in industry. The results showed characteristics of a uniform crystalline material with a porous structure similar to that of the smectite group. Small particle sizes of approximately 100 nm were observed by SEM. Stevensite clay was obtained by both synthesis methods using two different acids; the method using hydrochloric acid stood out. The greater practicality of its development provides a more viable option for large-scale industrial production.

Carboxyl-functionalized aluminum oxide nanofibers for powder coatings

The paper considers the production and use of alumina nanofibrous additives in nanocomposite powder paints. The main component of powder paints are polyester resins with a large number of free carboxyl groups, which are cross-linked with special hardening additives. The introduction of additives into the resin is most effective when their surface is matched in terms of physicochemical properties with the resin material. In order to increase the affinity of the alumina nanofibers with the powder paint matrix, the amphoteric surface of the nanofibers must become acidic. The paper describes a method for the functionalization of alumina nanofibers by successive silanization with aminopropyltriethoxysilane and priming with oxalic acid. The paper described about the compounding of alumina nanofibers leads to increase of the coating strength and an increase in its elasticity. Priming alumina nanofibers by aminopropyltriethoxysilane in toluene leads to its functionalization sufficient to homogenize the nanofibers in the polymer media of the powder paint and improve its product properties. The formation of an amide bond after the final stage of priming of alumina nanofibers in oxalic acid by indirectly method is shown.

Acrylic Paints Formulation

Paints are used to protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials as it acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints contain extenders, solvents, pigments, binders, and some additives. The objective is to improve some physical properties of the current matt paint formulation. The contents of acrylic white matt emulsion paint are known to be 25%Pigments, 12% Extender pigments, 5% Additives, 44% Solvents, and 14% Binders. [2]. Binders are matrices and are used to hold the pigment in place. Extenders have larger pigment particles to improve adhesion and to strengthen the film and save the binder. Pigments are used to give color and opacity to the paint. Solvent can be either organic solvent or water and is used a thinner and to dissolve paint components and make it uniform. Additives are commonly used to improve properties of the paint.

Aluminium alloy corrosion inhibition by a two-stage modified nanoporous zeolite

ABSTRACT A two-stage synthesis of anti-corrosion pigments based on synthetic zeolites was performed. New pigments retain the zeolite framework structure in the nanopores of which the amorphised phosphate phase is formed. The pigments effectively reduce the aluminium alloy corrosion in sodium chloride solution. The most effective pigment is obtained by mechanochemical modification of zeolite with calcium cations, followed by liquid-phase treatment with zinc nitrate and sodium phosphate. The pigments induce the formation of a protective film of zinc hydroxides on intermetallic inclusions of the alloy. The formation of phosphates is possible on the anode sections. The pigments can become promising inhibitory components of primer paints used for the protection of structures made from aluminium alloys.