Component Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Side Reactions/Changes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms and Strategies for Creating Safer and Better Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), in which lithium ions function as charge carriers, are considered the most competitive energy storage devices due to their high energy and power density. However, battery materials, especially with high capacity undergo side reactions and changes that result in capacity decay and safety issues. A deep understanding of the reactions that cause changes in the battery's internal components and the mechanisms of those reactions is needed to build safer and better batteries. This review focuses on the processes of battery failures, with voltage and temperature as the underlying factors. Voltage-induced failures result from anode interfacial reactions, current collector corrosion, cathode interfacial reactions, overcharge, and overdischarge, while temperature-induced failure mechanisms include SEI decomposition, separator damage, and interfacial reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. The review also presents protective strategies for controlling these reactions. As a result, the reader is offered a comprehensive overview of the safety features and failure mechanisms of various LIB components. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Prediction of thermal runaway for a lithium-ion battery through multiphysics-informed DeepONet with virtual data

A surrogate model that predicts thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) fast and accurately is essential, yet complex phenomena of TR present significant challenges to achieving adequate performance in both aspects, particularly as traditional finite element models (FEMs) incur significant time and cost. This study proposes a multiphysics-informed deep operator network (MPI-DeepONet) with encoders to address these issues. This proposed neural network aims to predict TR under various thermal abuse conditions, offering a fast and accurate TR prediction surrogate model. In this study, MPI-DeepONet with encoders is trained with virtual data from a multiphysics FEM to overcome the scarcity of actual TR data. The architecture of DeepONet solves interpolation and extrapolation problems, allowing predictions across multiple thermal abuse conditions once trained. The neural network is further enhanced by the supervision of energy balance and chemical reaction equations, ensuring accurate and robust predictions despite limited data by effectively capturing the complex phenomena of TR. Quantitative analysis, compared against actual experiments and ablation studies, confirms the effectiveness of the proposed neural network. Notably, MPI-DeepONet achieves a mean RMSE of 13.2°C for temperature predictions in the test set, significantly outperforming the 25.4°C RMSE of purely data-driven DeepONet. This improvement highlights the importance of integrating multiphysics constraints into the neural network. The generality of the proposed neural network is further evidenced by accurate TR prediction in both LFP and NMC cells. The features deployed on the proposed neural network enable real-time quantification of internal temperature distribution and dimensionless concentration of the key components in LIBs, which are challenging to measure directly, achieving speeds at least 10,000 times faster than FEM. The proposed neural network provides comprehensive information for advanced battery management systems to ensure safety and reliability in LIBs, accelerating the digital twin of electric transportation systems through artificial intelligence transformation.

Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles loaded spent cathodic Lithium-Ion battery components for enhanced bifunctional photocatalysis: Investigating the influence of magnetic properties

Due to resource depletion and environmental concerns regarding battery disposal, it is becoming more essential to recycle valuable metals from wasted lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A novel approach is proposed in this study for the efficient bifunctional photocatalysis of LIBs components by integrating AgNPs in an environmentally sustainable manner via a sustainable hydrothermal process. The HRTEM and image mapping reveal a carbon matrix (C/Li3Fe5O8/Ag) with a dispersed arrangement of AgNPs (5–10 wt%). By acting as a reducing agent, graphite plays a crucial role in the transformation of Ag+ ions into AgNPs. The homogenous distribution of Ag NPs observed in the high-resolution TEM images further supports the role of graphite in the modification and decoration of Ag NPs onto the surface of the extracted spent cathode sample. The detection of a spot matching the (200) plane of Ag in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements confirms the successful formation of AgNPs. Additionally, the presence of a ring corresponding to the (110) plane of graphite in the SAED measurements suggests the coexistence of graphite with AgNPs in the composite heterostructures. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis was conducted to explore the physical properties of the AgNPs@LIBs nanocomposite, providing valuable insights into its pore size distribution and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. The nanocomposites exhibited paramagnetic behavior, as revealed by vibrational sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements, with saturation magnetization values ranging from 76.3 × 10−3 to 36.13 × 10−3 emu/g. The study involved the photodegradation of oxytetracycline (OTC), a representative pharmaceutical pollutant, along with an investigation into the potential of Cr(VI) reduction. Under optimal component ratios, a significant improvement in pollutant removal was achieved under UV radiation, reaching up to 75 % for OTC and 80 % for Cr(VI), highlighting the efficiency of the process.

Explosion characteristics of lithium-ion batteries vent gases containing dimethyl carbonate at elevated temperatures

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a common component of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) electrolyte, which is vented into the environment along with LIBs thermal runaway vent gases (BVG). This study used different ratios of DMC/BVG mixtures to simulate the combustible components vented from LIBs thermal runaway process. The explosion characteristic parameters of the DMC/BVG mixtures, such as the peak overpressure (Pex), the peak rate of pressure rise ((dp/dt)ex), lower flammability limits (LFL) and limiting oxygen concentrations (LOC), were investigated in an 8-L stainless steel cylindrical explosion vessel. The results indicated that as the percentage of DMC increased, maximum Pex, maximum (dp/dt)ex and LOC of the mixtures increased, while LFL showed a decrease trend. In addition, LFL decreased approximately linearly as increasing the initial temperature. The Britton correlation method can estimate LFL at varying initial temperatures. The research results are helpful to better understand the risk of the mixtures vent from LIBs and provide a reference for the explosion-proof design of LIBs’ transport containers and LIB energy storage stations.

A polyimide separator inlaid by methylsilyl-modified silica aerogels for high thermal safety and low polarization lithium-ion battery

The separator is a crucial component of lithium-ion batteries, playing a vital role in ion transfer and preventing polarization of the battery. To solve the problem of poor thermal safety of separators in lithium-ion batteries, in this work, three types of hydrophobic silica aerogels are compared. A suitable separator is fabricated by adding hydrophobic silica aerogels with monomethylsilyl as a modifier to pure polyimide. The aerogel composite separator displays a highly cross-linked three-dimensional nanoporous network, a low thermal shrinkage rate (<4 % at 200 °C), and high thermal stability (peak temperature of 670 °C) and oxygen index (>45 %). In addition, owing to the introduced hydrophobic functional groups of Si–CH3, the prepared separator decreases the polarization of the lithium-ion batteries and leads to improved power performance and cycle stability (its discharge voltage difference is 0.42 V higher than that of Celgard 2325 at 5 C). This work provides a new method of improving the safety and simultaneously reducing the polarization of lithium-ion batteries, which has promising application potential in power batteries.

Redox-active NiS@bacterial cellulose nanofiber composite separators with superior rate capability for lithium-ion batteries

Separator is an essential component of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which is placed between the electrodes to impede their electrical contact and provide the transport channels for lithium ions. Traditionally, the separator contributes the overall mass of LIBs, thereby reducing the gravimetric capacity of the devices. Herein, a dual-layer redox-active cellulose separator is designed and fabricated to enhance the electrochemical performances of LIBs by introducing NiS. The presented separator is composed of an insulating bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber layer and a conductive, and redox-active NiS@BC/carbon nanotubes layer. By using the NiS@BC separator, the discharge capacity of the LiFePO4//Li half battery is enhanced to 117 mAh g-1 at a current of 2C owing to the redox-activity of NiS. Moreover, the functional separator-electrode interface can facilitate the homogenous Li stripping/plating and depress the polarization upon the repeated stripping/plating process. Consequently, the battery containing the redox-active separator exhibits outstanding cycle stability and rate capability. The present study contributes a novel strategy for the developments of functional separators to improve the electrochemical properties of LIBs.

Recovery of lithium by pseudocapacitive electrodes in capacitive deionization

Lithium is a crucial component in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for many applications, including the powering of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems. This investigation focused on two hybrid pseudocapacitive materials, the polystyrene sulfonate-MXene composite (PM) and the sodium titanate/graphene oxide composite (NG), for lithium ions recovery from aqueous Li+ resources. This was achieved by selectively removing unwanted divalent Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, as well as monovalent K+ ions, through capacitive deionization (CDI) using a single-cell system, resulting in a final solution enriched with Li+ ions. Based on the ion selectivity order observed previously as Mg2+≈ Ca2+ >K+ > Li+, a series of CDI experiments were conducted with sequential steps to remove more selective ions first and to obtain a lithium-enriched solution with higher purity and maximum extracted fraction. Both PM and NG electrodes demonstrated promising performance when tested in binary, ternary, and quaternary ionic solutions with the recovered lithium solution purity in the range of 59.09 %-95.94 % and 59.75 %-77.17 %, respectively. Further, the highest enrichment factor values observed were SLi+,Mg2+; 268.1 for PM and SLi+,Ca2+; 44.25, for NG electrodes. The PSS-modified MXene composite electrode in obtaining the Li+ solution with the highest purity when separated Ca2+ from a binary solution. These findings offer valuable insights into the selective electrosorption of divalent ions over lithium ions through the utilization of ion intercalation pseudocapacitive nanocomposite electrodes. The obtained results hold significance in advancing novel non-precipitation techniques for the recovery of lithium ions from aqueous lithium resources.

WARM: A wavelet adaptive restoration module for surface anomaly detection

As a key component of lithium-ion batteries, surface defect detection of pole-piece is vital for quality control. Detection methods based on supervised have been used in pole-piece. However, the long cycle for data collection cannot meet the needs for fast construction and application of production line, making self-supervised a promising alternative. Although existing restoration-based methods have been widely studied, it’s still difficult to balance the problem of restoring normal regions and distinguishing abnormalities. We propose a Wavelet Adaptive Reconstruction Module by exploiting the obvious spatial and frequency differences between intra-class normal and abnormal features. Through training, the wavelet coefficients of the inputs are adaptively refined, potently obstructing the identity map from input image to restored image, thus improving the generalization of restoration network. The structure only consists of 2 simple Unets and WARM, it solves the anomaly detection task for pole-piece, and also outperforms other state-of-the-arts on MvTec AD.

Low-Temperature Manufacture of Cubic-Phase Li7La3Zr2O12 Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Batteries by Bed Powder

As the demand for battery technology with enhanced safety and high energy density increases, solid-state batteries are currently attracting attention as a solution to problems such as fire and explosion risks associated with lithium-ion batteries. In this study, experiments were conducted to synthesize and optimize Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), a solid electrolyte that is a key component of lithium-ion batteries with stability and high energy density. Experimental results showed that sintering at a low temperature of 800 °C for 8 h was the optimal synthesis and sintering time. Additionally, the excess lithium-containing bed powder enabled the production of pure cubic-phase LLZO. Through a sintering process that creates a lithium atmosphere on the bottom surface and facilitates lithium replenishment, an additional tunnel was introduced between the specimen and the alumina powder, allowing the bottom surface of the specimen to be exposed to the lithium atmosphere. By manufacturing a uniform cubic electrolyte, the path to manufacturing all-solid-state batteries was opened. These findings provide a new approach to forming cubic-phase LLZO with much higher ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase at low sintering temperatures.

High-Entropy Materials for Lithium Batteries

High-entropy materials (HEMs) constitute a revolutionary class of materials that have garnered significant attention in the field of materials science, exhibiting extraordinary properties in the realm of energy storage. These equimolar multielemental compounds have demonstrated increased charge capacities, enhanced ionic conductivities, and a prolonged cycle life, attributed to their structural stability. In the anode, transitioning from the traditional graphite (372 mAh g−1) to an HEM anode can increase capacity and enhance cycling stability. For cathodes, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) can be replaced with new cathodes made from HEMs, leading to greater energy storage. HEMs play a significant role in electrolytes, where they can be utilized as solid electrolytes, such as in ceramics and polymers, or as new high-entropy liquid electrolytes, resulting in longer cycling life, higher ionic conductivities, and stability over wide temperature ranges. The incorporation of HEMs in metal–air batteries offers methods to mitigate the formation of unwanted byproducts, such as Zn(OH)4 and Li2CO3, when used with atmospheric air, resulting in improved cycling life and electrochemical stability. This review examines the basic characteristics of HEMs, with a focus on the various applications of HEMs for use as different components in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of these materials is examined, highlighting improvements such as specific capacity, stability, and a longer cycle life. The utilization of HEMs in new anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes offers a promising path towards future energy storage solutions with higher energy densities, improved safety, and a longer cycling life.

Study of lithium transport in Li2O component of the solid electrolyte interphase in lithium-ion batteries

In lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as a promising energy storage device, materials with fast lithium (Li) transport are required for high-power applications such as electric vehicles. Thus, a deeper understanding of Li transport in components of LIBs is crucial for improving their rate capability. In this study, the Li transport in lithium oxide (Li2O), as one of the key components of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, was examined by a multiscale computational approach ranging from density functional theory (DFT) to Monte Carlo simulations. The DFT calculations were used to investigate the recombination of Frenkel pairs, their first-principles total energies, and the Li diffusion mechanisms. The effect of atomic configurations on both first-principles total energies and diffusion barrier energies was formulated by periodic and local cluster expansions. These formalisms were then incorporated into the Monte Carlo and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to calculate the diffusion coefficient of Li. Our calculations revealed that the vacancy-mediated jump along the 〈100〉 direction in the antifluorite structure of Li2O possesses the lowest barrier energy compared to other diffusion mechanisms. The KMC simulations indicated that the diffusion coefficient of Li better converged with the direct experimental measurement when the recombination of Frenkel pairs was integrated into the simulations. At a temperature of 300 K, the KMC simulation yielded a Li diffusion coefficient of 3.8×10-12cm2/s in Li2O. This is only one order of magnitude larger than indirect experimental measurement, suggesting the accuracy of our formalism. Thus, our formalism for studying Li transport in Li2O will pave the path to a rational design of inorganic SEI in the future development of LIBs.

Aging Mechanisms of Lithium-ion Batteries

&lt;p&gt;Modern society is making numerous efforts to reduce reliance on carbon-based energy systems. A notable solution in this transition is the adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as potent energy sources, owing to their high energy and power densities. Driven by growing environmental challenges, the application scope of LIBs has expanded from their initial prevalence in portable electronic devices to include electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). Accordingly, LIBs must exhibit long-lasting cyclability and high energy storage capacities to facilitate prolonged device usage, thereby offering a potential alternative to conventional sources like fossil fuels. Enhancing the durability of LIBs hinges on a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind their performance decline. Therefore, comprehending the degradation mechanism, which includes detrimental chemical and mechanical phenomena in the components of LIBs, is an essential step in resolving cycle life issues. The LIB systems presently being commercialized and developed predominantly employ graphite anode and layered oxide cathode materials. A significant portion of the degradation process in LIB systems takes place during the electrochemical reactions involving these electrodes. In this review, we explore and organize the aging mechanisms of LIBs, especially those with graphite anodes and layered oxide cathodes.&lt;/p&gt;

Selective recovery of metals in spent batteries by electrochemical precipitation to cathode material for sodium-ion batteries

The recycling of key components in waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an important route to make up for the shortage of battery materials. Metal separation and purification is an important step. It is of great significance to propose an efficient and green separation technology. In this paper, an electrochemical precipitation method was applied to metal separation from spent LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material. The Li and metal elements were effective separated and the precipitates were then used as precursor to synthesize high-performance R–O3-NaNFM cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. The R–O3-NaNFM exhibits excellent electrochemical cycling stability. The capacity retains 71.3 mAh g−1 after a long-term cycling of 200 times at 1 C. This method offers a referable strategy of the recycling for the waste cathode material in spent LIBs.

Modelling the Sorting of Lithium-Ion Battery Components in a Zig-Zag Air Classifier

The recycling of lithium-ion batteries, in particular, has become increasingly important in recent years. Due to the materials contained, such as copper or nickel, the return to the economic cycle is important. To ensure this, binding measures have been introduced by the European Commission. As part of the mechanical recycling of lithium-ion batteries, the zig-zag air classifier is used to separate battery components. One application is the separation of the current conductor foils from each other, which is investigated and modelled here. Existing models deriving from the literature are evaluated for material fractions coming from the recycling of different automotive lithium-ion batteries. Since the separation depends on the geometry of the foil particles, similarities for separation depending on the geometric characteristics of the electrodes are derived. It turns out that the material is too complex for the empirical model. However, the model can be used to evaluate the suitability of the apparatus and the quality of the separation.

Lithium-ion batteries and fertility in Africa

This study investigates how the global adoption of modern electrical batteries influenced women’s fertility choices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country rich in cobalt, an essential component of lithium-ion batteries. The findings reveal that women living in cobalt-rich villages experience higher fertility rates and a greater desire for children relative to those in non-cobalt-rich communities. I attribute this phenomenon to the use of children in cobalt mines, as opposed to other mineral mining activities, which leads to a short-term increase in household wealth and motivates parents to have more children. These results provide novel insights into our understanding of the complex relationship between economic development, natural resources, and fertility decisions in developing economies.

Introducing an Efficient and Eco-Friendly Spray-Drying Process for the Synthesis of NCM Precursor for Lithium-ion Batteries

&lt;p&gt;Ni-rich cathode is one of the promising candidates for high-energy lithium-ion battery applications. Due to its specific capacity, easy industrialization, and good circulation ability, Ni-rich cathode materials have been widely used for lithium-ion batteries. However, due to the limitation of the co-precipitation method, including sewage pollution, and the instability of the long production cycles, developing a new efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach is critical. In this study, the Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.91&lt;/sub&gt;Co&lt;sub&gt;0.06&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.03&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; precursor powder was successfully synthesized by an efficient spray-drying method using carbonate compounds as a raw material. This Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.91&lt;/sub&gt;Co&lt;sub&gt;0.06&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.03&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; precursor was calcined by mixing with LiOH·H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (5 wt% excess) at 480°C for 5 hours and then sintered at two different temperatures (780°C/800°C) for 15 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to complete the cathode active material preparation, which is a key component of lithium-ion batteries. As a result, LiNi&lt;sub&gt;0.91&lt;/sub&gt;Co&lt;sub&gt;0.06&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.03&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; cathode active material powders were obtained successfully via a simple sintering process on the Ni&lt;sub&gt;0.91&lt;/sub&gt;Co&lt;sub&gt;0.06&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.03&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; precursor powder. Furthermore, the obtained LiNi&lt;sub&gt;0.91&lt;/sub&gt;Co&lt;sub&gt;0.06&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;0.03&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; cathode active material powders were characterized. Overall, the material sintered at 780°C shows superior electrochemical performance by delivering a discharge capacity of 190.76mAh/g at 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; cycle (0.1 C) and excellent capacity retention of 66.80% even after 50 cycles.&lt;/p&gt;

High-Performance 3D Stacked Micro All-Solid-State Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Stress-Compensation Effect.

A novel all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion battery (LIB) is presented to address the trade-off issue between the specific capacity and stabilities in a conventional LIB. Different from the conventional one, this LIB device consists of two same LIB components located at the front and back surfaces of the substrate, respectively. These two LIB components form parallel connection by using the conductive through vias distributed in the substrate. Compared with the conventional one, this LIB device doubles the areal specific capacity. More importantly, due to the stress-compensation effect, this device effectively suppresses the stress induced by its volume changes resulting from the lithiation/delithiation processes and thermal expansion. Consequently, this device shows good cycling and thermal stabilities even when working at an industrial-grade high temperature of 125°C. To further improve the specific capacity without sacrificing the stabilities, a 3D stacked LIB is successfully realized by using this LIB device as the cell, in which each cell is parallelly connected by using the above-mentioned conductive through vias. This 3D stacked LIB is experimentally demonstrated to obtain high specific capacity (79.9µAhcm-2 ) and good stabilities (69.3% of retained capacity after 100cycles at 125°C) simultaneously.

Trend of critical minerals utilization for Indonesia’s Sustainable Energy Transition: A review

The European Union calculates supplies of essential minerals using an economic significance index, a supply risk index and an environmental risk index. The U.S. Geological Survey uses three indicators to assess critical mineral risks in the country: foreign ownership of mineral assets and activities, trade dependence, and indirect trade dependence. Indonesia has a history of strong mineral production, and new prospects in the critical minerals sector are developing rapidly. Positioned as a major producer of nickel, the main component of lithium-ion batteries used in electric cars. This supports technological innovation that can improve infrastructure and support sustainable development, which is in line with SDG 9. Indonesia is increasing its capacity to produce other important minerals, such as rare earth elements and cobalt, in addition to nickel production. This research uses the literature study method. The aim is to review the development of essential minerals towards sustainable development.

Review on Ultrasonic and Laser Welding Technologies of Multi-Layer Thin Foils for the Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell Manufacturing

Emission-reduction initiatives within the automotive sector have amplified the demand for electric and hybrid vehicles. An essential component in lithium-ion batteries for these vehicles is the pouch-type battery cell, which necessitates the welding of electrodes and tabs. Welding multi-layered thin foils, especially those only a few micrometers thick, is vital to ensure optimal performance and safety. The predominant techniques for this are ultrasonic and laser welding. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of contemporary advancements in ultrasonic and laser welding of multi-layer thin foils.

Application of Industrial-Scale Lithium Sulphate Electrolysis in Battery Recycling

As the world charges towards electrification and sustainable transportation, it is critical that the entire supply chain is equally sustainable. Industrial processes must be tailored towards circular processes in which emissions and effluents to the environment are minimized, if not eliminated altogether. When it comes to the production of battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate, a critical component of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the recovery of the lithium in spent LIBs. NORAM Electrolysis Systems Inc (NESI) has developed electrochemical technologies in which effluents are greatly reduced.NESI has developed a flexible, multi-compartment industrial electrolyser for salt splitting (NORSCAND®) applications including electrolysis of lithium sulphate to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide (LHM). This electrolysis step can be used for the initial production of LHM or for recovering the LHM from recycling LIBs. In either case sulphuric acid is a by-product of the electrolysis process and it can then be recycled for dissolution of black mass in battery recycling processes or for e.g. SX regeneration. In both cases the incorporation of electrolysis in the flowsheet eliminates effluent streams.This presentation will outline the product quality and environmental benefits of electrolysis applied as part of a battery recycling flowsheet. It will outline the approach to electrolyser scale-up and present test and performance data from industrial-scale application. Figure 1