Fruit Components Research Articles

Comprehensive identification and distribution pattern of 37 oxygenated heterocyclic compounds in commercially important citrus juices

Oxygenated heterocyclic compounds (OHCs) are among the most biologically active components in citrus fruits which exert health benefits but also involve juice-drug interactions. However, current knowledge of OHC distribution in citrus juices is incomplete. By analyzing 173 samples from orange, mandarin, grapefruit, pomelo, lemon, and lime juices, this study constructed a comprehensive OHC (10 methoxyflavones, 12 coumarins, 15 furanocoumarins) compositional pattern of the six commercially important species. OHCs were determined using a newly developed high-resolution HPLC separation with UV and fluorescence detection. Identifications were based on matching an innovative combination of full UV and fluorescence spectra, multiwavelength fluorescence emission peak ratios, and alkyl aryl ketone retention index values with those of standards. Forty-six previously unreported OHC occurrences (12 methoxyflavones, 27 coumarins and 9 furanocoumarins) were identified in the six juice-species. Unique OHC markers were identified in mandarin (5-demethyltangeretin), pomelo (meranzin), and lime (heraclenol) juices. Orange and mandarin juices are characterized by two and five methoxyflavones respectively; pomelo and grapefruit by 5-substituted furanocoumarins and 7,8-disubstituted coumarins; lemon and lime by byakangelicin, 8-geranyloxypsoralen, and 5-geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin. The greatly expanded and detailed OHC distribution pattern provides additional information for future epidemiological work investigating the relationships between citrus juice OHCs intake and health outcomes.

A review on the fruit components affecting uric acid level and their underlying mechanisms.

Uric acid (UA) is produced in the liver and excreted through the kidneys and intestines. If UA is overproduced or its excretion reduces, the concentration of UA increases, leading to hyperuricemia and gout. The high concentration of UA is also related to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, and other diseases. Fruits are healthy foods. However, fruits contain fructose and small amounts of purine, and the product of their metabolism is UA. Therefore, theoretically, eating fruits will increase the concentration of serum UA. Fruit components are numerous, and their effects on serum UA are complex. According to the current research, fructose, purine, polyphenols, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and minerals present in fruits influence serum UA concentrations. In addition to the UA synthesized by fructose and purine metabolism, the mechanisms by which other components affect the concentration of serum UA can be summarized as follows: (a) inhibiting xanthine oxidase; (b) reducing reabsorption of UA; and (c) improving the excretion of UA. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the fruit components that affect serum UA concentrations, and explained their mechanisms for the first time, which references for patients with hyperuricemia to take fruits. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: With the rising prevalence, hyperuricemia and gout have become public health problems that endanger our daily life. The key to the treatment of hyperuricemia is to control the level of serum UA within the normal range. Fruits are healthy foods. However, fruit components are numerous, and their effects on serum UA are complex. According to the current research, fructose, purine, polyphenols, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and minerals present in fruits influence serum UA concentrations. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the fruit components that affect serum UA concentrations. We also explained their mechanisms, which references for patients with hyperuricemia to take fruits.

High-yield ‘one-pot’ biosynthesis of raspberry ketone, a high-value fine chemical

Cell-free extract and purified enzyme-based systems provide an attractive solution to study biosynthetic strategies towards a range of chemicals. 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one, also known as raspberry ketone, is the major fragrance component of raspberry fruit and is used as a natural additive in the food and sports industry. Current industrial processing of the natural form of raspberry ketone involves chemical extraction from a yield of ∼1–4 mg kg−1 of fruit. Due to toxicity, microbial production provides only low yields of up to 5–100 mg L−1. Herein, we report an efficient cell-free strategy to probe into a synthetic enzyme pathway that converts either L-tyrosine or the precursor, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-buten-2-one, into raspberry ketone at up to 100% conversion. As part of this strategy, it is essential to recycle inexpensive cofactors. Specifically, the final enzyme step in the pathway is catalyzed by raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1), an NADPH-dependent double bond reductase. To relax cofactor specificity towards NADH, the preferred cofactor for cell-free biosynthesis, we identify a variant (G191D) with strong activity with NADH. We implement the RZS1 G191D variant within a ‘one-pot’ cell-free reaction to produce raspberry ketone at high-yield (61 mg L−1), which provides an alternative route to traditional microbial production. In conclusion, our cell-free strategy complements the growing interest in engineering synthetic enzyme cascades towards industrially relevant value-added chemicals.

Effect of the Insect Infestation by Myzus persicae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the Annual Production of Strawberry Under Glasshouse Conditions

This study was carried out to study the effect of the insect infestation by The Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and The Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on the quantity of the annual production of the strawberry crop, Fragaria ananassa (L.). This study was carried out at Tokh region (Qaliobya Governorate) during two successive seasons 2020, 2021 under glasshouse conditions. This study was divided into three parts, first part studied the population fluctuation of M. persicae andT. vaporariorum on strawberry plants during the two successive seasons, second part studied the effect of insect infestation by the two insects on the quantity of the annual production of strawberry fruits at the two successive seasons compared to control (which did not infest with any insect) and third part studied the effect of insect infestation by the two insects on the internal components of strawberry fruits. Results obtained showed that the infestation by M. persicae andT. vaporariorum reduced the quantity of annual production of strawberry fruits compared to control (which was non-infested by the same insects). Also, results obtained showed that the infestation bythesame insects reduced both total sugar and total protein on strawberry fruitscompared to control.

The long noncoding RNA MdLNC499 bridges MdWRKY1 and MdERF109 function to regulate early-stage light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit

Anthocyanin pigments contribute to plant coloration and are valuable sources of antioxidants in the human diet as components of fruits and vegetables. Their production is known to be induced by light in apple fruit (Malus domestica); however, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for early-stage light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we identified an ethylene response factor (ERF) protein, ERF109, involved in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and found that it promotes coloration by directly binding to anthocyanin-related gene promoters. Promoter::β-glucuronidase reporter analysis and Hi-C sequencing showed that a long noncoding RNA, MdLNC499, located nearby MdERF109, induces the expression of MdERF109. A W-box cis-element in the MdLNC499 promoter was found to be regulated by a transcription factor, MdWRKY1. Transient expression in apple fruit and stable transformation of apple calli allowed us to reconstruct a MdWRKY1-MdLNC499-MdERF109 transcriptional cascade in which MdWRKY1 is activated by light to increase the transcription of MdLNC499, which in turn induces MdERF109. The MdERF109 protein induces the expression of anthocyanin-related genes and the accumulation of anthocyanins in the early stages of apple coloration. Our results provide a platform for better understanding the various regulatory mechanisms involved in light-induced apple fruit coloration.

A Novel Auraptene-Enriched Citrus Peels-Based Blend with Enhanced Antioxidant Activity

The aim of this study was to establish a convenient process to get auraptene-enriched blends from Citrus limon L. Osbeck (Rutaceae) peels powder with functional food and nutraceutical potential and antioxidant properties. The process consisted in the selective adsorption of auraptene by bentonite followed by desorption and evaporation of solvents to get the final product. HPLC analyses revealed an adsorption > 99% from lemon fruit peel powder and a 13.7-fold enrichment of the obtained composition respect to the parent food-derived sample. The antioxidant and radical scavenger activities of the Citrus peels based preparation were assayed by the DPPH and ABTS tests and reveal deffects higher than ascorbic acid and Trolox® used as the references. To the best of our knowledge, the findings described herein is the first example reported in the literature of solid phase adsorption experiments carried out on auraptene as a component of edible fruits.

Host species shape the community structure of culturable endophytes in fruits of wild berry species (Vaccinium myrtillus L., Empetrum nigrum L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.).

ABSTRACTWild berries are interesting research subjects due to their rich sources of health-beneficial phenolic compounds. However, the internal microbial communities, endophytes, associated with the wild berry fruits are currently unknown. Endophytes are bacteria or fungi inhabiting inside plant tissues, and their functions vary depending on the host species and environmental parameters. The present study aimed to examine community composition of fungal and bacterial endophytes in fruits of three wild berry species (bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L., lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and crowberry Empetrum nigrum L.) and the effects of host plant species and their growth sites on shaping the endophytic communities. We found that the endophytic community structures differed between the berry species, and fungi were predominant over bacteria in the total endophytic taxa. We identified previously unknown endophytic fungal taxa including Angustimassarina, Dothidea, Fellozyma, Pseudohyphozyma, Hannaella coprosmae and Oberwinklerozyma straminea. A role of soluble phenolic compounds, the intracellular components in wild berry fruits, in shaping the endophytic communities is proposed. Overall, our study demonstrates that each berry species harbors a unique endophytic community of microbes.

From Agricultural Waste to a Powerful Antioxidant: Hydroxytyrosol as a Sustainable Model Substance for Understanding Antioxidant Capacity

Students encounter antioxidants in many areas of their daily life. Antioxidants play a crucial role in cosmetics, in nutritional or dietary supplements, as additives for the preservation of food, and as a natural component in fruit and vegetables. Accordingly, antioxidants are believed to promote health through the prevention of oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. The underlying oxidation and reduction processes of antioxidants are a central topic of chemistry classes. Additionally, antioxidants can be linked to aspects of sustainability. In this paper, the model substance chosen to demonstrate these aspects of antioxidants is hydroxytyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol is a natural, highly effective antioxidant, which is produced, for example, in olive trees and can be found in high concentrations in olive mill wastewater, which is potentially hazardous to the environment. In the first experiment, WELL-plate experiments are used to show the principal properties of antioxidants, both as reducing agents and radical scavengers, for the example of hydroxytyrosol. The experiments are based on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test, which is widely applied in the food industry. In a second experiment, the properties of antioxidants are demonstrated using alginate balls as reaction vessels to produce a luminous bubble tea. Furthermore, the school-student-friendly extraction of hydroxytyrosol is presented.

Effects of rhizosphere fungi on the chemical composition of fruits of the medicinal plant Cinnamomum migao endemic to southwestern China

BackgroundThis study examined how rhizosphere fungi influence the accumulation of chemical components in fruits of a small population species of Cinnamomum migao.ResultsAscomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in the rhizosphere fungal community of C. migao. Pestalotiopsis and Gibellulopsis were associated with α-Terpineol and sabinene content, and Gibellulopsis was associated with crude fat and carbohydrate content. There were significant differences in rhizosphere fungal populations between watersheds, and there was no obvious change between fruiting periods. Gibberella, Ilyonectria, Micropsalliota, and Geminibasidium promoted sabinene accumulation, and Clitocybula promoted α-Terpineol accumulation.ConclusionThe climate-related differentiation of rhizosphere fungal communities in watershed areas is the main driver of the chemical composition of C. migao fruit. The control of the production of biologically active compounds by the rhizosphere fungal community provides new opportunities to increase the industrial and medicinal value of the fruit of C. migao.

Nutritional composition changes in bell pepper as affected by the ripening stage of fruits at harvest or postharvest storage and assessed non-destructively.

Nutritional quality in bell pepper is related to the ripening stage of the fruit at harvest and postharvest storage. Its determination requires time-consuming, tissue-destructive, analytical laboratory techniques. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ripening stage and of postharvest storage period on fruit nutritional quality, and whether it is feasible to develop reliable models for assessing the nutritional components in peppers using non-destructive methods. The dry matter, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, phenolics, chlorophylls, carotenoids and the total antioxidant capacity were determined in bell pepper fruits at six ripening stages, from green to full red, during storage at 10°C for 8 days. Color, chlorophyll fluorescence, visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy, red-green-blue (R-G-B) and red-green-near infrared (R-G-NIR) digital imaging were tested for assessing the nutritional quality of peppers. The nutritional composition was mainly affected by the ripening stage of bell pepper fruits at harvest and only to a small degree by the storage period. Indeed, the more advanced ripening stage of fruit at harvest resulted in superior nutritional quality. Most of the non-destructive techniques reliably predicted the internal quality of the fruit. The genetic algorithm (GA), the variable importance in projection (VIP) scores, and the variable inflation factor (VIF) tests identified nine distinct regions and four specific wavelengths on the whole visible/NIR electromagnetic spectrum that exhibited the most significant effect in the assessment of the nutritional components. It is possible to predict individual nutritional components in bell pepper fruit reliably and non-destructively, and irrespective of the ripening stage of fruits at harvest. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exogenous Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Promotes Coloration and Improves the Quality of Tomato Fruit by Regulating Carotenoid Metabolism.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It can also be used to enhance crop resistance to environmental stresses and improve the color and internal quality of fruits. However, there are limited reports regarding the effects of ALA on tomato fruit color and its regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, the effects of exogenous ALA on the quality and coloration of tomato fruits were examined. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum “Yuanwei No. 1”) fruit surfaces were treated with different concentrations of ALA (0, 100, and 200 mg⋅L–1) on the 24th day after fruit setting (mature green fruit stage), and the content of soluble sugar, titratable acid, soluble protein, vitamin C, and total free amino acids, as well as amino acid components, intermediates of lycopene synthetic and metabolic pathways, and ALA metabolic pathway derivatives were determined during fruit ripening. The relative expression levels of genes involved in lycopene synthesis and metabolism and those involved in ALA metabolism were also analyzed. The results indicated that exogenous ALA (200 mg⋅L–1) increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids, and vitamin C as well as 11 kinds of amino acid components in tomato fruits and reduced the content of titratable acids, thus improving the quality of tomato fruits harvested 4 days earlier than those of the control plants. In addition, exogenous ALA markedly improved carotenoid biosynthesis by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase 1, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase. Furthermore, exogenous ALA inhibited chlorophyll synthesis by downregulating the genes expression levels of Mg-chelatase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. These findings suggest that supplementation with 200 mg⋅L–1 ALA not only enhances the nutritional quality and color of the fruit but also promotes early fruit maturation in tomato.

Water transport in fleshy fruits: Research advances, methodologies, and future directions.

Fruits are reproductive organs in flowering plants and the harvested products of many agricultural crops. They play an increasingly important role in the human diet due to their nutritional values. Water is the most abundant component of most fleshy fruits, and it is essential for fruit growth and quality formation. Water is transported to the fruit via the vascular system (xylem and phloem) and lost to the air through the fruit surface due to transpiration. This minireview presents a framework for understanding water transport in fleshy fruits along with brief introductions of key methodologies used in this research field. We summarize the advances in the research on the patterns of water flow into and out of the fruit over development and under different environmental conditions and cultural practices. We review the key findings on fruit transpiration, xylem transport, phloem transport, and the coordination of water flows in maintaining fruit water balance. We also summarize research on post-vascular water transport mediated by aquaporins in fruits. More efforts are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which different environmental conditions impact fruit water transport at the micro-level and to better understand the physiological implications of the coordination of water flows. Incorporating fruit water transport into the research area of plant hydraulics will provide new insights into water transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.

English

Procyanidins (PAs) is the important flavonoids components in strawberry young fruits, whichis synthesizedthrough direct polymerizationof flavanone-3-ol units. Numerous studies have beendone on the synthesis of PAs, while the oxidation/polymerization processes have not been fully explored. AtTT10, a laccasel-like polyphenol oxidase,was recently reported to be participated in the oxidative polymerization of proanthocyanidins. Whether FaTT10hasapositiveeffect onoxidative polymerization of strawberry fruit PAsis unclear. In this study, FaTT10 in strawberries were isolated and analyzed. Transient overexpression of FaTT10 decreased the accumulation of PAs monomer in strawberry fruit,whereas RNA interference increased the level of anthocyanin and PAs monomer. 4-Dimethylaminocinamaldehyde (DMACA)staining results also showed that lighter blue color in the FaTT10-RNAi fruit and concentrated blue color in the FaTT10-overexpression fruit. Meanwhile, PAs monomer showed a drop-and-rise tendency during strawberry fruit development and ripening.Furthermore, the expression of several flavonoids metabolism-related geneswere affected by the altered FaTT10 gene expression levels, such as L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL); dihydroflavonol reductase(DFR);chalcone isomerase(CHI); flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H); 4-coumarate:CoA ligase(4CL); Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H); chalcone synthase(CHS); anthocyanin reductase(ANR); lecoanthocyanidins reductase(LAR) andanthocyanin synthase(ANS). In conclusion, these results revealed that FaTT10 is specifically involved in oxidative polymerization of PAsby regulating the expression of flavonoids metabolism-related genes in strawberry fruits. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

The aim of the work was chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruits and leaves and identifying further prospects for the use of this plant in medicine. Materials and methods. Raw materials of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were selected as objects of study. The tincture was obtained by maceration and the raw material was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days according to the method of making tinctures. The study of the chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 mkm × 0,25 mkm). Results. 23 compounds (1 in the isomeric state) in fruits and 20 compounds (2 in the isomeric state) in the leaf of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were identified. The main components of fruits were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 12.53 %, propyl acetate (esters of carboxylic acids) – 12.60 %, chamazulene (terpenes) – 11.97 % and palmitic acid (fatty acids) – 8.28 %. The main component of leaves were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 17.57 %, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone (ketone) – 8.35 %, phytol (terpenes) – 6.10 %. It is known from the literature that chamazulene has antioxidant, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity. Sitosterol has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid has antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Phytol is characterized by a wide range of biological action – antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic. Conclusions. Based on the above, the olive can be considered as a source of antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic drugs.

Prenylflavonoids from fruit of Macaranga tanarius promote glucose uptake via AMPK activation in L6 myotubes.

Skeletal muscle is a major tissue of glucose consumption and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Prenylflavonoids, a component of Macaranga tanarius fruits, have been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. However, the effects of these compounds on skeletal muscle glucose metabolism are unclear. Here, we isolated five prenylflavonoids from M. tanarius fruits, and investigated the mechanism of action of these compounds on skeletal muscle cells using L6 myotubes. We found that isonymphaeol B and 3'-geranyl naringenin increased glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, both isonymphaeol B and 3'-geranyl naringenin increased AMPK phosphorylation but did not affect PI3K-Akt phosphorylation. Isonymphaeol B and 3'-geranyl naringenin also increased Glut1 mRNA expression and plasma membrane GLUT1 protein levels. These results suggest that isonymphaeol B and 3'-geranyl naringenin have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism through AMPK and GLUT1 pathway. Isonymphaeol B and 3'-geranyl naringenin may be potential lead candidates for antidiabetic drug development.

Detecting Maturity in Fresh Lycium barbarum L. Fruit Using Color Information

The accurate quantitative maturity detection of fresh Lycium barbarum L. (L. barbarum) fruit is the key to determine whether fruit are suitable for harvesting or not and can also be helpful to improve the quality of post-harvest processing. To achieve this goal, abnormal samples were eliminated by the Mahalanobis Distance (MD), and nine components (i.e., R, G, B, H, S, V, L, a, and b) of the ripe fruit, half-ripe fruit, and unripe fruit were extracted, firstly. Then, significant component combinations of the three fruits beneficial to the extraction of their areas were determined. Through binary processing, morphology processing, and other image processing methods, a quantitative maturity detection model of fruit was established based on the support vector machine (SVM) model. On this basis, field experiments were conducted to verify and compare the relationship between the prediction results of the model and the picking forces of fruit. Field experiments showed that the accuracies of both the training set and prediction set were 100% and the prediction results of the model were consistent with the picking forces of fruit. Findings provided a theoretical basis for the accurate quantitative maturity detection of fresh L. barbarum fruit.

Carotenoid Accumulation and the Expression of Carotenoid Metabolic Genes in Mango during Fruit Development and Ripening

Carotenoids are considered to be important components in mango fruits. However, there is a lack of understanding about the regulation of carotenoids in mango. To gain an insight into the carotenoid metabolism pathway, carotenoid content and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes were investigated in the peel and pulp of mango during fruit development and ripening in three cultivars, ‘Kaituk’, ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′, and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, which are different in color. The highest carotenoid content was observed in ‘Kaituk’, followed by ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′ and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, with the major carotenoid being β-carotene. The gene expression analysis found that carotenoid metabolism in mango fruit was primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The changing patterns of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression (MiPSY, MiPDS, MiZDS, MiCRTISO, MiLCYb, MiLCYe, MiHYb, and MiZEP) were similar to carotenoid accumulation, and ‘Kaituk’ exhibited a higher expression level than the other two cultivars. In addition, the differential regulation of carotenoid catabolic genes was found to be a mechanism responsible for variability in carotenoid content among the three mango cultivars. The expression of carotenoid catabolic genes (MiCCD1, MiNCED2, and MiNCED3) more rapidly decreased in ‘Kaituk’, resulting in a larger amount of carotenoids in ‘Kaituk’ than the other two cultivars.

Partition, correlation, and natural bioconcentration of iron, manganese, and zinc in cacao trees

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability, partition, and correlation of Fe, Mn, and Zn in the leaves and fruit components (pod husk, pulp, tegument, and cotyledons) of cacao trees. These contents were also correlated with chemical attributes of the soils in regions classified as humid (H), humid to sub-humid (SH), and sub-humid to dry (SD) in the South Bahia, Brazil. Soils samples were collected, along with leaves and fruits from the PH16 clone of the cacao tree, for analysis of Fe, Mn, and Zn. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were applied, as well as Shapiro Wilk’s normality test and Tukey's test for comparison of the climate regions. The accumulation order for Fe and Zn in the fruit components was tegument > pod husk > leaf > cotyledons; and for Mn the order was pod husk > leaf > tegument > cotyledons. The increase in hydric restriction, from the most humid region to the driest, causes natural bioconcentration of Fe, Mn, and Zn in the fruit components used to produce food (cotyledons and pulp). The Mn contents in the leaf can be used as indicators of its accumulation in the cotyledon and cacao pulp.

Comparative analysis and research on composition of mulberry-sourced medicinal materials by fingerprint division total statistical moment method and information entropy

The present work is to analyze the HPLC fingerprints of mulberry-sourced materials(Mori Ramulus, Mori Folium, Muri Cortex, Mori Fructus) using the fingerprint division total statistical moment method and information entropy, and to study the diffe-rences of the chemical components and the overall characteristics of the imprinting template in different parts of mulberry-sourced medicinal materials, so as to provide the basis for finding the effective substances in response to "homologous and different effect" of mulberry(Morus alba). The fingerprints of 24 batches of mulberry-related materials, such as Mori Ramulus, Mori Folium, Muri Cortex, Mori Fructus, were established, and the similarities and differences of the fingerprints were analyzed by calculating the division total statistical moment parameters and information entropy. The AUC_T, MCRT_T, VCRT_T and H values of 24 batches of mulberry-sourced materials were less than 0.05, with significant difference. Among them, all samples showed absorption peaks within 3-11, and 20-24 min, indicating that the four types had the identical or similar chemical composition in the same time period. After 34 min, none of the four types showed absorption peaks. Greater VCRT_T value of the fingerprints of the four kinds was observed at the retention time ranges of 3-4, 16-18, 25-27, and 31-32 min, indicating that the components of the four kinds were significantly different in these time periods; and VCRT_T value of the mulberry was significantly higher than that of the other three kinds of medicinal materials at the retention time windows of 3-4 and 15-17 min; the VCRT_T value of the mulberry white skin was significantly higher at the time windows of 8-10 and 28-30 min; the VCRT_T value of all four kinds was significantly higher within 21-23 min, indicating that the four herbs contain the same or similar components in the chromatogram during this period, but there may be significant differences between the content and the proportion. In addition, the information entropy of mulberry branches is the largest at 7-12, 23-27 min, and that of mulberry fruits is the largest at 2-8 min, which indicates that the components of mulberry branches and mulberry fruits respond greatly in the corresponding period of time, which is also the main peak period of their chemical components. For the chemical components and corresponding efficacy here. The results showed that there are significant differences in the components and contents of mulberry-sourced medicinal materials. The division total statistical moment and information entropy of the total amount of segments can be used to analyze the differences in the components of "homology and different effects", which could provide a more comprehensive analysis method for the determination of quality markers.

Olfactory response of two different Bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on banana, guava, and mango fruits

Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae) are economically important pests of fruits and have caused serious damage to fruits for the last several years worldwide. In China, B. correcta is second economic pest of fruits after B. dorsalis. Considering the importance of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, Information regarding host preference and fitness of both Bactrocera species are necessary for better management strategies. Therefore, the current study explains the response of both Bactrocera species on banana, guava, and mango fruits. The cultivar of banana, guava, and mango fruits used first time in this study. Therefore, the volatile/aromatic components of banana, guava, and mango fruits were determined using porapak Q via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results concluded that the number of male flies of both species on each types of fruits were lower in comparison to female flies. The number of flies and oviposition punctures by female B. dorsalis flies were maximum on mango fruits than those of guava and banana fruits. While in the case of B. correcta, the guava fruits were preferable for visits and oviposition punctures than those of other two fruits. Mango fruits were more favorable for the development and survival of both Bactrocera species than those of other two fruits. The GC/MS results indicated that butanoic acid-3-methylbutyl ester, α-caryophyllene, and 3-carene were the major volatile components of banana, guava, and mango fruits, respectively. Based on the results, mango and guava fruits were more suitable for both Bactrocera species. Future studies are needed to confirm the results of this laboratory study in the fruit orchards.