Acid Components Research Articles

Synthesis of a series of Homo-Bifunctional Azo Reactive dyes and Evaluation of their dyeing properties on Silk fabric

This paper was conceived with the objective of synthesizing and evaluating some novel bifunctional Dichlorotriazine (DCT) azo reactive dyes. They were synthesized via tetrazotization of 1, 4- benzenediamine followed by the coupling with cyanurated 4-nitroanilino acids components (H-acid, J-acid, Laurent acid, Tobias acid and Gamma acid) respectively. The spectra properties (UV-vis spectra, FT-IR, 1H NMR and MS) of the synthesised dyes are reported. The novel bifunctional dichlorotriazine (DCT) azo reactive dyes were applied on silk fabric using the exhaustion techniques. The total exhaustion and fixation values were estimated. The basic fastness properties to washing, light and perspiration of the dyes on silk fabric were discussed in terms of their chemical structure. The dyes showed good build up, levelling and fastness properties on silk fabrics.

Fabrication of Microalgae Oil Vesicles for Drug Delivery Applications.

In this study, it is demonstrated that natural microalgae oils, which contain fatty acid components including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could be directly applied to fabricate vesicular structures in aqueous phase through a forced formation process. The microalgae oil vesicles had initial average diameters of 170- 230 nm with negative charges apparently caused by dissociation of the fatty acid components. The vesicles possessed excellent stability with lifetimes for at least 450 days. The formation of the vesicular structures with hydrophilic cores/regions was confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and successful encapsulation of a hydrophilic material. For encapsulation of a hydrophobic material, lutein, the vesicle size was increased probably due to the insertion of lutein into the hydrophobic vesicular bilayer structures. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested that the vesicular bilayer fluidity was decreased by encapsulating lutein. However, the lutein-encapsulating microalgae oil vesicles still possessed high stability and the vesicular structures could maintain intact even at an environmental temperature up to 60℃. Applicability of the microalgae oil vesicles as drug delivery carriers was also demonstrated by successful encapsulation of curcumin. However, when the loaded curcumin was increased to a certain amount, physical stability of the microalgae oil vesicles was significantly reduced. This is probably because the vesicular structures with only limited spaces for accommodating hydrophobic materials were strongly affected by encapsulating a large amount of curcumin. It is interesting to note that by adding egg L-α-phosphatidylcholine, the curcumin encapsulation-induced instability of the microalgae oil vesicles could be alleviated. The results indicated that vesicular structures could be fabricated from microalgae oils and the microalgae oil vesicles were capable of encapsulating hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials for drug delivery applications. The findings lay a background for further dosage form development of nutritional supplements encapsulated by natural microalgae oils.

Prediction of new likely emergent amino acid point mutations from USA, UK, Italy, France, Brazil, and India SARS-CoV-2 variants: a possible source for more reliable cocktail coronavirus vaccine

Abstract Objectives The interaction between genome components of the vaccines, host cells, and SARS-CoV-2 variants can cause mutation of amino acids at high random frequency. Hence, the present study is aimed at using the codon bases—amino acids components of some available strains with a view to determining new likely emergent strains of SARS-CoV-2. Methods Some genome sizes and lengths of SARS-CoV-2 variants were searched from literatures and other parameters were calculated. Point mutation of a single amino acid was deduced from 2/3 of sets of codon bases responsible for expression of amino acids. One base pair of 0.0047 nm Codon Base Table was used to deduce the likely missense amino acids at probability of one-twentieth. Key findings New generated codon bases gave rise to new emergent strains of varying numbers of amino acid pairs. Amino acids have reappeared and disappeared in some strains. Nine strains altogether have shown stop codon bases and the remaining strains have a tendency to form stop codons. Adenine has the highest frequency of the stop codon bases whereas cytosine is not among stop codons. A total of 906 new variants were deduced from 54 coronavirus strains which initially lacked stop codons. The newly predicted strains may become less pathogenic and could serve as immunogens via glycosylation. Strains with a higher number of codon bases undergo mutation faster and may end up in stop codons. Conclusion Hence the likely emergent strains could be less virulent, less pathogenic, and may fom glycans that could serve as a source for manufacturing of more reliable coronavirus vaccines.

Physio-Chemical Properties and Anti-Microbial Activities of Date Seed Oil’s in Saudi Arabia

The preparation of soap from extracted date seed oil along with anti-microbial activities, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and physio-chemical properties comprise the areas examined by the methodology implemented in this research. Ascertaining the fatty acid content in such date seed oil embodies the research objective of this investigation. Color Criteria should be within the range of 2.8 to 13.5 (red-yellow),acid value 1.42 Mg KOH/g oil, flash point 245C˚, a refractive index of 1.468, a Kinetic viscosity of 20cp, and a density of 0.9188g cm-3 comprised the physical assessment of the date oil. On the other hand, a peroxide value of 7.4 mg of peroxide/kg oil, a saponification value of 0.279 mg g-1, an acid value of 2.67, and an iodine value of 74.31 gm I2/100 gm fat comprised the chemical assessment. GC-MS was utilized to ascertain the quantity of fatty acid content in the date seed oil. Oleic acid (Omega-9) and Linoleic acid (Omega-6) comprised the unsaturated fatty acid content in such oils producing values of 38.25% and 2.33% respectively, where the percentage represents the total fatty acid components. Palmitic acid and lauric acid encapsulated the saturated fatty acid content producing values of 0.42% and 35.76%, respectively. The elemental constituents found in the date oil include calcium (29 ppm), magnesium (0.359 ppm), iron (1.27 ppm), and sodium (70 ppm). The date seed oil shown demonstrated anti-bacterial activity high effect 30mm against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and moderated effect 20mm against Staphylococcus aureus, (Gram positive) respectively compared to standard drug, Cephradine. Which may be due to bioactive compounds including plant-derived phenolic molecules (589mg/100g). In this way, the date seed oil had moderate inhibitory effect 40mm against Candida albicansa and low inhibitory effect 20mm against Aspergillus flavus. which may be increases with the increase of the compound concentration compared with standard antifungal agent Nizoarm. While the date oil extract showed good properties in soap in terms of viscosity, Hardness, color and moderate solubility.

Algae decomposition released dissolved organic matter subfractions on dark abiotic mercury methylation

To understand the mechanism of dark abiotic mercury (Hg) methylation by algae-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and effectively manage the environmental risks of mercury methylation in aquaculture areas, we investigated the influence of subfractions of DOM released from algae (Ulothrix sp.) decomposition on mercury methylation. The results showed that the hydrophobic basic component (HOB) in DOM exhibited the most substantial promotion effect on Hg methylation. The methylmercury (MeHg) production in the HOB treatment increased significantly, while the production rate of MeHg (%MeHg represented the concentration ratio of MeHg to THg) in the six subfractions treated solutions decreased significantly with the increase of Hg concentration. The change of the %MeHg was more evident at low Hg concentration, indicating the limited number of binding sites and methyl donors on DOM. As a consequence, Hg(Ⅱ) in the solution could not be converted into MeHg in equal proportion. Furthermore, the production of MeHg in solution was significantly reduced by the decomposed algae DOM, and its concentration was in the range of 0.017–0.085 ng·L−1 (significantly lower than undecomposed algal). The difference between the decomposed and the non-decomposed algae DOM reached a significant level (P < 0.05). When the DOM decayed for 20 and 30 days, the Hg methylation ability of DOM was weakened most obviously. During the decomposition process, considerable variations were observed among the subfractions, with HOB consistently playing a dominant role in Hg methylation. At the same time, the hydrophilic acid component exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Hg methylation. Generally, the main components (e.g. HOB and HIA (hydrophilic acid component)) of DOM affecting mercury methylation were found in our study, which provided a better understanding of algae-derived DOM subfractions on the Hg methylation, in an attempt to prevent and control water pollution in aquaculture areas.

Tolerance to cannabinoids in mice

The Cannabis sativa plant, for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and anticonvulsant properties, has been used for thousands of years in Chinese, Indian, and Greek cultures and was introduced into Western medicine in the 19th century. There has been a rise in interest in cannabinoids since the main substances of cannabis were identified, as well as the recognition that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls multiple processes in pain treatment and neurologic and mental illnesses. However, the ECS has also been associated with negative effects, including harmful effects on emotional and cognitive functions, the development of tolerance and dependence, and withdrawal symptoms after drug cessation in humans. We recently found that repeated intraperitoneal administration of the two main components of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinolic acid (CBNA), led to the development of tolerance in male mice. In this review, we focus on the evidence demonstrating cannabinoid tolerance in animals. The common mechanisms and main signaling pathways for cannabinoid tolerance, including neuroadaptations primarily at cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, such as desensitization and downregulation, which are mediated by several signaling pathways, are discussed.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum); phytochemistry, pharmacological characteristics and functional food applications

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) from the family Linaceae, is a valuable medicinal oil seed crop cultivated all around the world. Presence of proteins, dietary fiber, fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, vitamins, minerals, phenolics, flavonoids and other bioactive components in significant amounts, enhances medicinal, pharma food and commercial value of flaxseed. It has been added in a variety of bakery items, beverages and dairy products. Moreover, consumption of flaxseed upsurge due to its risk lowering ability of numerous degenerative (diabetes, obesity) and chronic disorders (cardiovascular diseases and cancer). Flaxseed also has prebiotic properties and improve the health of gut microbiota. Additionally, flaxseed also contains several antinutrients such as phytic acid, protease inhibitors, and cyanogenic glycosides, which can limit the bioavailability of certain essential nutrients and can reduce nutritional value. Flaxseed meal interactions, dosage and supplementations have also been discussed. The focus of the current review is on recent studies on humans and animals as well as flaxseed's commercial use in a variety of food products as proof of its phytochemical content and potential health benefits.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH VARIABLE CHARACTERISTICS

The article discusses the construction of mathematical models of complex chemical processes when different factors act on the result of a chemical reaction at different points in time. The method of least squares is used. This material can be used to teach university students in the disciplines of Mathematical Statistics, Numerical Methods, General Technologies of Food Production, Food Chemistry, etc. Applications from the analysis of experimental research models and laboratory testing of innovative technologies for the development of different types of galusa can be supported by incoming students in the chemical engineering program. Examples from the analysis of experimental research models of laboratory tests of new acid components for a carbonate collector can be applied in the training of students in the Chemical Engineering educational program.

EVALUATION OF CAROTINE CONTENT IN COMBINED FEEDS

Further increase in the productivity of agricultural animals and poultry is based on the use of compound feed balanced in terms of nutrients, vitamin, amino acid and mineral composition that meet zootechnical requirements. Protein-vitamin and mineral-feed additives play a special role in the production of complete feed, the lack of which in the feed ration leads to a significant disruption of metabolic processes in the body of farm animals and poultry. Production of balanced feeds allows to increase efficiency the use of compound feed when fattening consumers, therefore the main task of the development of feed production is to solve problems related to the filling of vital substances in the composition of compound feed produced. The basis for increasing the productivity of animal husbandry is related to the use of compound feed, which is balanced in terms of vitamin, mineral, amino acid and other constituent components that are necessary in the composition of the produced products. Protein-vitamin and mineral-feed additives play a special role in the production of complete feed, the lack of which in the feed ration leads to a significant disruption of metabolic processes in the body of farm animals and poultry.

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and potassium on oil concentration and fatty acid component of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

ContextNutrient inputs significantly affect the quality of rapeseed, yet comprehensive research on combined nutrient applications is lacking. ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of combined application of N and K on rapeseed traits, including N, K, oil, and protein concentrations, fatty acid component, seed yield and oil yield. MethodsA 2-year field experiment was conducted in the Yangtze River Basin involving the rapeseed cultivars H9 (low oil) and Z11 (high oil). Sixteen N and K fertilizer combinations encompassed four N rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1) and four K fertilizer rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg K2O ha−1). ResultsThe results revealed that the combined application of N and K significantly affected rapeseed oil and protein concentrations by modulating the nutrient concentrations. Specifically, applying N reduced the oil concentration while applying K increased the oil concentration. Each 1.0% rise in seed K concentration corresponded to a 14.9% average increase in oil concentration, counterbalancing a 2.8% increase in N concentration. Additionally, the higher oil concentration of Z11was closely linked to its seed K concentration. In contrast, protein concentration increased with the N application and decreased with the K application. Furthermore, applying N reduced palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid content and increased oleic (C18:1) acid content, which further increased with K. Combining the K application with the N treatment resulted in higher seed yield and oil yield compared to a single N application, which particularly benefited the high oil cultivar Z11. ConclusionUtilizing an N180K120 combination significantly improved rapeseed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, seed yield, and oil yield. ImplicationsThis study details the effects of applying K at various N fertilizer rates on enhancing rapeseed quality and yield, emphasizing the importance of the N and K ration in oilseed rape production.

Rapid screening and evaluation of natural antioxidants from leaf, stem, and root of Artemisia argyi by online liquid microextraction combined with HPLC-based antioxidant assay system coupled with calibration quantitative analysis.

To reveal the utilization value of leaf, stem, and root of Artemisia argyi, a rapid online liquid microextraction combined with a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with 2,2-nitrogen-di (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt antioxidant assay system was established for analysis of antioxidants in the leaf, stem, and root of A. argyi, and a calibration quantitative method of antioxidant activity with equivalent chlorogenic acid was proposed. Thirty-three positive peaks were identified; among them, 12 compounds were found that possess good antioxidant activity including eleven organic acids (components 2-4, 8, 11-14, 17, 19, and 21) and one flavonoids (component 22). The proposed calibration quantitative method avoided the influence of content of compound and compared the extent of radical scavenging capacity of five antioxidant compounds, which were ranked as follow: 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid>3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid ≈ 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid>1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid>chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, this study provided composition and biological potential for the future development of the leaf, stem, and root of A. argyi. It is believed that the online liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography based antioxidant assay system can be widely used for the rapid screening of natural antioxidant components in the different parts of natural products.

Malva parviflora seed oil; Isolation, gas chromatographic profiling and its cardioprotective activity against myocardial infraction in animal model

Myocardial infarction (MI), one of the most perilous types of cardiac illness, carries a significant burden of mortality and morbidity. This study aims to shed light on the impact of Malva parviflora seed oil (MPSO) on plasma cardiac function tests, levels of cardiac inflammatory mediators, and the expression of cardiac miRNA140-5p and miRNA208b genes in a rat model of MI induced by isoproterenol (ISO). The methods involved the extraction of MPSO using hexane, with the determination of fatty acid contents accomplished through GC spectrometry. Adult albino rats, weighing 185 ± 7 g, were divided into five groups (n = 6): normal control rats, ISO-treated rats, ISO-treated rats with MPSO (157 and/or 314 mg/kg, respectively), and ISO-treated rats with omega (100 mg/kg, respectively) for a duration of four weeks. The results revealed that Malva parviflora seeds yielded 3.3 gm/100 dry seeds. Among the nine fatty acid components identified, coriolic acid was the most abundant (31.60 %), followed by pentadecanoic acid (30.05 %). The cardioprotective potential of MPSO was assessed in rats subjected to ISO-induced cardiac injury. Following 24 h of ISO treatment, rats displayed elevated levels of plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI), troponin T (cTnT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), as well as cardiac BcL-2, P53, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), miRNA-140-5p, and miRNA-208b gene expression. Histopathological examination confirmed cardiac injury in ISO-treated rats. Furthermore, MPSO mitigated the elevation of cardiac enzymes and TBARS, as well as cardiac inflammatory mediators, while concurrently downregulating the expression levels of miRNA-140-5p and miRNA-208b genes. Conversely, the enhancement of cardiac GSH, SOD, and CAT activity demonstrated the antioxidant capabilities of MPSO against ISO-induced cardiac injury. Histopathological findings underscored MPSO's protective effect on cardiac tissue against oxidative damage in ISO-treated rats. In nutshel, the findings of this study unveil the cardioprotective and free radical scavenging attributes of MPSO in rats with ISO-induced cardiac damage. MPSO appears to provide cardiac protection against free radicals and inflammation induced by xenobiotics, potentially owing to its rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and cyclopropenoid fatty acids.

Effects of Baking and Frying on the Protein Oxidation of Wheat Dough.

Protein oxidation caused by food processing is harmful to human health. A large number of studies have focused on the effects of hot processing on protein oxidation of meat products. As an important protein source for human beings, the effects of hot processing on protein oxidation in flour products are also worthy of further study. This study investigated the influences on the protein oxidation of wheat dough under baking (0-30 min, 200 °C or 20 min, 80-230 °C) and frying (0-18 min, 180 °C or 10 min, 140-200 °C). With the increase in baking and frying time and temperature, we found that the color of the dough deepened, the secondary structure of the protein changed from α-helix to β-sheet and β-turn, the content of carbonyl and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increased, and the content of free sulfhydryl (SH) and free amino groups decreased. Furthermore, baking and frying resulted in a decrease in some special amino acid components in the dough, and an increase in the content of amino acid oxidation products, dityrosine, kynurenine, and N'-formylkynurenine. Moreover, the nutritional value evaluation results showed that excessive baking and frying reduced the free radical scavenging rate and digestibility of the dough. These results suggest that frying and baking can cause protein oxidation in the dough, resulting in the accumulation of protein oxidation products and decreased nutritional value. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce excessive processing or take reasonable intervention measures to reduce the effects of thermal processing on protein oxidation of flour products.

Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA reveal a novel small molecule against Flu A RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

The interaction between the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the polymerase acidic (PA) component of three Flu A RNA polymerases of different origins and three heptad repeats from human polymerase II CTD was computationally recreated. Then a unique pharmacological library was tested in order to target conserved active site residues in the three RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRps) using a combination of molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking. Results show that one compound (ZINC66032798) can effectively bind to the desired active site residues in each of the three RdRps. Hence, it may possess an inhibitory action by competing with human polymerase II CTD binding to the same active site of the viruses. The current in silico analysis suggests a promising novel lead to block Flu A RdRp, yet to be confirmed in the wet lab. It decreases the binding affinity of influenza A viruses to human polymerase II by 47.9%, 67.2%, and 28.0%, respectively. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Organic acid and sugar components accumulation and flavor associated metabolites dynamic changes in yellow- and white-fleshed seedless loquats (Eriobotrya japonica)

Triploid loquats are divided into yellow- and white-fleshed cultivars. To better understand taste variations in triploid loquat fruits, we used a UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomic analysis to examine the metabolic composition of two different color fleshed triploid loquats with a sample size of 54 and external validation method within a confidence level of P＜0.05. We identified key flavor-related differentially accumulated metabolites using the variable importance in projection (VIP) value (VIP ≥ 1.0) and fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5. Furthermore, the results of the HPLC analysis showed that white-fleshed loquats had a low malic acid content. We also performed the UPLC-MS/MS system to investigate the carotenoids contents and lipidome in four triploid cultivars. In the fruits of white-fleshed varieties, the carotenoids contents were significantly downregulated, but the contents of most glycerolphospholipids were increased. Our results reveal the metabolomic changes between the yellow- and white-fleshed cultivars.

Content of Organic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid in Natural Sweet Chestnuts Growing in Giresun/Turkey

This study investigated organic acid and volatile fatty acid components of sweet chestnut fruits collected from naturally growing chestnut trees within the borders of Giresun province. For this purpose, chestnut samples were collected from 10 trees in different regions of Giresun province. The organic acid composition of chestnuts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five different organic acids, including oxalic, quinic, maleic, citric and succinic acid, were investigated in chestnut samples, and the highest oxalic and citric acid concentrations were found in chestnut samples. In the GC-MS analysis of chestnut samples, 18 fatty acids were detected and terpilonene (TPO) was the most abundant among them. Another vital component found in chestnut samples is limonene.

Эффективность трубчатой печи в процессе стабилизации углеводородного конденсата на Астраханском газоперерабатывающем заводе

One of the most important and promising areas of Russia's development for the coming decades is the in-troduction of energy-efficient and energy-saving technologies. designated by the President of the Russian Federation. Currently, in Russia, various types of technological tubular furnaces with natural thrust are widely used at many gas processing plants and refineries. The bulk of tubular furnaces are operated by personnel without any automation systems and regulation of the supply of both fuel and air. The article discusses the issues of efficient operation of a tubular furnace during stabilization of hydrocarbon condensate with acidic components at the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant. When designing a tubular furnace, various options for efficient operation with the utilization of the thermal energy of exhaust flue gases are considered. It is established that the maximum efficiency of a tubular furnace is obtained not only when the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the chimney is minimal, but depends on a number of factors that are discussed in more detail in this article.

Cellular and mitochondrial adaptation mechanisms in the colon of lactating dairy cows during hyperthermia

Heat stress causes barrier dysfunction and inflammation of the small intestine of several species. However, less is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the response of the bovine large intestine to hyperthermia. We aimed to identify changes in the colon of dairy cows in response to constant heat stress using a proteomic approach. Eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were kept under constant thermoneutral conditions (16°C and 68% relative humidity (RH); temperature-humidity-index (THI) = 60) for 6 d (period 1) with free access to feed and water. Thereafter, 6 cows were equally allocated to: 1) thermoneutral condition with ad libitum feeding (TNAL; 16°C, RH = 68%, THI = 60), 2) heat-stressed condition (HS; 28°C, RH = 50%, THI = 76) with ad libitum feeding, or 3) pair-feeding at thermoneutrality (TNPF; 16°C, RH = 68%, THI = 60) for another 7 d (period 2). Rectal temperature, milk yield, dry matter and water intake were monitored daily. Then, cows were sacrificed and colon mucosa samples were taken for proteomic analysis. Physiological data were analyzed by ANOVA and colon proteome data was processed using DESeq2 package in R. Rectal temperature was significantly higher in HS than in TNPF and TNAL cows in period 2. Proteomic analysis revealed an enrichment of activated pathways related to colonic barrier function and inflammation, heat shock proteins, amino acid metabolism, reduced overall protein synthesis rate, and post-transcriptional regulation induced by heat stress. Further regulations were found for enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, presumably to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species, maintain cellular ATP levels, and prevent apoptosis in the colon of HS cows. These results highlight the cellular, extracellular, and mitochondrial adaptations of the colon during heat stress and suggest a dysfunction of the hindgut barrier integrity potentially resulting in a 'leaky' colon.

Salvia farinacea seed oil, a potential biomass for synthesis of biodiesel: A critical analysis of its fuel properties.

The non-renewable energy sources such as coal, petrol decreasing day by day and their price also increasing. In this fast depleting era of fossil fuels biodiesel produced from nonedible seed oils plays an important role. In the present work the biodiesel is produced from nonedible seed oil Salvia farinacea. In this work from Salvia farinacea seeds oil is extracted and fatty acid components are analysed by GC-FID. Physicochemical properties of the oil are determined by AOAC standard methods. The oil is transesterified in presence of KOH catalyst. Fuel parameters like iodine number, cetane number, heating values, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cold flow properties are determined and are compared with already existing biodiesels and petrodiesel. The emission components like CO, CO­­2, NOx, HC and Smoke opacity are analysed using four stroke one cylinder engine. This work reveals that Salvia farinacea seed oil is a potential renewable feedstock for the production of biodiesel.

Effect of relative humidity on the thin-layer chromatographic separation of E 472 emulsifiers

E 472 emulsifiers are organic acid esters of mono- and diacylglycerides. These emulsifiers are categorized into six subgroups (E 472a-f) based on the specific acid component, e.g., acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, or mixtures of tartaric and acetic acid. The present study investigated the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the thin-layer chromatographic separation of four E 472 emulsifier subgroups, addressing practical concerns due to RH variations between seasons and within laboratories. Three RH-setting techniques affecting plate activity and chamber climate were assessed using saturated salt and aqueous sulfuric acid solutions. Aqueous sulfuric acid solutions for RH adjustment resulted in decreased hRF values, while no trends in hRF value changes were observed for saturated salt solutions. Unlike RH itself, the RH setting technique led to substantial changes in the chromatographic fingerprint. Thus, the choice of the RH setting method should be tailored to the specific analyte and analysis goal. Despite variations in chromatographic fingerprints between the three RH setting techniques, the fingerprint remained consistent within the same technique across the tested RH range.