Texture Components Research Articles

Effect of nano-SiC particles on grain orientation and hardness of friction stir processed aluminum matrix composite

The present work concentrates on exploiting electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) to investigate the effect of nano-SiC on the microstructure of Al-SiC composites fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP). With the introduction of nano-SiC, the average grain size and the proportion of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) decreased to 3.9 μm and 19.3 %, respectively, while the proportion of ∑3 and ∑9 grain boundaries increased slightly. The intensity of the main texture components in Al-SiC composite is reduced compared to FSPed Al. The Schmid factor of the Al-SiC composite decreased to 0.455, and the microhardness increased from 80.0 HV of FSPed Al to 100 HV. During the FSP process, the introduction of nano-SiC not only generates more randomly oriented grains in the composite, but also facilitates the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization.

Formability of the ultra high strength automotive steel docol 1500 bor by using hot processing maps and austenite reconstruction

In this study, the hot processing map was drawn to study the hot formability of high strength automotive steel Docol 1500 Bor. The quenching microstructure of the test steel was observed under optical microscope and EBSD and the deformed PA (parent austenite) was reconstructed under different conditions according to KS (Kurdjumov–Sachs) OR (orientation relationship). The results indicate that the optimal deformation conditions in the stable region are strain rates less than 1s−1 and temperatures higher than 900 °C. Overall, the fine-grained martensite structure with a larger Schmid factor has a better deformation ability for subsequent service. The texture component {011} <100> appears in the PA at the strain rate of 5 s−1 and the temperature of 1000 °C, while the dynamic recrystallization is significantly inhibited. The quenched martensite is found coarse. In the stable region, the recrystallized austenite grains with certain deformation transforms into the martensite grains with low cumulative misorientation values and higher Schmid factors. In the unstable region, the austenite grains are smaller in size, in which severe cumulative misorientation caused by higher strain rates leads to poor plasticity.

Effect of Tool Geometry on the Microstructure of Friction Stir Welding of Copper and 316L Stainless Steel

The microstructure evolution during dissimilar friction stir welding of copper with stainless steel 316L is studied. The welding is performed in transparence configuration using tools of two different geometries. The joints are characterized by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and microhardness. The microstructure and crystallographic texture of base metals are significantly affected. The joint produced using a shoulder of 8 mm in diameter is characterized by a copper nugget with refined grains. The texture of copper is dominated by component of the shear texture. The steel beneath the tool shows a grain refinement with grains of sub‐micron size and a texture which is close to the ideal simple shear texture. For the joint produced by the 16 mm diameter tool shoulder, the nugget consists of large grains of copper, while the steel beneath the tool shows small recrystallized grains of micrometer size. The texture in the steel is dominated by the component of the shear texture. The Cu/316L interface in both types of joint is of very good quality. In a detailed study of the interface, it is revealed that the welding of metals is achieved by mutual intense mechanical interlocking without formation of any intermetallic compounds.

Dynamic Recrystallization, Texture Evolution, and Improved Mechanical Properties of Mg-Y-Zn-V Alloy during Forging and Subsequent Extruding Deformation

In this paper, the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was used to analyze the dynamic recrystallization (DRX), twinning, slip behavior, and texture evolution during forging and subsequent extruding deformation. The results show that, as the degree of strain increased (forging to extruding), the degree of DRX increased, and the DRX mechanism changed from discontinuous DRX (DDRX) during forging to DDRX and continuous DRX (CDRX) during extruding. Particle stimulation nucleation (PSN) promoting DRX occurred during deformation. The deformation process mainly produced {10–12} twins (TTW) and played a role in coordinating the deformation. The slip behavior also changed according to an analysis of in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) results, changing from slip-dominated with a basal &lt;a&gt; slip to co-dominated with multiple slip modes, with the activation of mainly prismatic &lt;a&gt; and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip. Meanwhile, the strong basal texture at the beginning of the deformation also changed, and the texture strength decreased from 24.81 to 15.56. The weakening of the texture was mainly due to the formation of DRX grains and twins, as the newly formed DRX and twins reoriented. In the later stages of deformation, the activation of prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip changed the basal texture component. Based on microstructural analysis, the improvement in mechanical properties was due to fine-grain strengthening and load-transfer strengthening. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 370.5 MPa, the yield strength (YS) was 340.1 MPa, and the elongation (EL) was 15.6%.

Measuring texture-component-dependent stress of CuZn39Pb2 by neutron diffraction

Understanding the micromechanical behavior of polycrystalline material is pivotal for regulating its mechanical performance and widening its application. Taking advantage of its non-destructive nature, the neutron diffraction technique has been widely applied to investigate the micromechanical behaviors, usually at the resolution of grains sharing the same diffraction plane. This work employs a newly developed technic of the texture-component-dependent (TCD) in-situ neutron diffraction method to obtain the full strain/stress tensor of a textured CuZnPb alloy at the resolution of individual crystallographic orientation. The variation of the internal stresses and lattice strains over the grains that share the same diffraction plane has been successfully captured by the TCD method. According to the results of in situ neutron diffraction, Copper ({-1–1–2}<-1–11>) possesses the highest lattice stress while Cube ({010}<100>) and Goss ({110}<001>) bear the lowest stress of 370 MPa. In parallel, the micromechanical response of the texture components is modeled by the elastic visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) model. The simulated results are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding experiments in loading direction, while the lateral stress exhibits some deviation. By crystal plasticity finite element modeling, the deviation is related to the neighbor grain which affect more significantly the lateral stress than the material parameters. The full tensor of stress within the individual crystallographic orientation measured by TCD method gives more insight into the crystal plasticity modeling.

Suppression of in-plane (001) texture component in FePt-oxide granular films by adding a carbon buffer layer

Investigation of magnetic properties and nanostructure of FePt-B2O3 granular film with carbon buffer layer (BL) of various thicknesses is reported. When the thickness of carbon BL is varied from 0 to 0.6 nm, saturation magnetization (Msfilm) is almost constant at around 750 emu/cm3 and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (Ku⊥film) changes from around 1.0×107 to 2.0×107 erg/cm3. For the granular film with the carbon BL thicker than 0.6 nm, both Msfilm and Ku⊥film decrease. The reduction of Msfilm for the granular film by adding a carbon BL may be due to the alloying of carbon into the FePt magnetic grains. The enhancement of Ku⊥film for the film with a 0.6 nm carbon BL is considered due to the reduction of the in-plane texture component which is supported by the in-plane XRD. The reduction of Ku⊥film for the film with a carbon BL thicker than 0.6 nm is considered due to random growth of magnetic grains on a continuous carbon BL which is supported by the TEM cross-section images. According to these results, the employment of an un-continuous thin carbon BL is a promising method to enhance c-axis texture orientation of the FePt-oxide granular films.

The ratio of denitrification end-products were influenced by soil pH and clay content across different texture classes in Oklahoma soils

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change. Soil denitrification has two potential end-products, N2O and dinitrogen (N2), and the ratio of these end-products (N2O:(N2O+N2) or the N2O ratio) is controlled by various factors. This study aims to quantify the influence of soil pH on the ratio of denitrification end-products in Oklahoma soils with different soil textures. Six natural grassland soils encompassing three distinct soil textures were incubated in the laboratory under natural and modified pH with an overall tested pH ranging from 2 to 10. Denitrification end-products were measured in the laboratory using the acetylene inhibition technique and further estimated using a process-based biogeochemical model. Both the laboratory and model results showed that soil pH and texture influenced the ratio of the denitrification end-products. Generally, as soil pH increased the N2O ratio decreased, although both lab and model results indicated that this relationship was not linear. Soil texture may have an indirect effect on the N2O ratio, as two soils of the same texture could have different N2O ratios. However, clay percentage of the soil did show a linear positive correlation with the N2O ratio, suggesting components of soil texture may be more influential than others. Overall, soil pH was a controlling factor in the ratio of denitrification end-products and the newly observed nonlinear relationship warrants further study, particularly when considering its effects in different soil textures.

Microstructural and Textural Evolution of Cold-Drawn Mg-Gd Wires during Annealing Treatment.

In addition to cold drawing, the process of annealing is also essential in the preparation of Mg-4.7 wt%Gd (G4.7) alloy wires. The effect of annealing treatment on the recrystallized microstructure and texture of cold-drawn G4.7 wires was investigated. The results demonstrate that the uniformity and regularity of the recrystallized grains, as well as the annealing texture, impact the follow-up cold drawing performance. When the as-drawn G4.7 wires were annealed at 375 °C, the recrystallized grains were refined, accompanied by uniformity and regularity. Accordingly, the G4.7 wire had a good subsequent drawing deformability, with a maximum accumulative true strain (ATS) of 144%. Additionally, the evolution of the microstructure was consistent with the evolution of the texture. While annealing at a lower temperature (325 °C), the {0002} basal texture of the G4.7 wire was weak, forming the main texture component <101¯0>//DD (the drawing direction). With the increase in temperature, the basal texture was gradually strengthened and the texture component transformed from <101¯0>//DD to a recrystallized texture based on <112¯0>//DD. Even under high-temperature annealing, the G4.7 wire was still affected by the cold-drawn deformation texture and could not fully recover to the as-extruded texture, thus causing a decrease in the subsequent drawing performance.

Correlation of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Joints of AA7075-T6 plates using a flat tool pin profile

This study investigates the influence of square and hexagon tool pin profiles on the butt joint of AA7075-T6 plates through friction stir welding. In contrast to the AA7075-T6 base metal with a grain size of 32.736 μm, both square (4.43 μm) and hexagon (5.79 μm) pin profiles led to a significant reduction in grain size within the stir zone (SZ) of the weld cross-section. The SZ region exhibited a gradient in recrystallization and a notable fraction of high angle grain boundaries, attributed to continuous dynamic recrystallization influenced by variations in temperature and strain rate. Pole figure analysis revealed predominant shear texture elements (B/ B‾ and C) with minor A1*/A2* and A/ A‾, indicating elevated strains within the SZ. Orientation distribution function (ODF) analysis identified recrystallization texture elements such as Goss {110} <001>, cube {001} <101>, and P {011} <112>, along with shear texture components F {111} <112> and rotating cube (H) {001} <110>. Tensile and nanoindentation analyses demonstrated that the weld joint using a square-shaped pin profile exhibited higher strength, elongation, and elastic modulus compared to other weld joints. These findings suggest that the square tool pin geometry enhances material flow and grain refinement during welding, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the joint.

Information-theoretical analysis of the neural code for decoupled face representation.

Processing faces accurately and efficiently is a key capability of humans and other animals that engage in sophisticated social tasks. Recent studies reported a decoupled coding for faces in the primate inferotemporal cortex, with two separate neural populations coding for the geometric position of (texture-free) facial landmarks and for the image texture at fixed landmark positions, respectively. Here, we formally assess the efficiency of this decoupled coding by appealing to the information-theoretic notion of description length, which quantifies the amount of information that is saved when encoding novel facial images, with a given precision. We show that despite decoupled coding describes the facial images in terms of two sets of principal components (of landmark shape and image texture), it is more efficient (i.e., yields more information compression) than the encoding in terms of the image principal components only, which corresponds to the widely used eigenface method. The advantage of decoupled coding over eigenface coding increases with image resolution and is especially prominent when coding variants of training set images that only differ in facial expressions. Moreover, we demonstrate that decoupled coding entails better performance in three different tasks: the representation of facial images, the (daydream) sampling of novel facial images, and the recognition of facial identities and gender. In summary, our study provides a first principle perspective on the efficiency and accuracy of the decoupled coding of facial stimuli reported in the primate inferotemporal cortex.

Effect of microstructure and texture on directional dependent plastic flow behavior of refractory alloy Nb-10Hf-1Ti

This article investigates the directional dependency of the tensile plastic flow and work-hardening behavior of a cold-rolled plus annealed sheet made of the refractory alloy Nb-10Hf-1Ti. Three tensile test directions such as 0° to the rolling direction (RD) (sample-S0), 45° to the RD (sample-S45), and 90° to RD (sample-S90) have been used in this investigation. When the tensile test is performed along 0° and 90° to RD, both the α- and γ-fibres evolve, and the overall texture intensity decrease while testing in the direction 45° to RD, the starting γ-fibre changes to α-fibre and the overall texture intensity remains unchanged. The lowest value of the Schmid factor of the primary slip system in the presence of (111) [01‾1] texture component of γ-fibre results in the highest value of yield strength of sample S90 as compared to samples S0 and S45. The presence of texture components (111) [11‾0] and (111) [01‾1] of γ-fibre strongly influences the deformation mechanism of the S90 sample by lowering the Schmid factor of slip systems resulting in grain fragmentation and lower value of strain to fracture. The plastic flow curves of the tensile deformed samples in all three directions follow the Ludwigson relationship. The work-hardening rate of the alloy Nb-10Hf-1Ti displays its directional dependence and is well explained by the Kock-Mecking-Estrin analysis.

Research on the anisotropic mechanism of plastic behavior during tensile process of textured pure titanium

The presence of texture has an important influence on the deformation behavior of titanium. In this study, the anisotropy of the macro-mesoscopic deformation behavior of the material and its evolution with strain were systematically studied by uniaxial tensile test and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Based on the above results, the calculation formula of Schmid factor (SF) for each variant of the slip system expressed by the crystal orientation angle was derived, and the influence of initial texture and texture redirection on the activability of each deformation mode was explored. The impact of the ratios between the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of the three deformation modes on the predictions of the dominant deformation mode of yield was systematically assessed, using the CRSS as the standard. The initial yield mode of RD tensile is prismatic <a>slip, while TD tensile may be a combination of multiple slip modes. One of the primary reasons of the evolution of the basal split texture components is the activation of dislocation slip, while the twinning mainly plays a role in coordinating the deformation. According the Taylor axis analysis, the prismatic <a> slip is the primary deformation mode during RD and TD tensile, followed by pyramidal <a> slip, while the basal <a> slip is difficult to be activated or the activability decreases with the increase of strain.

Texture Intensity in Grain-Oriented Steel in the Main Stages of the Production Cycle

Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) has been used for many years for application in transformed cores due to its excellent magnetic properties. Magnetic properties are strongly influenced by obtaining a texture with a certain orientation (110) [001] for BCC structure. This is related to the easy direction of magnetization [001]. So far, the main research has been focused on obtaining a strong texture in the last stages of the process. The aim of the present study was to additionally trace textural changes for a slab after the continuous casting (CC) process and for a sheet after the hot rolling process. The scope of such an analysis has not been conducted before. With regard to the state after continuous casting (CC), the texture was related to measurements of the anisotropy of Barkhausen magnetic noises and the macrostructure of the slab. Based on the X-ray diffraction examinations that compared the texture intensity calculated from the texture coefficient of the slab, the hot rolled steel and the final product of grain-oriented electrical steel contained 3.1% of Si. The studies performed with the material taken from three different production steps showed high differences in the values of textural intensity indicating the occurrence of a crystallization texture, especially in the area of the columnar crystal zone; textural weakness after the hot rolling process and high texturing in the final product for textural components corresponding to the desired Goss texture.

“Soft-hard” microstructure evolution and its relevance to high strength–plasticity and low plastic anisotropy of Al–Mg alloys based on ultra-fast heating

The mechanical anisotropy caused by the apparent texture after large plastic deformation and deformation strengthening in metals has always been a contradiction. Here, 80 % cold-rolled Al–Mg alloy was annealed using the ultra-fast heating process (500 °C/s heating to 450 °C), leading to substructured grains with high geometrically necessary dislocations (4.12 × 1014 m−2) and recrystallized grains with low geometrically necessary dislocations (0.78 × 1014 m−2); each of these accounted for approximately 50 % of the grains. The alloy's strength was much higher than the corresponding conventional annealing one, while the ductility remained unchanged. In addition, the weaker transition texture components such as Brass, Z, R-GossND, and Goss increased significantly due to the presence of many substructural grains. In contrast, the Cube texture decreased significantly, thus leading to a decrease in the texture intensity and, in turn, a significant reduction in the anisotropy. The excellent comprehensive properties are attributed to the microstructures with a mixture of “soft-hard” grains and multicomponent-low-intensity textures. The present study provides a new approach to fabricating Al–Mg alloys with high strength, high ductility, and a low anisotropy of the mechanical properties.

Characterization of the microstructure, texture, and tensile behavior of additively manufactured Hastelloy X superalloy: Insights into heat treatment at 900 °C

This research aimed at the microstructural characterization and elucidation of room- and high-temperature tensile properties of additively manufactured Hastelloy X Ni-based superalloy heat-treated at 900 °C. The samples were fabricated via the laser powder bed fusion method utilizing two scan strategies known as island and meander types. The results indicated that the cellular structure embedded in the columnar grains of the as-built microstructure disappeared after applying the heat treatment, linking to the reduction in dislocation density while keeping the former morphology of the grains unchanged. However, the intensities of the Brass, Goss, Goss-Brass, and rotated Goss texture components were reduced, leading to the generation of more homogenous fibers in the heat-treated microstructure. Additionally, it caused the formation of a Mo-rich phase on the grain boundaries, which improved the room temperature's ultimate tensile strength. However, it was elucidated that the Mo-rich phase-induced void formation and intergranular cracking failure caused a slight decrease in hot ductility. Overall, the obtained results revealed that the heat-treated island samples showed superior hot tensile behavior than the meander sample due to having a larger grain size.

Effect of microstructural inhomogeneity on mechanical anisotropy of Al–Cu–Li alloy plate

In order to reveal the relationship between microstructure inhomogeneity and mechanical anisotropy, the Al–Cu–Li alloy 100 mm thick plate for aerospace was evaluated. The grain structure, crystallographic texture, phase structure and fractography of different thickness positions and directions were observed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in-plane and through-thickness anisotropy were characterized by tensile properties, fracture toughness and hardness tests. The results demonstrate a greater in-plane anisotropy in yield strength at the same thickness position of the plate. The Brass texture component increases successively at T, T/4, and T/2 positions, while the Cu texture component exhibits minimal variation. The in-plane anisotropy mainly arises from the Brass texture. Through-thickness anisotropy in the same direction is primarily influenced by the diameter, number density, and volume fraction of the T1 strengthening phase. The average diameter and number density of the primary strengthening phase T1 within grains are highest at the T/2 position and lowest at the T position. The plate contains unrecrystallized, elongated pancake-like grains along the rolling direction. Fracture toughness tests conducted in the L-T and T-L directions predominantly reveal dimple-type transgranular shear fractures, while the S-L direction exhibits intergranular fracture as the primary characteristic. The crack divider delamination toughening mechanism is the main contributor to higher fracture toughness values in the L-T and T-L directions compared to those in the S-L direction. The results reveal the corresponding relationship between the microstructure inhomogeneity and the mechanical anisotropy of Al–Li alloy ultra-thick plates, and provide ideas for the adjustment of process parameters during processing deformation and the regulation of microstructure during heat treatment of large-scale Al–Li alloy thick plates, which has engineering application reference value.

Effect of initial grain size on the recrystallization behavior and recrystallization texture of a Mg–3Gd alloy

The effect of initial grain size on the recrystallization and recrystallization texture of a rolled Mg–3Gd (wt.%) alloy is studied in detail. The results show that the deformation microstructure of an initially coarse-grained (CG) sample has a larger twinned area and a higher density of twin boundaries than a fine-grained (FG) sample. After annealing, the CG sample recrystallizes preferentially in the twinned area, whereas the FG sample adopts the higher density grain boundaries as the nucleation sites. Furthermore, weak recrystallization texture components appear from the grain nucleation stage, regardless of the initial grain size, and are preserved after complete recrystallization due to uniform grain growth. The majority of recrystallization texture is deviated 20°–45° away from normal direction (ND), accounting for more than 50 %. Especially, the recrystallization texture of the FG sample is a “Rare Earth texture”, in contrast to the widely reported texture modification unrelated to grain boundary nucleation. Only a scattered basal texture is observed in the CG sample, which also differs from the reported “Rare Earth texture” originating from shear band nucleation in dilute Mg–Gd alloys. Finally, based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) model, the recrystallization kinetics are calculated, and it is found that the initial grain size mainly affects the nucleation rate, and has limited effect on the grain growth rate.

Exploring solute behavior and texture selection in magnesium alloys at the atomistic level

This study advances our understanding of how chemical binding and solute distribution impact grain boundary segregation behavior and subsequent annealing texture modification in lean Mg-X-Zn alloys (X = RE or Ca). Notably, differences in Ca and Gd solute behavior at grain boundaries were revealed, where Ca exhibited stronger binding to vacancy sites than Gd, resulting in elevated Ca segregation and an RD-TD-type texture. The introduction of Zn showed significant synergistic effects on solute clustering, with Gd-Zn pairs forming more favorably than Ca-Zn pairs, leading to a strong synergy between Zn and Gd. This promoted their co-segregation and high concentration at the grain boundary, generating a unique TD-spread texture. In contrast, weaker binding in Ca-Zn pairs did not affect Ca segregation but influenced Zn segregation, which underscores the importance of solute binding behavior in alloy design concepts. Additionally, the combined atomic-scale experiments and ab initio predictions provide strong evidence that selective texture development in Mg alloys is tied to heterogeneous solute-boundary interactions, where the sensitivity of the binding energy to volumetric strain affects solute segregation at grain boundaries, resulting in varying grain boundary mobilities and specific texture component growth. It also emphasizes that solute behavior in clustering and segregation is influenced not only by atomic size but also by chemical binding strength with vacancies or co-added Zn.

Muscle, season, sex, and carcass weight affected pork texture, collagen characteristics, and intramuscular fat content.

In this study, pigs from 3 supply chains were slaughtered in an Australian summer and winter (n = 20 for each supply chain). The pigs were from 2 sexes (female and castrated male) and 2 carcass weight groups (high: 95.0 to 100.0kg and low: 75.0 to 80.0kg). From each carcass, the Biceps femoris (BF), Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), and Triceps brachii (TB) were excised at 24h postmortem, vacuum packed, frozen at 24-48h and transported to the lab. Cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and texture profile analysis (adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness, hardness, resilience, and springiness) were measured in LTL and BF. pH, collagen content, and solubility and intramuscular fat (IMF) content were determined for all muscles. Results showed that BF was tougher than LTL, and winter samples were tougher than summer ones (P < 0.05). The TB had higher pH, collagen, and IMF content than BF and LTL (P < 0.05). Collagen solubility was higher in castrated male and winter samples. pH, collagen solubility, and IMF content were significantly (P < 0.05) related to chewiness and hardness in pork BF and LTL. pH and IMF were also related to cooking loss, while collagen solubility and IMF were related to WBSF (P < 0.05). The relationships of pH and IMF with pork texture were predominantly driven by the LTL, while the relationships between collagen solubility and texture were predominantly driven by the BF. Collagen solubility and IMF of pork BF and TB were related to those of LTL, but the correlations were not strong enough for prediction. Pork texture and chemical components were affected by muscle, seasons, sex and carcass weight. pH, collagen solubility, and IMF-affected pork texture.

Effect of initial heat treatment of A390 alloy on microstructure and tribological behavior of friction surfaced coating

In this study, the effect of the A390 alloy consumable rod's three preprocessing heat treatment conditions (homogenization, solid solution, and artificial aging treatment) on the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the friction surfaced coating applied on a commercially pure aluminum alloy substrate was investigated. The results showed that friction surfacing using artificially aged and solid solution-treated consumable rods results in minimum (3.45 ± 0.35 μm) and maximum (5.63 ± 0.25 μm) coating grain sizes, respectively. Friction surfacing using artificially aged treated consumable rods results in smaller, more uniformly distributed Si particles in the coating microstructure. The [111] and [101] directions of most grains in the consumable rod and coating are parallel to the consumable rod axial axis and surfacing direction, respectively. Recrystallization texture components, including Goss and Cube-Twin, are observed in coatings. Compared to the other consumable rods, the coatings fabricated using artificially aged treated consumable rod result in highest hardness (117.62 ± 9.58 HV0.1), maximum bond strength (13.98 ± 1.02 kN), and lowest wear rate (5.6 ± 0.8 μg/m).