Income Components Research Articles

Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study

BackgroundGiven that COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, attempts to restrain the virus and to prevent the effects that critically ill patients with COVID-19 have on healthcare systems, has become a public health priority. This ecological study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the epidemiological indicators of COVID-19, including the cumulative incidence rate of cases, the cumulative incidence rate of death, performed COVID-19 tests per million, recovery rate, and case fatality rate.MethodsIn this ecological study, a data set was provided, which included the epidemiologic indices of COVID-19, HDI, and its components for each country. Correlation coefficients were used to determine linear correlation. Also, the scatter plots of the HDI for the studied countries based on the epidemiologic indices of COVID-19 were drawn.ResultsThis study showed that HDI and its components had positive correlation with a cumulative incidence rate of cases, the cumulative incidence rate of death, and performed COVID-19 tests (p < 0.001). HDI and two of its components, including literacy and Gross National Income (GNI) components had negative correlation with case fatality rate (CFR). Also, HDI and two of its components, including literacy and life expectancy components had negative correlation with recovery rate.ConclusionOur study showed that the HDI and its components can affect the epidemiological status of COVID-19. As HDI increased, the cumulative incidence rate of cases, cumulative incidence rate of death, and COVID-19 tests increased as well. As HDI increased, CFR and recovery rate decreased as well. Although the HDI is higher in high-income countries, these countries may have also better reporting and surveillance systems.

Interest rate uncertainty and the predictability of bank revenues

AbstractThis paper examines the predictive power of interest rate uncertainty over pre‐provision net revenues (PPNR) in a large panel of bank holding companies (BHC). Utilizing a linear dynamic panel model based on Bayes predictor, we show that supplementing forecasting models with interest rate uncertainty improves the forecasting performance with the augmented model yielding lower forecast errors in comparison to a baseline model which includes unemployment rate, federal funds rate, and spread variables. Further separating PPNRs into two components that reflect net interest and non‐interest income, we show that the predictive power of interest rate uncertainty is concentrated on the non‐interest component of bank revenues. Finally, examining the point predictions under a severely stressed scenario, we show that the model can successfully predict the negative effect on overall bank revenues with a rise in the non‐interest component of income during 2009:Q1. Overall, the findings suggest that stress testing exercises that involve bank revenue models can benefit from the inclusion of interest rate uncertainty and the cross‐sectional information embedded in the panel of BHCs.

Biological sensitivity to environmental context fluctuates dynamically within individuals from day to day

This longitudinal, within-subjects study examined whether adolescents’ biological sensitivity to socioeconomic status (SES) for emerging social difficulties varied day to day. Diverse adolescents (N = 315; ages 11–18; 57% female; 25% Asian, 18% Latinx, 11% Black) provided daily diaries and saliva samples for 4 days. We measured biological sensitivity as daily fluctuations in diurnal cortisol slope, and SES as a principal component of family income and maternal education. A robust analysis of 1013 daily assessments revealed that youth from lower SES homes reported greater social difficulties only on days that they exhibited flatter diurnal cortisol slopes, and youth from higher SES homes reported fewer social difficulties on these days. SES was not associated with social difficulties on days that adolescents exhibited steeper, declining diurnal cortisol slopes. Findings support recent theory that risk and resilience are dynamic processes that change within individuals over time. For better and for worse, youth may be more biologically sensitive to their family socioeconomic environments on days that their diurnal cortisol rhythms are flattened.

PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI TERHADAP MINAT INVESTASI SAHAM

Investment is one of the indicators of economic support needed by a nation to improve the welfare of Indonesian citizens. believes that it can add improvement as a lever to drive the economic development of a nation. In macroeconomics, investment also plays a role as a component of national income, gross domestic product (GDP). This research is intended to provide empirical evidence on the effect of motivation and advances in information technology on investment interest. In this study, two independent variables were tested, motivation and advances in gossip technology. The population in this survey was found at the Bandar Lampung Student University. The number of respondents in this study found 50 students. Multiple linear regression was used as the analytical method. As a result, the research shows that motivation has a positive effect on student investment interest and technological progress does not positively affect student investment interest.

Economic analysis of smallholder dairy cattle enterprises in Senegal

Smallholder dairy production in Senegal is important to both livelihoods and food and nutrition security. Here, we examine the economic performance of smallholder dairy cattle enterprises in Senegal, using data from longitudinal monitoring of 113 households. The mean (and standard deviation) of the net returns (NR) per cow per annum (pcpa) was 21.7 (202.9) USD, whilst the NR per household herd per annum (phpa) was 106.1 (1740.3) USD. Only about half (52.2%) of the dairy cattle enterprise had a positive NR. The most significant income components were milk sale followed by animal sale, whilst the most significant cost components were animal feed followed by animal purchase. When households were grouped by ranking on NRpcpa, an interesting trend was observed: whilst the mean NRpcpa showed a fairly linear increase from the lowest to highest NR groups, income and cost did not. Income and costs were both higher for the lowest and highest NR groups, in comparison to the intermediate NR groups. The mean NRs of households grouped by the main breed type they kept were not significantly different from each other, due to large variances within the breed groups. However, the mean total income and costs were significantly higher for households mainly keeping improved dairy breeds (Bos taurus or Zebu × Bos taurus crosses) in comparison to those keeping indigenous Zebu or Zebu by Guzerat crosses. This study highlights the highly variable (and often low) profitability of smallholder dairy cattle enterprise in Senegal. Further actions to address this are strongly recommended.

Old‐age poverty in a pension latecomer: The impact of basic pension expansions in South Korea

AbstractPension systems and old‐age poverty have been studied mainly from comparative perspectives, but causal evidence on the relationship between the two is still rare. This study investigates to what extent implementing non‐contributory pensions to a latecomer contributory pension system with a wide coverage gap alleviates old‐age poverty, based on the case of recent Basic Pension expansions in South Korea. Using nationally representative household data from 2011 to 2019, we employ a quasi‐experimental difference‐in‐difference design to estimate the impact of policy expansions on a set of outcomes measuring old‐age poverty, employment and household income components. The results show that three reforms in 2014, 2018 and 2019 have significantly reduced older people's poverty rate, and they were more effective in reducing extreme poverty. While policy effects after the 2014 expansion are robust in our set of alternative estimations, those after the joint reforms of 2018 and 2019 are less consistent and show signals of a stronger ‘crowding‐out’ effect on private transfer income than those after 2014. We found no convincing evidence that non‐contributory pensions discourage older people's labour market participation. Our findings contribute to the literature on public pension evaluations by elucidating how non‐contributory pensions affect old‐age poverty and tackle social and economic inequalities via various channels of income components, while also mitigating endogeneity biases observed in previous studies.

Формирование весеннего стока рек ЕТР: основные факторы и способы их учета. I. Обзор исследований

The review of the papers dealing with the river runoff formation is presented. The factors of the spring flood formation are typified. The groups of direct and indirect, dynamic and quasi-permanent, as well as anthropogenic factors are distinguished. The authors constructed a summary scheme of the spring flood formation factors, taking into account the peculiarities of their influence on water runoff, analyzed the role of each significant factor in the formation of spring floods, and presented their quantitative estimates. It was hypothesized that the concept of the dominant role of incoming components in the spring flood runoff formation has currently lost its relevance. Modern approaches to the calculation of the main factors of the spring flood runoff formation are considered. Keywords: spring flood, climate change, snowpack, water equivalent, snow cover, soil moisture, freezing depth

Legal regulation of the minimum income systems within the European Union

The basic aim of the European institutions in the social field is to standardize the rights of European citizens to social assistance, but the forms, amounts and conditions for the granting of social benefits are based on the particular reality of each Member State. This article contains a thorough analysis of the European legal instruments that guarantee the right of citizens in financial difficulty to a minimum income. This addresses the key elements on which to assess the level of effectiveness and efficiency of the minimum income schemes provided by Member States. And finally, we identified the components of a decent minimum income: financial support, access to the labor market and access to quality social services . In this context, the author notes that in recent years, the European institutions have paid particular attention to issues related to ensuring a minimum subsistence income for all persons in a situation of financial vulnerability. Based on the research carried out, the author concludes that the European institutions attach particular importance to the minimum income schemes provided by the Member States. Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the fight against poverty and social exclusion, several legislative measures have been adopted in recent years aimed at modernizing income schemes to ensure a dignified life for those in need in accordance with European principles and values.

Gender and Inheritances

Using administrative data from Norway, we document that gifts and inheritances are a more important component of total income for women than for men. This is particularly true at the very top of the distributions of total lifetime income and net wealth. These differences are not due to gender differences in the receipt of intergenerational transfers but are driven by gender differences in total income. When we calculate counterfactual distributions of total lifetime income where gifts and inheritances are equalized across all individuals, we find that gifts and inheritances tend to reduce gender gaps across the distribution.

Probing neutrino mass models through resonances at neutrino telescopes

We study the detection prospects of relatively light charged scalars in radiative Majorana neutrino mass models, such as the Zee model and its variants using scalar leptoquarks, at current and future neutrino telescopes. In particular, we show that these scalar mediators can give rise to Glashow-like resonance features in the ultrahigh energy (UHE) neutrino event spectrum at the IceCube neutrino observatory and its high-energy upgrade IceCube-Gen2. The same scalars can also give rise to observable nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSIs), and we show that the UHE neutrinos provide a complementary probe of NSI. We also discuss an interesting possibility of producing such resonances by incoming sterile neutrino components in the case where neutrinos are pseudo-Dirac particles.

Refining policies for financial stress

AbstractHousehold financial stress is a persistent problem that can be exacerbated by shocks such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. This paper finds that assets are more important than income for explaining financial stress using the Household Expenditure Survey, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Households in the bottom quintile for net assets are more likely to experience many dimensions of financial stress, with a magnitude of approximately 3 percentage points in most cases. Total income often has no identifiable impact on financial stress, all else equal, although the component of income based on investments may be a better predictor of financial stress. Further, there is a positive relationship between liabilities and financial stress. In addition, substantial financial stress is observable for recipients of payments for unemployment or disability, with lower impacts suggested for some other welfare groups. Three policy options are refining asset tests to provide higher benefits for low‐wealth households, raising benefits for particular welfare types including for those receiving unemployment and disability payments, and promoting financial literacy to avoid excessive liabilities.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, AND CONTRIBUTION OF REGIONAL TAXES IN EFFORTS TO INCREASE REGIONAL ORIGINAL INCOME IN MAGELANG REGENCY 2016-2020

The study aims to determine the level of efficiency, and local tax levies in an effort to increase Regional Original Income in Magelang Regency for 5 consecutive years, namely 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. Regional taxes are a supporting component of Regional Original Income so that it can help increase Regional Original Income. This analysis uses a qualitative descriptive method to determine the level of effectiveness, efficiency, and contribution of local taxes in a effort to increase Regional Original Income in Magelang Regency. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Badan Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah of Magelang Regency. The result of the analysis reveal that the effectiveness of local taxes for 5 consecutive years is declared very effective, efficiency of local taxes is declared very efficient, and the contribution of local taxes is stated to be quite good at the level of contribution.

Changes in health among 45–64-year-old Dutch persons before, during and after becoming unemployed or employed: a seven year follow-up study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the extent to which physical and mental health and body mass index (BMI) changed before, during and after becoming unemployed or employed, and whether these associations differ across psychosocial and physical working conditions.MethodsParticipants from seven waves (2010–2017) of the Dutch longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability, and Motivation (STREAM) aged 45–64 years were included. STREAM provides information on physical and mental health, BMI and working conditions, and was enriched with monthly information on income components from Statistics Netherlands to define employment status during 2010–2017. Annual changes in physical and mental health (0–100 scales), and BMI (kg/m2) before, during and after becoming unemployed (N=13 279) and employed (N=1902) were estimated with generalized linear mixed-effect models.ResultsBefore employed persons became unemployed they had poorer health than continuously employed persons, which worsened in the period before becoming unemployed. During the year of becoming unemployed, physical [b=1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89–2.01] and mental health (b=1.46, 95% CI 0.85–2.07) improved, in particular among persons with unfavorable working conditions. After becoming unemployed physical health deteriorated (b=-0.52, 95% CI -0.80– -0.24) and BMI (b=0.11, 95% CI 0.03–0.19) increased, but mental health improved (b=0.33, 95% CI 0.02–0.63). Unemployed persons had better health before entering employment than continuously unemployed persons. The health of persons who entered employment did not statistically significantly change before or during the year of the transition. After entering employment, physical health deteriorated and BMI increased.ConclusionsMaintaining a healthy workforce and limiting unfavorable working conditions may contribute to the prevention of unemployment and the promotion of re-integration.

Decomposition Analysis of Poverty Reduction in Rural China: 2007–2018

AbstractUsing the last three waves of the rural household surveys conducted by the Chinese Household Income Project in 2007, 2013, and 2018, this paper focuses on changes in poverty in rural China. The paper decomposes poverty change into the growth effect and the inequality effect, and also decomposes the contributions of income components, concentrating particularly on income from public transfers. Economic growth had a very significant poverty reduction effect for both absolute and relative poverty, but the inequality effect mostly offset it; in total, absolute poverty reduced significantly, and relative poverty increased from 2007 to 2018. Local wage income became the main contributor to both absolute and relative poverty reduction, replacing household agricultural operational income, and the contribution of wage income from migration declined. Public transfers effectively reduced absolute poverty but not relative poverty.

Comparing Single- and Multiple-Question Designs of Measuring Family Income in China Family Panel Studies

Family income questions in general purpose surveys are usually collected with either a single-question summary design or a multiple-question disaggregation design. It is unclear how estimates from the two approaches agree with each other. The current paper takes advantage of a large-scale survey that has collected family income with both methods. With data from 14,222 urban and rural families in the 2018 wave of the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies, we compare the two estimates, and further evaluate factors that might contribute to the discrepancy. We find that the two estimates are loosely matched in only a third of all families, and most of the matched families have a simple income structure. Although the mean of the multiple-question estimate is larger than that of the single-question estimate, the pattern is not monotonic. At lower percentiles up till the median, the single-question estimate is larger, whereas the multiple-question estimate is larger at higher percentiles. Larger family sizes and more income sources contribute to higher likelihood of inconsistent estimates from the two designs. Families with wage income as the main income source have the highest likelihood of giving consistent estimates compared with all other families. In contrast, families with agricultural income or property income as the main source tend to have very high probability of larger single-question estimates. Omission of certain income components and rounding can explain over half of the inconsistencies with higher multiple-question estimates and a quarter of the inconsistencies with higher single-question estimates.

Effect of industrial structure on urban–rural income inequality in China

PurposeSince 1978, China has made tremendous economic achievements through industrial upgrading. However, these achievements are accompanied by an expanding income gap between rural and urban areas. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between industrial structure and urban–rural income inequality in China.Design/methodology/approachUsing the fixed-effects model and provincial data for the period 1985–2019, this paper estimates a linear relationship between industrial structure and urban–rural income inequality. By decomposing total income inequality into four components, the paper then analyzes how industrial structure affects each component.FindingsThe results show that industrial structure imbalance and industrial upgrading are positively associated with urban–rural income inequality. The positive effect of industrial imbalance mainly comes from widening the wage gap, while that of industrial upgrading mainly comes from aggravating business income inequality and property income inequality. Moreover, industrial balance and upgrading are conducive to increasing the share of wage income at the cost of property income.Originality/valueBy progressively examining the total inequality and the inequality of income components, this paper provides a better understanding of how industrial structure affects urban and rural income inequality. The findings of this study highlight the “inequality cost” associated with industrial structure adjustment, which provide policy-related insights on the balance development of urban and rural areas.

Risk of Increasing Income Inequality and Poverty: Analysis by Income Source

The high and persistent level of income inequality limits the opportunities for economic growth and contributes to the persistence of a high poverty rate in Russia. Reducing inequality is integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-10); thus, greater focus is needed to reduce income inequality. We assess income inequality based on a representative income and expenditure data collected at the micro level to determine the risk of increasing inequality and poverty in the context of specific socio-demographic groups and income sources. We look at the contribution of various household income sources to total income inequality, taking into account the differences in the weighting of income components, the unevenness of their distribution, and their correlation with the total distribution of income. The main data source is the project “The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE) for 2000–2018. Calculation of the elasticity of the Gini index by sources of total income for poor and non-poor households revealed their multidirectional impact on overall inequality. We show that social transfers in poor households do not help to reduce inequality. This indicates the need for closer attention to this phenomenon when making policy decisions connected with social policy. Moreover, the “hidden incomes” appear to be a factor reducing inequality for poor households within the framework of the accepted definitions and the formed sample of households.

Enhanced intrapulse difference frequency generation in the mid-infrared by a spectrally dependent polarization state.

We present a technique to optimize the intrapulse difference frequency generation efficiency for mid-infrared generation. The approach employs a multi-order wave plate that is designed to selectively rotate the polarization state of the incoming spectral components on the relevant orthogonal axes for subsequent nonlinear interaction. We demonstrate a significant increase of the mid-infrared average power generated, of a factor ≥2.5 compared with the conventional scheme, owing to an optimally distributed number of photons enrolled in the difference frequency generation process.

Household income inequality in Poland between 2005 and 2019: A decomposition of the Gini coefficient by income sources

The aim of this paper is the empirical analysis of the Gini coefficient decomposition by income sources in Poland between 2005 and 2013. The decomposition was used to assess the contribution of income components to the overall income inequality in Poland. The empirical analysis was based on non-identifiable, individual household budget survey data collected by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The method of decomposition by income components applied in this study was the approach of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985). The study revealed that employment income contributed to the greatest extent to overall income inequality in Poland during the analysis period. At the same time, this income source showed a significant increase in explaining inequality, reaching almost 64% in 2019. Apart from employment, among all of the income sources analysed, only the contribution of social security benefits to income disparities changed significantly, dropping from almost 19% in 2005 to 7% in 2019. Income from self-employment explained about 15% of inequality in Poland throughout the analysed period. The contribution of the rest of income sources to income inequality was also relatively stable, though less significant. The only income category that contributed negatively to inequality was the other social benefits component. The largest impact of a marginal change in income components on overall inequality was due to income from employment (positive effect) and social security benefits (negative effect). A negative impact of a marginal change in specific income sources on inequality was observed in the case of social security benefits, other social benefits, and other income.

THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF INVESTMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC SYSTEM

In this article, our goal is to identify the role and functions of investments in contemporary economic system. Both at the macro and micro level of the economy, investments are among the most important economic tools and are considered important components of the country's national income, which have a significant impact on ensuring stable and dynamic economic growth. Investment is one of the most fundamental and changing components of GDP. From an economic point of view, investments represent the allocation of capital with the aim of increasing it in the future, which should be sufficient to compensate for the temporary abandonment of the use of the invested funds, to cover the losses arising from the risks and to compensate for possible future losses due to inflation. Based on the research of different definitions, we can define investments as the allocation of capital in various sectors and branches of the economy, in entrepreneurial and other types of activity objects, with the aim of obtaining income, as well as achieving other economic or non-economic results. Investments perform a number of important functions, namely: regulatory, promoting, distributing and indicative, which ensure the sustainable development and progress of the economic system.