Component Characters Research Articles

Genetic variability and correlation analysis in indigenous germplasm of okra (Ablemoschus esculentus L. Moench)

An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the genetic variability, coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient among indigenous okra accessions based on morphological parameters. Ten okra accessions collected from different parts of Garo Hills regions of Meghalaya were planted during 2019 at NEHU Tura campus, Meghalaya in random block design with three replications. The Analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the accession for different characters evaluated. The phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was predominantly superior to their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variance resulting the role of environmental aspects. A high heritability in relation with high genetic advance as the percentage of mean value was observed for plant height. The Correlation studies between various quantitative characters exhibited significant association between parameters. Plant height, number of fruits per plant showed highly positive significant association with fruit yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic level. On the basis of mean performance for fruit yield and its component characters from the present investigation 5 superior okra germplasm lines namely T-4, T-6, T-7, T-8 and T-10 were selected as superior and most promising genotypes for the crop improvement programmed in okra.

Genetic Analysis of Heterosis of F1 Seed Yield and Quality Attributes in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)

A diallel set of 10 parents and their 45 F1 hybrids developed through diallel mating design (excluding reciprocals) were analysed to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for seed yield and its component in fenugreek. The present study was conducted at Main Experimental Station, Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (UP), India, during Rabi, 2020-21 (Y1) and 2021–22 (Y2). Appreciable heterosis were found over better parent and standard variety for all the traits under study in desirable direction. For early maturity traits i.e., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity negative heterosis is desirable, for these traits cross combinations P1× P2, P2×P5, P1×P10 and P5×P9 exhibited highest significant heterosis over better parent and standard variety. Seed yield per plant being a compound trait and is a multiplicative product of several basic component characters of yield. The top three hybrids based on seed yield per plant, best hybrids were P5 × P9, P7 × P10 and P3 × P9.

Studies on growth analysis and framing selection criteria for high yield and quality traits in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Fifty-five turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) genotypes comprising short, medium and long duration types were evaluated in augmented block design with two checks for growth, yield, and its component characters and quality to ascertain the presence of variability in the population and character association of growth, yield and quality parameters. The study revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits except total chlorophyll content. The fresh rhizome yield was maximum in the genotype CL 195 (long-duration type) and followed by CL 74 (medium duration type). For curcumin content, short-duration types and medium duration types showed better values, than long-duration types. Among the short duration type, the curcumin content was maximum in the genotype CL 78 (2.79 %) whereas, among the medium duration type, CL 22 recorded a curcumin content of 2.55 per cent. The factors, fresh rhizome yield and quality were  optimum in the genotype CL 49 (short duration type), CL 22 (medium duration type), and CL 74 (long-duration type) owing to good values for overall growth parameters. The polygenic trait, yield showed a highly significant positive correlation with the characters viz., the weight of primary rhizomes per plant, the weight of mother rhizomes per plant and leaf area. All the biometric and qualitative traits observed had a positive association with fresh rhizome yield except essential oil and curing per cent ensuring simultaneous improvement of these characteristics. The path coefficient study suggested that the characters viz., the weight of primary rhizomes per plant, the weight of mother rhizomes per plant, the weight of secondary rhizomes per plant, leaf area, plant height, pseudostem girth and curcumin content had a significant positive direct effect on rhizome yield levering more weightage for these characters in the further breeding program. The other quality traits had a relatively poor influence on yield. As short and medium duration genotypes of turmeric are advantageous over long duration types, the best performing short and medium duration types can be used for further crop improvement programme in turmeric.   Keywords: Turmeric, Duration, Yield, Curcumin, Correlation and Path Co-efficient Analysis

Assessment of genetic variability, character association and path analysis of kernel yield and yield components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The present study was carried out in the Department of Oilseeds, during rabi, 2021 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the genetic variability, correlation and path analysis using thirty promising genotypes of groundnut.   Kernel yield and its component characters were recorded. The magnitude of PCV and GCV values were higher for the characters viz., number of branches, total biomass, 100 kernel weight, leaf area ratio and leaf area index. Total number of branches, total biomass and 100 kernel weight exhibited high heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean. Kernel yield showed significant positive association with pod yield, mature pods, number of pods and shelling percentage. The importance of these characters was also confirmed through path analysis, as they had direct implications on kernel yield. As a result, selection based on these traits will result in increased kernel yield in groundnut.  Keywords: Groundnut, genetic variability, correlation, path analysis, kernel yield.

Genetic Diversity Analysis for Seed Yield and Its Component Characters in Urdbean (Vigna Mou (L.) Hper)

Forty-six genotypes were subjected to genetic diversity studies for seed yield and its component characters using Mahalanobis’s D2 statistic. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among 46 genotypes for all the 14 characters. Forty-six genotypes were grouped into nine clusters, out of which cluster-II had the maximum number of genotypes (16), followed by cluster-III (10), cluster-I (9) and cluster- IV (6). The rest of the clusters i.e. cluster-V, VI, VII, VIII and IX, each possessed single genotype. The intercluster distances surpassed the intra-cluster distances, expressing existence of stupendous diversity among the entries. The cluster-III and IV have the greatest diversity among their genotypic groups consequently these genotypes can potentially be utilized in varietal development programmes. Highest inter-cluster distance was noted between cluster-IV and VII followed by cluster-VII and VIII, and cluster-VI and VII, indicating ample of diversity available among them, Therefore, the genotypes of these clusters can be used as parents for crossing in hybridization programme to obtain desirable and excellent segregants. Protein content was the greatest contributor towards genetic divergence followed by number of clusters per plant and number of pods per cluster, suggesting direct selection of these characters. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 223-228, 2022 (June)

Estimating Narrow Sense Heritability from Parent Progeny Regression and Inter-generation Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Characters in Segregating Lines of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Black gram or urdbean is a self-pollinated short duration diploid grain legume packed with abundant nutrients and acts as a N2 fixer, fertility restorer agent by using as mulch or catch crop. But still the crop’s value is limited due to many genetic as well as biotic and abiotic factors. Keeping this in regard, the present research was undertaken by estimating parent-progeny regression and inter-generation correlation coefficient and in turn attain narrow sense heritability values for the traits so as to determine and identify desirable and probable genotypes and their further improvement by selection in consecutive generations. Methods: The present research was aimed to ascertain the extent of narrow sense heritability through parent-progeny regression and inter-generation relationships between F2 and F3 generations for 11 quantitative traits in 14 crosses using randomised complete block design in the Experimental farm of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) during Kharif 2018 and 2019. Result: Regression and intergeneration analysis revealed that five crosses showed positive and significant values for days to 75% maturity, thereby meaning that plants selected in the F2 population had a significant positive association with that of F3 for this trait. Estimates of narrow sense heritability were recorded highest for biological yield and days to 75% maturity. Keeping the above parameters in consideration, it was concluded that days to 75% maturity and biological yield affirm the presence of additive variance which determined as a good transmission index of genetic potentials from parent of one generation to the progeny of other, while a high regression suggests low influence of environment along with large genetic effects. So, these can be prioritized as the prime traits and used as a reliable predictor for making effective selection and improvement of genotypes for enhancing yield in subsequent generations.

Heterostructure MoS2@ZnO nanowires: Preparation, ultrafast nonlinear optical behavior and photoelectric functional application

The semiconductor heterostructure was proposed and prepared by the wide-band gap zinc oxide (ZnO) and narrow-band gap molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) materials. The interlayer exciton pumping efficiency and saturable/reverse saturable nonlinear absorption (NLA) characteristics of MoS2/ZnO heterostructure can be flexibly adjusted, revealing its important potential in exploring new optoelectronic devices. In this work, based on magnetron sputtering and chemical vapor deposition, the MoS2 nanosheets, unmodified ZnO nanowires and MoS2@ZnO heterostructure were successfully synthesized. The depending relationship of the laser intensity, pulse width and wavelength on the NLA of samples has been studied using Z-scan technique. The ultrafast dynamics process was researched using two-color pump probe technology with the excitation wavelength at 325, 380 and 400 nm. The fast and slow components characters of the ultrafast electron transfer process were discussed to analyzing its producing mechanism in detail. The photoelectric functional performances and physical mechanisms are studied in theory and experiment. This paper will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for manipulation and improvement of the nonlinear optical properties in semiconductor micro/nano-material, as well as the corresponding application in optoelectronic devices.

Selection of Suitable Pearl Millet Hybrids for Arid and Semi-Arid Conditions through Combining Ability Analysis

Present investigation was carried out to study combining ability effects for grain yield and its component traits in 77 hybrids of pearl millet. From the results of GCA effects, it was revealed that a number of parents namely, ICMA 98222, ICMA 93333, ICMA 30199, ICMA 30201 (female parents), and BIB 481-500, BIB 561-570 and BIB 571-581 (male parents) were found to be good general combiner for grain yield and most of its component characters. On the basis of GCA effects, lines ICMA 98222, ICMA 88004, ICMA 93333, ICMA 30199, ICMA 30201 and testes BIB 571-580, BIB 561- 570, BIB 511- 520, BIB 481- 500, BIB 531- 540 were good general combiner for more than nine yield contributing characters. The SCA effects of the crosses namely, ICMA 97111 x BIB 561- 570, ICMA 98222 x BIB 481- 500, ICMA 88004 x BIB 501- 510 and ICMA 93333 x BIB 551-560 were significant and were identified as superior for seed yield and related traits over the environments. Therefore, these parents and hybrids were recommended for utilization in development of promising populations as well as hybrid development.

Correlation and Path Analysis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes

Aims: Evaluation of correlation between yield and yield contributing traits in Sesame, as well as to determine their direct and indirect effects on fruit yield of sesame genotypes.
 Study Design: Randomized block design (RBD) with two replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: Oilseeds Research Station, Department of genetics and plant breeding, College of Agriculture, VNMKV, Latur (MS), between July 2016 and January2017.
 Methodology: For statistical analysis mean values are used. SPSS version 17.0 and GENRES were used to perform the correlation and path analysis using Sixty five accessions and evaluated for the following eleven traits: days to 50% flowering (D50%), days to maturity (DM), capsule length (CL), capsule width (CW), plant height (PH), number of branches per plant (NBP),number of capsules per plant (NCP),number of seeds per capsule (NSC),1000-seed weight (1000SW), oil content (OC), seed yield per plant (SYP).
 Results: The correlation analysis indicated that CL (0.237), PH (0.225), NCP (0.806), NSC (0.372), 1000SW (0.657) and OC (0.532) positively correlated with seed yield at genotypic as well as phenotypic levels, respectively. Path coefficient analysis indicated that NCP (0.746), 1000SW (0.356), OC (0.007), NSC (0.267), CL (0.0608) and PH (0.034) exhibited positive direct effect on seed yield.
 Conclusion: Positive indirect effect was observed by both DM, NBP has expressed positive and indirect effect on yield via their component traits. Selection among genotypes based on these analyses can be made for further improvement in fruit yield and component characters

A network modeling approach provides insights into the environment-specific yield architecture of wheat.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield is impacted by a diversity of developmental processes which interact with the environment during plant growth. This complex genetic architecture complicates identifying quantitative trait loci that can be used to improve yield. Trait data collected on individual processes or components of yield have simpler genetic bases and can be used to model how quantitative trait loci generate yield variation. The objectives of this experiment were to identify quantitative trait loci affecting spike yield, evaluate how their effects on spike yield proceed from effects on component phenotypes, and to understand how the genetic basis of spike yield variation changes between environments. A 358 F5:6 recombinant inbred line population developed from the cross of LA-95135 and SS-MPV-57 was evaluated in 2 replications at 5 locations over the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The parents were 2 soft red winter wheat cultivars differing in flowering, plant height, and yield component characters. Data on yield components and plant growth were used to assemble a structural equation model to characterize the relationships between quantitative trait loci, yield components, and overall spike yield. The effects of major quantitative trait loci on spike yield varied by environment, and their effects on total spike yield were proportionally smaller than their effects on component traits. This typically resulted from contrasting effects on component traits, where an increase in traits associated with kernel number was generally associated with a decrease in traits related to kernel size. In all, the complete set of identified quantitative trait loci was sufficient to explain most of the spike yield variation observed within each environment. Still, the relative importance of individual quantitative trait loci varied dramatically. Path analysis based on coefficients estimated through structural equation model demonstrated that these variations in effects resulted from both different effects of quantitative trait loci on phenotypes and environment-by-environment differences in the effects of phenotypes on one another, providing a conceptual model for yield genotype-by-environment interactions in wheat.

​Yields and its Component Characters in Upland Rice of Manipur

Background: Yield is a complex entity. The pre-requisite for achieving high yields in rice depends on identification of superior new genotypes for various traits associated with yield. These characters may help in advancing the yield like the plant height, tillers per plant, length of panicle, grains per panicle, grain weight and their relationship with yield and direct and indirect contribution to grain yield. The present study was conducted to identify the yield and its related characters of all the rice cultivars which are collected from the hill farmers of Manipur. Methods: Field experiment of 90 local rice cultivars were conducted in the experimental farm of ICAR, Lamphel, Imphal, Manipur. Sample random sampling technique with a sample size of 6 competitive plant were study in the present study. Data of plant height, total tillers per plant, length of panicle, total spikelet’s per panicle, grain per panicle, grain weight, grain yield per plant were analysed. Result: The present finding shows that a large number of local cultivars are used by the hill farmers of Manipur without appropriate selection. Some of these cultivars were having those agronomic traits which are considered to be associated with yield characters of rice. If improved high yielding varieties for upland rice cropping is not available to the farmers’ they can select to those local cultivars having desirable yield characters.

Estimation of heterosis for yield and yield components in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Exploitation of heterosis is primarily dependent on the selection of available germplasm that could be produced by better combinations of important agronomic characters. The heterosis was recorded for fruit and its fifteen component characters. The crosses showing significant heterosis over standard check were Varsha Upahar x Kashi Kiranthi for plant height and days to 50% flowering, 307-10-01 x Arka Anamika for number of leaves, Parbhani Kranthi x ZARS for internodal length, Varsha Upahar x ZARS for number of branches per plant, Pusa Makhmali x ZARS for number of nodes on main stem, Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi for stem diameter, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for fruit length, Pusa Makhmali x Kashi Kiranthi for fruit diameter,VRU-109x Arka Anamika for number of fruits per plant, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for average fruit weight per plant and for total fruit yield per plant was maximum in the hybrid VRU-109 x Arka Aanamika, followed by Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi were these hybrids may be used for exploitation of hybrid vigour on commercial scale.

Using Agumented design for screening of cold tolerant rice genotypes for seedling traits under low temperature condition [Oryza sativa (L.)

An experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the magnitude of association between seedling survival rate and its component characters. 100 MAGIC indica population rice genotypes were evaluated in Augmented Randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications. Correlation coefficient analysis of seedling survival rate showed positive and significant association with seedling height, root length; shoot length, under cold condition. Thus, these traits could play pivotal role in developing cold tolerant rice. Separation of correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects of component traits for seedling survival rate revealed that the traits seedling height and shoot length exerted maximum positive direct and indirect effect respectively on seedling survival under cold stress conditions. These characters, therefore, are required to be considered during selection for seedling survival improvement in rice under cold conditions.

Performance of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) For Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Chhattisgarh Plains

The performance study of forty eight genotypes of hot pepper was carried out for fruit yield and its component characters, during rabi season of 2020–21 at Horticultural Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. A significant difference was observed among genotypes for growth and yield parameters. Genotype CHIGEN-46 recorded maximum number of fruits per plant (270.50), fruit yield per plot (15.25kg) and fruit yield per hectare (165.73 q/ha). The genotype CHIGEN-41 recorded highest fruit yield per plant (415.10g) and maximum plant height (80.47cm), CHIGEN-40 (8.17) recorded maximum number of primary branches whereas CHIGEN-32 was early in first flowering(26.03d), CHIGEN-38 recorded for early days to 50% flowering(43.20), CHIGEN-45 recorded maximum fruit stalk length (5.69 cm)and fruit girth (5.51 cm). CHIGEN-29 recorded maximum fruit length (18.38 cm) and CHIGEN-43 gave maximum fresh weight of fruits (85.96 g) whereas CHIGEN-37 recorded maximum dry weight of fruits(10.60 g). CHIGEN-36 (85.23) was recorded for minimum days to first fruit harvesting and CHIGEN-42 (6.52) was recorded for maximum total number of picking. Overall performance of the genotypes revealed that the genotypes CHIGEN-45, CHIGEN-41 and CHIGEN-46 were superior genotypes for most of the traits studied among the forty eight genotypes.

Studies on character association in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

The present investigation was carried out using 16 different bitter gourd hybrids during rabi summer 2021. Correlation analysis helps in assessing the mutual relationship among various yield attributes and helps in deciding the component characters on which selection could be relied upon for yield improvement. In the present study, the genotypic correlation coefficient was found higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficient for most attributes studied, which indicated the least influence of environment on phenotypic expression of traits. The fruit yield in bitter gourd was found to have highly significant positive association both at phenotypic and genotypic levels with number of primary branches vine−1 at final harvest (0.599 and 0.609), followed by the weight of individual fruit (0.579 and 0.583). The traits viz., fruit length (0.565), fruit girth (0.548), number of fruits vine−1 (0.518) and flesh thickness (0.446) have positive and highly significant association with yield at phenotypic level and at genotypic level the association of fruit girth (0.575), fruit length (0.570), number of fruits vine−1 (0.515) and flesh thickness (0.451) were also found to show similar trend. However, a highly significant negative association with yield was exerted by days to final harvest (−0.421 and -0.455), followed by node bearing first male flower (−0.417 and -0.437) and node bearing first female flower (−0.417 and -0.426).

Phenotypic diversity and path analysis of seed yield in Bambara groundnut grown in rain forest agroecological zone

Abstract Bambara groundnut is a reliable source of carbohydrates and protein in rainforest agroecology, but limited research had been done and few varieties commercialised. The magnitude of phenotypic variability, character association, and contribution of characters to seed yield were investigated among 50 accessions received from IITA, Nigeria. Field evaluation took place during the 2017 – 18 cropping seasons. The accessions were allocated to experimental plots using a Randomised Complete Block Design with three replicates. Data were collected on phenological, agronomic, and seed yield characters. The main effect showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences for phenological, vegetative, and reproductive characters. The year effect influenced agronomic and seed yield characters while accessions by year interaction were insignificant for all characters. The stepwise discriminant analysis identified three redundant characters. The leaflet length and width, canopy spread, leaf/plant, seeds/plant, and seed weight showed high discriminatory ability and are efficient for morphological characterisation and conservation. Hybridisation between accessions dispersed in quadrants 1, 2, and 4 may evolve early and medium maturity types with improved seed yield and biomass. The number of seeds/plant and pods/plant are indices for seed yield. The contribution of pods/plant to seed yield was masked by canopy spread, peduncle length, and pod width indicating competition for photo-assimilates. TVSu 17, TVSu 277, TVSu 271, and TVSu 278 are donor parents for earliness. TVSu 261 performed best for seed yield and yield component characters. Hybridisation among TVSu 261, TVSu 587, TVSu 275, and TVSu 17 will evolve medium maturing and high seed-yielding varieties for further evaluation.

Principal Component and Cluster Analyses for Quantitative Traits in Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa)

Breeding for high yield crop needs information on the nature and magnitude of variation in the available materials, relationship of yield with other agronomic characters and the degree of environmental influence on the expression of these components characters. Multivariate analyses such as cluster and principal component analysis measures the amount of genetic variability in respect of several characters and assesses the relative contribution of different traits to the total variation. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying better performing black cumin genotypes and related traits with the help of principal component analysis and cluster analysis of major quantitative traits of the crop <i>In principal component analysis, The first four principal component axes (PCAs) accounted 70.62% of the total variability in which PCA1 contributed 28.43%, and PCA2, PCA3, and PCA4 exhibited 18.91%, 13.30%, and 9.98% contribution to the total variability, respectively.</i> Cluster analysis based on Euclidian distance grouped the genotypes into 10 distinct clusters. Some of the genotypes that have narrow genetic base were grouped into a similar cluster. Based on these results, it may be concluded that some of the genotypes are highly diverse while most of the genotypes are similar in nature. Genotypes from the distinct cluster should be used for obtaining diverse recombinants in segregating generations, exploiting variety, and broaden the genetic base of the black cumin germplasm.

​Character Association and Path Analysis in Heterotic Recombinant Inbred Lines in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Background: Garden pea is one of the principal vegetable crops cultivated in the temperate and sub- tropical areas of the world for its green pods. It is an important food legume worldwide after Phaseolus vulgaris. The knowledge about the interdependence of characters in a particular crop can effectively be employed to breed desirable cultivars and to challenge the consequences of the unprecedented biological, physical and chemical stresses of the future growing conditions. The regression and path analysis further has significance for the assured selection of the varieties with desirable traits and hence adaptation of species in different agro-climatic conditions; hence it is also one of the prerequisites for crop improvement programmes. Correlation and path analysis in garden pea explained that among all the yield contributing traits, number of pods per plant and pod weight have significant contribution in increasing the green pod yield per plant. Methods: 14 heterotic recombinant inbred lines and 17 existing cultivars of garden pea, were put to experimentation for working out the association of the yield and yield contributing component characters under the open field conditions of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Bajaura Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India. This association was further elaborated through the coefficient of correlation and regression analysis and path coefficient analysis. Result: The genotypic correlation coefficients were found higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients for all the characters studied. The correlation coefficients revealed that green pod yield per plant had highly significant and positive association with pod weight and number of pods per plant. The path coefficient analysis also revealed that the maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield per plant was exerted by the number of pods per plant, pod weight and 100-seed weight. Through regression equation analysis it became clear that number of pods per plant, pod weight contributed significantly in increasing the green pod yield per plant. With a unit increase in these independent characters, the green pod yield per plant will increase by 2.34 and 33.45 per cent. It can thus be concluded that despite of the positive correlation of almost all the characters with green pod yield per plant, only number of pods per plant and pod weight are important and significant independent characters for increasing the green pod yield per plant.

Combining ability and gene action analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

A diallel mating design excluding reciprocal was practised among 8 diverse parents and their 28 crosses to access the gene action and combining ability in pearl millet during kharif 2019. The statistical results of analysis of variance showed highly significant differences due to genotypes for all the traits under study indicating the parents and their hybrids under study have sufficiently high amount of genetic variability. Moreover, division of mean sum of square due to genotypes showed that the differences among eight parental genotypes were significant for all the yield related attributes. Among the 8 parents, 16317, 15708 and 15851 were considered as good general combiner for character viz. grain yield. Apart from grain yield per plant, the parent 16317 was also good combiner for days to flowering, days to maturity, ear head length and ear head girth, harvest index, test weight and protein content. The cross 17548 × 15388 was the finest specific combiner for grain yield per plant followed by 15851 × 15725 and 15725 × 16110. An inspection of per se performance as well as sca effects of crosses revealed that the 17548 × 15388 and 15851 × 15725 found best crosses for grain yield per plant and its component characters. So, these crosses are advised to further study for commercial exploitation. The proportion of σ2gca / σ2sca was below unity for all the traits under study, which suggested considerable action of non-additive genetic variance in the governance of these characters.

Correlation and path analysis of grain yield and its attributes of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

The present study was carried out at the Bagusala farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha in Rabi, 2020 with twenty one genotypes comprising nineteen traditional rice varieties and two checks to examine the nature of associations between yield and yield attributing characters. The characters association at both the genotypic and phenotypic level for grain yield per hill and its component characters revealed that the grain yield per hill exhibited highly significant positive phenotypic association with traits number of filled spikelets per panicle (0.675**), number of spikelets per panicle (0.72**), percentage of filled grain per panicle (0.09**), days to 50% flowering (0.495**), 1000-grain weight (0.493**), straw yield per hill (0.412**) and starch content (0.375**). The characters like plant height, flag leaf area, number of tillers per hill and protein content showed significant to highly significant negative association with grain yield per hill. Path coefficient analysis at phenotypic level showed that the character 1000-grain weight (0.538) exhibited highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by number of filled spikelets per panicle (0.420), protein content (0.327), number of spikelet per panicle (0.317), number of panicles per hill (0.127), straw yield per hill (0.094), number of tillers per hill (0.02), and days to 50% flowering (0.057). Therefore direct selection for these characters will be rewarding.