Component Categories Research Articles

Particle crushing mechanism of recycled aggregate with different component categories: applied to pervious concrete base

This paper focuses on the particle crushing mechanism of construction solid waste recycled aggregate (CWRA), particularly recycled concrete (RC) and recycled bricks (RB), using natural gravel (NG) as a control group. Compression tests, combined with the Weibull distribution, fractal dimension theory, and relative crushing rate, were conducted to investigate the crushing behavior of these materials under different loads. Results indicate that, under the same load, the crushing degree ranks from highest to lowest as RB, RC, and NG. The Weibull distribution effectively describes the crushing state, with “fragmentation” being the primary mode for most materials, while RC also exhibits “grinding.” As the load increases, the relative crushing rate rises for all materials but slows beyond a certain load threshold, indicating greater difficulty in further crushing. The study identifies a load threshold of 400 kN, beyond which changes in void fraction and relative crushing rates become less significant, particularly in stronger aggregates. Highlights Identified that mortar attached to the RC surface is the primary cause of the increased particle crushing below 0.6 mm. Introduced Weibull distribution parameters a and b to accurately characterize the crushing state of RA particles. Revealed the errors between fractal dimension-based evaluations and the actual crushing state of RC particles. Proposed a two-stage crushing mode for RC. Determined the critical threshold value for the variation of crushing degree with load level.

Intelligent vs. Cultural: Research on the Path to Improve the Resilience of Urban and Rural Community Governance Based on the AHP-FCE Model

Community resilience is a core component of grassroots governance modernization, and community resilience shows different characteristics depending on the type of community. Existing research on community resilience mainly uses direct questionnaire data, relatively ignoring the differences in weights of various dimensions. Different categories of community resilience components play different roles in community resilience. Based on this, the study cited the logic of the AHP-FCE model and added objective data based on empowering resilience, thus making up for the model's shortcomings while giving full play to the model's advantages. The quantitative analysis of 353 questionnaires from five urban districts and five rural communities in the sample city was based on the community resilience evaluation model. In the current process of community resilience construction, there are typical problems of a lack of cultural resilience in urban community resilience construction and a need for more intelligent resilience in rural community resilience construction. The key to future community resilience construction is reconciling the relationship between cultural and intellectual resilience to solve the problem of targeting deviation in urban communities and rural community resilience construction. It is necessary to adhere to the spirit of "long-term construction" to build the cultural resilience of urban communities, implement the path of "digital empowerment" to make the intelligent resilience of rural communities, and adhere to the standard of "complete redundancy" to form an urban and rural community resilience governance mechanism gradually, and then Move towards more resilient urban and rural community governance and help realize the modernization of grassroots governance.

Dynamic Chemistry of DNA-Based Nanoassemblies in Living Cells.

ConspectusIn recent years, the controlled assembly/disassembly of exogenous chemical components inside cells has become an emerging approach to regulating cell functions. However, the construction of dynamic material chemistry systems in living cells always remains highly challenging due to the complicated intracellular microenvironment. Nucleic acid is a category of biological components that can achieve efficient molecular assembly via specific base-pairing and perform biological functions in the intracellular microenvironment. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules exhibit the superior performance of intracellular assembly, including sequence programmability, molecule recognition ability, and nanostructure predictability, as well as the unique biological functions that traditional synthetic polymers do not carry, showing great superiority in the construction of dynamic material chemistry systems. Moreover, the technologies of DNA synthesis are relatively mature, and the conjugation of DNA with functional small molecules can be achieved through established chemical synthesis methods, facilitating the construction of DNA-based dynamic materials with more functions. In addition, a few specific DNA molecules have been proven to show responsiveness toward different stimuli, functioning as dynamic modules.In this Account, we summarize our recent work in dynamic chemistry of DNA-based nanoassemblies in living cells from the perspective of stimulus types including enzyme, H+, glutathione (GSH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and light. Upon the specific stimuli, DNA-based nanoassemblies undergo precise assembly in living cells, executing disassembly or aggregation, which consequently affects the functions and behaviors of living cells. In the first part, we describe the interactions between DNA-based nanoassemblies and intracellular enzymes, namely the enzymatic cleavage of intracellular enzymes on the DNA or RNA sequences. In the second part, we summarize the effects of H+ in lysosomes on DNA-based nanoassemblies, including the formation of a tetraplex i-motif structure and the decomposition of acid-degradable polymeric coating. In the third part, we discuss the mechanism of GSH responsiveness of DNA-based nanoassemblies, including the breaking of disulfide bonds and reduction-responsive nanoparticles. In the fourth part, we describe the ATP-mediated conformational transition for the specific release of functional RNA sequences. In the fifth part, we demonstrate the light-mediated spatiotemporally dynamic chemistry of DNA-based nanoassemblies. In summary, based on the achievements of our group in the study of dynamic chemistry of DNA-based nanoassemblies, the assembly, disassembly, and reassembly in living cells are well-controlled, the regulation of cellular functions are explored, and the new strategies for cancer therapeutics are demonstrated. We envision that our work on the dynamic chemistry of DNA-based nanoassembly is a new paradigm for constructing dynamic material chemistry systems inside living cells, and will facilitate the development of precision medicine.

One-step microwave pyrolysis-H3PO4 activation of woody biomass: Insight into the product characteristics and life cycle assessment

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis coupled with chemical activation was developed to prepare the woody biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) with desirable structural characteristics. In this study, sawdust powder was impregnated with phosphoric acid before being microwave-pyrolyzed to achieve AC. The utilization of microwave greatly enhanced the transformation of volatiles into gaseous components, and the yield of char increased when phosphoric acid accelerated the secondary polymerization of volatile matters. Microwave-induced activation may alter the interaction between activator and sawdust-derived organic species, enriching the categories of oily components. The char originating from microwave-activation treatment has a high graphitization degree, exhibiting superior thermal stability and hydrophilic property. Moreover, one-step microwave-activation approach increased specific surface area (978.2 m2g−1 versus 13.0 m2g−1 in conventional pyrolysis) and improved the formation of porous structure. The life cycle assessment analysis revealed that microwave-activation technique had a low environmental impact due to enhanced heating efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

친환경 화장품 브랜드의 경험디자인 구성요소 사례 연구

The value of eco-friendliness which has been continuously increasing since the Industrial Revolution and rapid industrial development has reached a major turning point after the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular cosmetics which are products closely related to the body are not simply products applied to the body but can secure a competitive advantage when they satisfy consumers' eco-friendly values and experience elements. Therefore, this study is a study that analyzes eco-friendly cosmetics brands as components of experience design in line with changing consumer needs and the eco-friendly cosmetics brand market. Through prior research we looked into the research trends of eco-friendly cosmetics and experience design and derived experience design components for analyzing eco-friendly cosmetics brand cases. For balanced research the cosmetics brands subject to the case analysis were selected as top brands according to brand reputation big data analysis results and five brands were selected by company size and domestic/overseas. For the analysis a workshop was held with five service experience design experts. The study was conducted by adopting a closed card sorting method that classifies and analyzes the information provided in the five categories of experience design components (Sensory Perception experience, Feeling & Emotions experience, Intellectual Cognition experience, Behavior experience, and Social Relationship experience). Through case analysis it was found that eco-friendly cosmetic brands with high brand reputation and preference have all five components of experience design and meet the needs of consumers. Therefore in order to secure a differentiated competitive advantage for eco-friendly cosmetics brands it is important to establish a strategy that balances the components of experience design and the study is significant in that it can be used as a reference paper when planning eco-friendly cosmetics brands.

The yeast Dothiora sorbi IOJ-3 naturally produced various filamentous sectors with distinct abilities by undergoing DNA demethylation

Some fungi have demonstrated the ability to adapt rapidly to changing environments by exhibiting morphological plasticity, a trait influenced by species and environmental factors. Here, an anamorphic yeast strain IOJ-3 exhibited unique sectorization characteristics, naturally producing diverse filamentous sectors when cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium or natural culture medium for durations exceeding 13 days. The strain IOJ-3 and its filamentous sectors were identified as Dothiora sorbi. The morphology of the sectors was consistent and heritable. The life cycle of strain IOJ-3 was investigated through microscopic observation, emphasizing the development of conidiogenous cells as a crucial stage, from which filamentous sectors originate. Some physiological characteristics of IOJ-3 and filamentous sectors are compared, and strain IOJ-3 has a higher antibiotic tolerance than two filamentous sectors, IOJ-3a expands faster on the culture medium, and IOJ-3b can penetrate cellophane. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted to investigate the differentially expressed genes between the yeast form IOJ-3 and its two filamentous sectors, revealing a total of 594 genes that exhibited consistent differential expression relative to IOJ-3, including 44 silencing genes in IOJ-3 that were activated. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that these differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with the cellular component category. Furthermore, adding 5-Azacytidine accelerated filamentous sectorization and increased the proportion of filamentous cells of strain IOJ-3 in PD liquid media, suggesting that the filamentous sectorization observed in strain IOJ-3 is linked to processes of DNA demethylation. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the biological characteristics of D. sorbi regarding morphological transitions and provides substantial direction for exploring genes related to fungal filamentous development.

The trial before Pilate (jn. 18:28–19:16a): narrative and theological aspects of John’s sondergut

The article presents a narrative approach to the analysis of the episode of the political process of the conviction of Jesus Christ to crucifixion by Pontius Pilate according to the version of the Gospel of John (Jn. 18:28 – 19:16a). The trial is part of own material (Sonfergut) in the Gospel of John and aims to demonstrate the kingship of Jesus, the central motif of which is the text of Jn. 19:1-3. The article analyzes the literary context of the narrative sequence and its plot development. As a result, follows the analysis of the narrative component and theological categories of Ivan's narrative.

Improved building MEP systems semantic segmentation in point clouds using a novel multi-class dataset and local–global vector transformer network

Point cloud semantic segmentation for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems is crucial for establishing MEP systems digital twins. Deep learning has shown promise in automatically deriving point-wise semantic labels from point clouds. However, the utilization of 3D deep learning methods for directly segmenting complex, occluded, and densely distributed multi-class MEP systems in common building point clouds remains unexplored due to the lack of specialized public datasets. To address this, our study introduces a public, richly annotated, and multi-class point cloud dataset for MEP systems in common buildings, consisting of 92.10 million points across four buildings, 56 areas, and nine component categories. Subsequently, we propose Trans2Net, a novel and customized 3D deep learning method for the automatic and precise segmentation of MEP components, featuring local vector transformer module, global-aid vector transformer module, and learnable feature fusion operator that enhance the model’s sensitivity to local features, capture global context with sparse points, and dynamically fuse weighted local and global features. Experimental results demonstrate that Trans2Net significantly outperforms seven other state-of-the-art methods on the MEP dataset, achieving an overall accuracy of 97.39%, a mean accuracy of 95.45%, and a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 90.76%. Notably, it surpasses the second-ranked method, PointMeta, by a margin of 9.91% in mIoU. This study provides a novel paradigm for automatically understanding MEP systems in point clouds and offers robust support for digital twin management of MEP systems, contributing to the prolonged lifespans of MEP systems.

The Low-Abundance Plasma Proteome Reveals Differentially Abundant Proteins Associated with Breast Implant Capsular Contracture: A Pilot Study.

Capsular contracture (CC) is one of the most common postoperative complications associated with breast implant-associated infections. The mechanisms that lead to CC remain poorly understood. Plasma is an ideal biospecimen for early proteomics biomarker discovery. However, as high-abundance proteins mask signals from low-abundance proteins, identifying novel or specific proteins as biomarkers for a particular disease has been hampered. Here, we employed depletion of high-abundance plasma proteins followed by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics to compare 10 healthy control patients against 10 breast implant CC patients. A total of 450 proteins were identified from these samples. Among them, 16 proteins were significantly differentially expressed in which 5 proteins were upregulated and 11 downregulated in breast implant CC patients compared to healthy controls. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that proteins related to cell, cellular processes and catalytic activity were highest in the cellular component, biological process, and molecular function categories, respectively. Further, pathway analysis revealed that inflammatory responses, focal adhesion, platelet activation, and complement and coagulation cascades were enriched pathways. The differentially abundant proteins from TMT-based quantitative proteomics have the potential to provide important information for future mechanistic studies and in the development of breast implant CC biomarkers.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL TYPE "WRITER"

The article attempts to classify writers the linguistic and cultural type of writer. The relevance of the study of the linguistic and cultural type of writer is determined by the signifi cance of writers in the development of the culture of a particular people, as well as the world cultural heritage in general. Based on the modeling of linguistic and cultural types, an analysis of the components of the type presented for research is carried out. The con-ceptual component is represented by the study of dictionary entries, as well as the defi nition of lexemes included in the semantic field of the criterion. The fi gurative and associative features inherent in writers are considered. The axiological side of the linguistic and cultural type of writer is represented by the value guidelines of the writer’s creative activity. Writing activity is a subject-object relationship, where the subject is the author of the work, and the object is the result of his creativity. Also included in this scheme is the reader, who, depending on the position of consideration, can be both an object and a subject. Thus, we have identifi ed two categories of criteria: subjective and objective. The subjective components of the linguistic and cultural type of writer include the following criteria: talent, fame, signifi cance, professionalism. The category of object components of the linguistic and cultural type of a writer includes two criteria: the type and genre of literature, as well as the author’s target audience. The criteria "talent", "fame" and “professionalism” are presented in the form of dichotomies, that is, components that are mutu-ally exclusive. A dichotomous approach to classifying the components of the linguistic and cultural type of writer expands the concept of writer and also allows us to clarify its defi nition. As a result of the study, it was revealed that, regarding the volume of components of the object category of criteria, two components are distinguished — gift and glory. The completeness and complexity of the criteria allow us to draw a conclusion about the importance of the “fame” component for American linguistic culture. In addition, this allows us to make an assumption about the uni-versal nature of the "gift" criterion as characteristic of the linguistic and cultural type of writer in diff erent cultures.

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Competing Endogenous RNA Regulatory Network to Identify Biological Functional Effects of Genes and Pathways Associated with Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle.

Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes huge economic losses and reduces animal welfare in dairy cattle herds worldwide. At present, molecular mechanisms and biological functions involved in immune responses to MAP infection of dairy cattle are not clearly understood. Our purpose was to integrate transcriptomic profiles and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analyses to identify key messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and regulatory RNAs involved in molecular regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for MAP infection in dairy cattle. In total, 28 lncRNAs, 42 miRNAs, and 370 mRNAs were identified by integrating gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. In this regard, we identified 21 hub genes (CCL20, CCL5, CD40, CSF2, CXCL8, EIF2AK2, FOS, IL10, IL17A, IL1A, IL1B, IRF1, MX2, NFKB1, NFKBIA, PTGS2, SOCS3, TLR4, TNF, TNFAIP3, and VCAM1) involved in MAP infection. Furthermore, eight candidate subnets with eight lncRNAs, 29 miRNAs, and 237 mRNAs were detected through clustering analyses, whereas GO enrichment analysis of identified RNAs revealed 510, 22, and 11 significantly enriched GO terms related to MAP infection in biological process, molecular function, and cellular component categories, respectively. The main metabolic-signaling pathways related to MAP infection that were enriched included the immune system process, defense response, response to cytokine, leukocyte migration, regulation of T cell activation, defense response to bacterium, NOD-like receptor, B cell receptor, TNF, NF-kappa B, IL-17, and T cell receptor signaling pathways. Contributions of transcriptome profiles from MAP-positive and MAP-negative sample groups plus a ceRNA regulatory network underlying phenotypic differences in the intensity of pathogenicity of JD provided novel insights into molecular mechanisms associated with immune system responses to MAP infection in dairy cattle.

The Correlation of the Concept of «Traditional Spiritual and Moral Values» and the Foundations of the Constitutional System of the Russian Federation as a Semantic Issue of Russian Statehood for Public Discourse

The paper presents the author’s viewpoint and assessment of existing attempts in public discourse to reflect on the current situation of society and the state through the choice of an ideological paradigm, interpretations of the relationship between the concept of «traditional spiritual and moral values» and the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The author presents semantic, substantive meaning of this question and a scientifically based answer thereto, including for the discipline «Fundamentals of Russian statehood» that was introduced into the universities curricula. It is concluded that «traditional spiritual and moral values» is essentially a framework. Not being a rigid, once and for all established construct, it experiences a modification of its content, expression, semantic accents as society develops and strives for a meaningful basis, which is the universal, supra-constitutional values of human society, which have found consolidation in the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Therefore, at the present stage there are no grounds for contrasting these categories. The author substantiates the viewpoint according to which it is logical to correlate the concepts under consideration based on the idea of constitutional patriotism. Awareness of the potential of the idea of constitutional patriotism as a civic value, its social and personal internalization and transfer to the category of an integral component of the identity of a citizen of the Russian Federation is named as the desired result of social development.

A Computer Vision Engineering Management System for Automated Defect Detection in Electronic Components Manufacturing

Traditional digital image processing techniques face problems such as complex feature extraction and weak robustness when dealing with surface defects of multiple categories of electronic components. Deep learning is widely used in industrial defect detection. However, the performance of electronic component defect detection at the pixel segmentation level needs to be improved. For pixel-level defect detection, this paper constructs a defect detection model (ECSDDNet) for electronic component surface defects in computer vision engineering management system. To improve the segmentation accuracy and detection effect, three stages of experiments are conducted to address mis-segmentation problems and the shortcomings of the Unet network structure. Firstly, a classification network that can perform weight transfer is used to replace the encoding structure in the Unet network. Secondly, a simplified version of the feature fusion is proposed and added to the skip connection of the Unet network. Finally, label smoothing is used to optimize the loss and improve the generalization of the network. After the optimization experiment, some noisy contours and small defect contours that are mis-segmented are removed. Experimental results show that ECSDDNet has good segmentation effects on electronic component surface defects and can meet the segmentation and detection needs of electronic component surface defects.

Transcriptome Analysis of Stigmas of Vicia faba L. Flowers.

Pollination in angiosperms depends on complex communication between pollen grains and stigmas, classified as wet or dry, depending on the presence or absence of secretions at the stigma surface, respectively. In species with wet stigma, the cuticle is disrupted and the presence of exudates is indicative of their receptivity. Most stigma studies are focused on a few species and families, many of them with self-incompatibility systems. However, there is scarce knowledge about the stigma composition in Fabaceae, the third angiosperm family, whose stigmas have been classified as semidry. Here we report the first transcriptome profiling and DEGs of Vicia faba L. styles and stigmas from autofertile (flowers able to self-fertilize in the absence of manipulation, whose exudate is released spontaneously) and autosterile (flowers that need to be manipulated to break the cuticle and release the exudates to be receptive) inbred lines. From the 76,269 contigs obtained from the de novo assembly, only 45.1% of the sequences were annotated with at least one GO term. A total of 115,920, 75,489, and 70,801 annotations were assigned to Biological Process (BP), Cellular Component (CC), and Molecular Function (MF) categories, respectively, and 5918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the autofertile and the autosterile lines. Among the most enriched metabolic pathways in the DEGs subset were those related with amino acid biosynthesis, terpenoid metabolism, or signal transduction. Some DEGs have been related with previous QTLs identified for autofertility traits, and their putative functions are discussed. The results derived from this work provide an important transcriptomic reference for style-stigma processes to aid our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in faba bean fertilization.

Automated geometric quality inspection for modular boxes using BIM and LiDAR

Modular integrated construction (MiC) offers high construction quality and efficiency. Currently, geometric quality inspections for modular boxes are conducted manually. Therefore, based on BIM and LiDAR, this study proposes an automated inspection approach for outer wall surfaces and rebars of modular boxes. To extract the targeted modular boxes from complex construction sites, a novel method using scanning stations and ray casting algorithm is introduced. The point clouds of different modular boxes are then recognized and segmented into different component categories based on the pairwise registration with as-designed data. Ultimately, a reference plane-based method is proposed to automatically measure the flatness of outer wall surfaces (FOW) and protruding length of rebars (PLR). Experiments on four modular boxes show an accuracy with errors of 2.6 mm for FOW and 2.8 mm for PLR, showing the potential for enhanced quality control and efficiency of modular construction industry.

Seismic performance of buildings during the magnitude 7.3 Kermanshah, Iran earthquake

In this paper, the findings and data of a large-scale reconnaissance mission following the November 12, 2017, M7.3 Kermanshah earthquake near the Iran-Iraq border are presented. The earthquake affected multiple cities in both countries and led to widespread damage and notable casualties and fatalities. The highest peak ground acceleration was recorded in Sarpol-e Zahab at 0.7g. As part of two trips, the data on nearly 1200 buildings in eight cities were collected by devising a sampling scheme to maximize the coverage of the survey, which was then employed to compile regional damage statistics. The spatial distribution of damage is presented for the entire region as well as various cities and neighborhoods in each city. The damage statistics are also disaggregated based on structural building, occupancies, and risk categories. The damage sustained by various categories of building components and contents is also assessed. In addition, the damage at the component level is closely examined for the structural and nonstructural components of severely damaged buildings to reveal the underlying causes that root in poor construction practices, lax enforcement of the building code, and inadequate seismic design provisions. Finally, the damage to hospitals in the region is investigated. This data, which can be augmented through a similar approach in the aftermath of probable future earthquakes, is key in calibrating the regional risk and resilience analysis of communities.

Sentiment analysis applied to tourism: exploring tourist-generated content in the case of a wellness tourism destination

ABSTRACT Sentiment analysis of content generated by tourists through social media platforms can be used to generate knowledge about a wellness tourism destination. The present research aims to explore the content generated by tourist reviews, analyse the sentiments about a wellness tourism destination made in comments on hotels, evaluate the sentiment of tourists towards the various components of this kind of destination, and identify the motivations for tourists to look for wellness tourism destinations, such as the Algarve. The analysis of the reviews of the tourism components demonstrates tourists’ opinions about the wellness destination and also grades the infrastructure facilities and the highlighted services for the categories of this type of tourism. In attaining the objectives of this study, quantitative methods were used to review 1294 comments extracted from TripAdvisor, to which text mining algorithms were applied to assess the sentiment expressed in the comments. The results show that the three keywords most frequently used for all component categories in the Algarve wellness destinations are “great”, “love” and “visit”, and also reveal that a hotel providing spa and massage services in the tourist wellness destination mainly satisfies the desires of a tourist.

De novo assembly-based transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible potato varieties to Phytophthora infestans

AbstractAn effective tool for discovering differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to late blight (LB) resistance is the transcriptome sequencing of potatoes. The aim of this study was to compare transcriptome expression analysis in incompatible and compatible interactions via high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to screen a large number of specific transcription factors (TFs) and DEGs linked to Phytophthora infestans infection. Two locally cultivated potato varieties were chosen from evaluation assays conducted in two consecutive seasons and based on the disease severity (DS) values. These varieties were the highly resistant Jelly (HR) to P. infestans and the moderately susceptible Annabelle (MS). Ribonucleic acid-sequencing (RNA-seq) was achieved for the two varieties with their controls through the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform. The RNA-seq analysis identified P. infestans-responsive genes and their expression in potatoes. The mechanism of the response of these cultivars to the P. infestans pathogen by TFs and DEG genes, which play an important role in defense response, was investigated. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis classified 46,248 unigenes in the HR and 26,921 unigenes in MS into the following three categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular functions. More genes were responsible for the cellular component category, biological process, and molecular functions in HR compared to MS. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the significantly enriched DEGs were included in the plant–pathogen interaction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and ribosome. In addition, 1874 transcription factor genes belonging to 85 families were indicated in the DEGs, of which MYB and AP2-EREBP genes were the most abundant. Besides, multiple genes related to LB resistance showed differential expression during infection. It also sheds light on the molecular mechanisms behind potato resistance to P. infestans infection.

Niemieckie i polskie nazwy szkół wyższych w ujęciu języko- i przekładoznawczym (XX i XXI wiek)

GERMAN AND POLISH NAMES OF HIGHER SCHOOLS FROM A LINGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES) The present paper is an attempt to describe the nomination usus (namegiving linguistic custom) regarding higher schools of the German-speaking area on the one hand, and of the Polish-speaking one on the other. The specific semantic categories of nominal components correspond to grammatical realisations, which are subject to certain structural constraints, as well as exhibit more and less typical forms. Informed by such observations – initiated by Jan Iluk’s overview paper [2000] and refined by an analysis of much broader material, encompassing Austrian and Swiss names as well – I tried to show the name-giving possibilities and tendencies in this field in both German and Polish, mainly with a view to a translation-related application of such contrastive analysis. The findings presented here, based on the material of a considerable number of higher school names in the examined area and combined with the presentation of about 100 German and some 45 Polish examples (provided with translations), should help both in evaluating already published equivalents, hardly ever official in the case of German, and proposing one’s own ones – also because of the non-existence of given equivalents in publications, be it only Internet-based ones.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of the soybean pod borer: insights into larval transcriptional response to transgenic soybean expressing the pesticidal Cry1Ac protein

BackgroundGenetically modified (GM) crop plants with transgenic expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pesticidal proteins are used to manage feeding damage by pest insects. The durability of this technology is threatened by the selection for resistance in pest populations. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in insect physiological response or evolution of resistance to Bt is not fully understood.ResultsTo investigate the response of a susceptible target insect to Bt, the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was exposed to soybean, Glycine max, expressing Cry1Ac pesticidal protein or the non-transgenic parental cultivar. Assessment of larval changes in gene expression was facilitated by a third-generation sequenced and scaffolded chromosome-level assembly of the L. glycinivorella genome (657.4 Mb; 27 autosomes + Z chromosome), and subsequent structural annotation of 18,197 RefSeq gene models encoding 23,735 putative mRNA transcripts. Exposure of L. glycinivorella larvae to transgenic Cry1Ac G. max resulted in prediction of significant differential gene expression for 204 gene models (64 up- and 140 down-regulated) and differential splicing among isoforms for 10 genes compared to unexposed cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included putative peritrophic membrane constituents, orthologs of Bt receptor-encoding genes previously linked or associated with Bt resistance, and those involved in stress responses. Putative functional Gene Ontology (GO) annotations assigned to DEGs were significantly enriched for 36 categories at GO level 2, respectively. Most significantly enriched cellular component (CC), biological process (BP), and molecular function (MF) categories corresponded to vacuolar and microbody, transport and metabolic processes, and binding and reductase activities. The DEGs in enriched GO categories were biased for those that were down-regulated (≥ 0.783), with only MF categories GTPase and iron binding activities were bias for up-regulation genes.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into pathways and processes involved larval response to Bt intoxication, which may inform future unbiased investigations into mechanisms of resistance that show no evidence of alteration in midgut receptors.