Component Analysis Method Research Articles

An Assessment of Soil Quality and Agricultural Production Status in the Alluvial Soil Region: A Case Study in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal, India

Soil refers to the upper layer of the Earth’s surface, which is made up of a mixture of organic residues, clay, and rock particles, and that's where plants grow. The soil quality is the environmental aspect that is most significant in agricultural activities, as well as for the concern of the safety of agricultural produces. At present-day, soil quality assessment becomes the most important issue because of the raising food security awareness. This study was assessed in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal, India, to quantify soil quality using the weighted Soil Quality Index (SQI) approach. For this assessment, the soil-related data were collected from the Soil Health Card (SHC) of the Agricultural Development Offices in all blocks of Koch Bihar and then analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and expert opinion (EO) method. The weights of the selected soil quality indicators were determined using the integrated Fuzzy-AHP model. According to this method, 12 indicators, i.e., soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content, potassium content, phosphors content, soil texture, the groundwater level in the winter season, cropping intensity, and drainage frequency were considered based on literature review. The SQI assessment was done accordingly for each spatial unit (Block), and the spatial variability of the soil quality map was produced by GIS spatial analysis module. The findings may aid in promoting non-harmful produce production, the provision of scientific data for agricultural structure adjustment, and the maintenance of agricultural sustainability.

Антонимические отношения фразеологических соматизмов английского и немецкого языков (на примере фразеологизмов с семантикой «речевая деятельность»)

This paper studies English and German phraseological units with somatic components, taking into account one of the aspects of systemic paradigmatic relations of phraseological units, namely, antonymy. Phraseological units expressing human speech activity are analysed in both languages. Somatic phraseological units are most interesting linguistic phenomena; many linguists have been studying them. This research is important and relevant due to the need for a detailed study into the paradigmatic relations of English and German phraseological units with somatic components from the perspective of the anthropocentric approach, which allows us to identify the similarities and differences between the two linguistic worldviews. Within the framework of this research, the descriptive and the comparative methods were used, as well as the method of component analysis. In addition, author’s classification (A.E. Guseva) of phraseological antonyms is presented. The main antonymic chains of German and English phraseological units containing somatisms associated with speech activity were identified; a quantitative analysis of the fullness of these chains was carried out, indicating the specific features of the linguistic worldviews under study. Having compared English and German somatic phraseological units, we revealed a number of common features, which indicates similarity of the conceptual spheres of the two nations. Further, structural similarities between English and German units under study were established. In terms of theoretical significance, this research enhances our insight into the similarities and differences between German and English phraseological units with various somatic components; the practical importance is determined by the possibility of creating a fragment of а thesaurus of German and English phraseological units with somatic components.

Comparing protein\u2013protein interaction networks of SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza using topological features

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic first emerged in late 2019 in China. It has since infected more than 298 million individuals and caused over 5 million deaths globally. The identification of essential proteins in a protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) is not only crucial in understanding the process of cellular life but also useful in drug discovery. There are many centrality measures to detect influential nodes in complex networks. Since SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza PPINs pose 553 common human proteins. Analyzing influential proteins and comparing these networks together can be an effective step in helping biologists for drug-target prediction. We used 21 centrality measures on SARS-CoV-2 and (H1N1) influenza PPINs to identify essential proteins. We applied principal component analysis and unsupervised machine learning methods to reveal the most informative measures. Appealingly, some measures had a high level of contribution in comparison to others in both PPINs, namely Decay, Residual closeness, Markov, Degree, closeness (Latora), Barycenter, Closeness (Freeman), and Lin centralities. We also investigated some graph theory-based properties like the power law, exponential distribution, and robustness. Both PPINs tended to properties of scale-free networks that expose their nature of heterogeneity. Dimensionality reduction and unsupervised learning methods were so effective to uncover appropriate centrality measures.

Psychological and pedagogical features: the use of digital technology in a blended learning environment

The article highlights the problems of the digitalization of the educational process, which affect the pedagogical cluster and are of a psychological nature. The authors investigate the transformational changes in education in general and the individual beliefs of each subject of the educational process, caused by both the change in the format of learning (distance, mixed), and the use of new technologies (digital, communication). The purpose of the article is to identify the strategic trend of the educational process, which is a synergistic combination of pedagogical methodology and psychological practice and avoiding dialectical opposition of these components of the educational space. At the same time, it should be noted that the introduction of digital technologies in the educational process allows for short-term difficulties, which is a usual phenomenon for innovations in the educational sphere. Consequently, there is a need to differentiate the fundamental problems and temporary shortcomings that are inherent in the new format of learning (pedagogical features). Based on the awareness of this classification, it is necessary to develop psychological techniques that will prevent a negative reaction to the new models of learning and contribute to a painless moral and spiritual adaptation to the realities of the present (psychological characteristics). The methods used in the study are divided into two main groups: general-scientific, which investigates the pedagogical component (synergetic, analysis, structural and typological methods), and general-scientific, which are characterized by psychological direction (dialectics, observation, and comparative analysis). With the help of methods disclosed psychological and pedagogical features of the process of digitalization of education in a mixed learning environment. The result of the study is to develop and carry out methodological constants that will contribute to the synergy for the new pedagogical components (digital technology) and the psychological disposition to their proper use (awareness of the effectiveness of new technologies). So, the digitalization of education has demonstrated its relevance and effectiveness in the pedagogical dimension in the organization of blended and distance learning under the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic. The task of the psychological cluster is to substantiate the positive aspects of the digitalization of the educational process.

A Small Leak Detection and Localization Method for Oil Pipelines Based on Improved Robust Principle Component Analysis

Abstract When there is a small leak in the oil pipeline, their susceptibility to the influence of external noise prevents their detection based on the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) method, which does not consider the matrix of dense noise. Thus, to solve this problem, leak detection and localization method based on an improved robust principal component analysis (IRPCA) for pipelines is proposed. By solving a convex optimization function, this method can remove the dense noise contained in the collected data and improve the efficiency of small leak detection. In addition, the collected leakage data is analyzed. Leak detection is monitored by the combined index D2, which is a combined indicator that is composed of Hotelling’s T2 statistic and the SPE statistic. The experimental results show that the missing and false leak detection accuracies of the combined index D2 are much higher than those of the Hotelling’s T2 statistic and the SPE statistic separately. Furthermore, it verifies that the small leak localization method proposed in this paper has a good effect.

FUNCTIONING OF THE NAMES OF THE SEASONS IN THE ASPECT OF AESTHETIC CATEGORIES REFLECTION (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF POETIC WORKS OF THE XX–XXI CENTURIES)

Purpose. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning of the names of the seasons in Russian poetry of the XX–XXI centuries. The relevance of this work is due to the insufficient elaboration of a number of issues concerning the aesthetic potential of linguistic units, including temporal lexemes denoting the seasons, as well as the need to describe them as significant elements of a literary text. The purpose of the study is to analyze the data of temporal words in the aspect of reflection of aesthetic categories.
 Materials and methods. The research material was the texts of poetic works of the XX–XXI centuries, collected and systematized on the basis of a sample from the National Corpus of the Russian language. For the purposes of the study, such basic methods as observation, classification, generalization, descriptive-analytical, component analysis method were used.
 Results. The analysis of the linguistic material showed that the names of the seasons are used to reflect only two aesthetic categories, i.e., the beautiful and the sublime. At the same time, most of the examples relate to the description of the beauty of the landscape.
 Practical implications. The conclusions obtained in the course of the study can be used in teaching university courses on lexicology, linguoculturology and philological analysis of poetic speech.

Специфика перевода англоязычных ботанических наименований на русский язык (на материале официальных названий суккулентных растений подсемейства Агавовые)

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of translating English-language botanical names into the Russian language drawing on the example of the names of succulent plants of the Agave subfamily (Agavoideae), Agave genus. The topicality of the research is conditioned by the importance of the study of names of house plants (in particular, belonging to the Agave subfamily) due to their growing popularity and demand. A selection of the English- and Russian-language terminological and nomenclature units of the field of botany – species names of Agave has served as the research material, taking into account their etymology (origin), with a total volume of more than 640 units (270 units in the English language and more than 370 corresponding translation variants) selected by the continuous selection method from various electronic and printed sources, including dictionaries and glossaries, monographs, web portals on botanical topics. It is alleged that from more than 300 species of Agave described, but currently scientists have officially recognized only about 200 species, while their names require unification and standardization. In the course of work, a thematic classification of terms and nomens in the modern English and Russian languages has been conducted highlighting the key aspects of the nomination process and four thematic groups based on them, as well as a comparative analysis has been carried out determining the specifics of the translation of the selected terms and nomens from English into Russian. The methods of research of the English- and Russian-language terminological and nomenclature units of the botanical sphere include the method of continuous selection method, methods of component and definitional analysis, the method of etymological analysis, as well as methods of quantitative estimation. Within the framework of the work, it has been revealed that for 270 selected terminological and nomenclature units, there are 144 terminological elements of Latin origin, 47 term elements of Greek origin, units of Spanish, Portuguese and English origin are less represented; 74 terminological elements-proper names – surnames of famous botanists and discoverers, 50 terminological elements-proper names – geographical names; 11 terminological elements – local folk names of plants. It has been determined that two terminological elements of the same language are most often combined (Lat. + Lat. / Greek + Greek), there are only a few cases of a combination of terminological elements of Greek and Latin origin. Transcoding (transliteration and/or transcription, 270 cases) is the most frequent way of translating species names of agaves as the most universal method of translation, but it cannot transmit salient features that form the basis of the nomination. Calquing (full or partial) or its combination with transcoding (86 and 93 cases, respectively) are less often used in translation process, the selection of an analogue is even less often used translation method (23 cases). There is an obvious need to standardize the names of Agave species, to develop nomination models for new house (Agave) plants.

Вербализация соматики: параязык благодарности (по данным корпусной лингвистики)

The article is devoted to the study of paralinguistic means of expressing gratitude. The purpose of the article is to establish the place of body language in a number of sign languages when expressing gratitude and to describe the verbalization of its acoustic and somatic signs. The work used the methods of semantic, component, contextual and conceptual analysis, with the help of which the means of verbal embodiment of paralanguage signs of gratitude were investigated. The material for the research was the data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. It is established that gratitude as an ethical category and moral feeling, along with verbal, also receives its bodily expression and is a semiotic phenomenon – a sign, the expression plan of which is also formed by “body language” – facial expressions and gestures, physiological manifestations, as well as behavioral acts. Paralinguistic means of expressing gratitude in a situation of real communication most often accompany verbal expressions of gratitude. Gratitude as a moral feeling is universal, but the means of its expression are specific and to a large extent ethnoculturally determined. Acoustic symbolic means of expressing gratitude are non-articulated voluntary and involuntary sounds: intonation and timbre of the voice, crying, sobbing, laughing, screaming, grunting, singing and applause. The paralanguage of gratitude in the field of kinetics is represented by facial expressions, gestures, body movements, physiological reactions and ritualized actions. Body signs of gratitude in the paralanguage of everyday communication are nonspecific: they are mostly signs of manifestation of love, sympathy, respect and reverence, interpreted as signs of gratitude exclusively situationally, and the semiotic system of sign language of everyday communication is secondary and only complements the primary, sound system. In mind and in language, gratitude exists in indissoluble unity with ingratitude, where it opposes both “simple ingratitude” – indifference, and “black ingratitude”, where indifference is replaced by hostility. The zero form of expression also extends to the kinetics of “simple ingratitude”, which is marked by the absence of any paralinguistic signs of positive emotional manifestations, while “black ingratitude” is also expressed by bodily signs of hostility.

Counterfeit fifty Ringgit Malaysian banknotes authentication using novel graph-based chemometrics method

Counterfeiting, in particular, the forgery of banknotes is a serious crime problem and has become a great challenge to the global economies. The forensic science experts have been utilizing chemical technique such as infrared spectroscopy to analyze genuine and counterfeit banknotes. Nevertheless, chemometrics techniques are required to further discriminate the banknotes. In this paper, an advanced fuzzy graph chemometrics method is used to discriminate genuine and counterfeit fifty Ringgit Malaysian (RM50) banknotes. The development of the technique, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS) is presented in this paper, together with the results and its comparison to principal component analysis (PCA) method. The results from the c-FACS analysis showed distinct patterns and features of the counterfeit banknotes in the c-FACS plot. Furthermore, the new method is faster than PCA in authentication analysis of counterfeit banknotes. Hence, the c-FACS provides better performance in terms of computing time as compared to PCA, and has the potential in assisting the investigation involving counterfeit banknotes.

NAMES OF SOME WIDESPREAD SHRUBS IN THE FINNO-UGRIC LANGUAGES (JUNIPER, HAZEL, BIRD CHERRY)

In this paper, the author examines the names of widespread shrubs in the Finno-Ugric languages. Since natural and climatic conditions including flora in the places of residence of the Ugric peoples (Khanty, Mansi, Hungarians) are significantly different from those of the peoples who speak languages of the Finno-Permic branch, this article mainly discusses the plant names of Finno-Permic languages (Baltic-Finnic, Mordvin, Mari and Permic). The plants included in this study are juniper, hazel and bird cherry. The aim of this paper is to examine all folk names of these shrubs as a group of nominal vocabulary, to study the origin and territorial distribution of phytonyms, as well as the nomination of shrubs in the Finno-Permic languages. The Finno-Ugric folk names of shrubs are numerous and in most cases have been formed separately in every language. This trend is more typical for the names of herbaceous plants, while the names of trees are usually older and fewer in number. Zoosemisms (animals’ names) are found in the complex names of shrubs; most often they are the names of dogs and goats, but in the names of the shrubs considered in this article we could only find zoosemisms with the meanings ‛bear’ and ‛magpie’. For this article, the material was collected by the method of controlled selection of vocabulary in printed publications (lexicographic and other works). The study of lexis is carried out by descriptive and comparative-historical methods. When studying the nomination of plants, the method of component analysis and the method of semantic analysis are used. In total, the study includes more than one hundred and fifty different folk phytonyms (including phonetic variations), most of which are complex nouns, usually consisting of two components. The origin of these names is determined fairly accurately in almost all cases, including the cases of borrowing. For the convenience of semantic analysis, all the phytonyms examined are combined into lexical-semantic nests corresponding to nomination models. A total of 24 such nests have been allocated.

Analysis on the Difference of Agricultural Mechanization Level in Main Grain Producing Areas

Promoting agricultural mechanization is not only the practical requirement of developing China's agricultural economy, but also the only way of China's agricultural modernization. This paper makes an empirical study on the difference of agricultural mechanization level among 13 provinces in China's main grain producing areas by using the method of principal component analysis. The results show that among the main grain producing areas, Shandong Province has the highest level of agricultural mechanization, Henan Province and Anhui Province are close behind, and Jiangxi province lags behind slightly. On this basis, from the aspects of economic development efficiency, suitable operation level of agricultural machinery and the development of agricultural machinery service system, this paper analyzes the reasons restricting the development of agricultural mechanization level in main grain producing areas, and puts forward some policies to improve the level of Agricultural Mechanization in main grain producing areas, such as consolidating the economic foundation of agricultural machinery development, strengthening the research and development of characteristic agricultural machinery and perfecting the supporting service policies of agricultural machinery.

Source Apportionment of Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals Based on PMF Model and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

The safety of human health and agricultural production depends on quality of farmland soil. Multivariate statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) have revealed source apportionment of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in a farmland soil of Wenzhou, Zhejiang. The results showed significantly enriched Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in this area. The results from Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) methods have identified both natural sources (Cr and Ni) and anthropogenic sources (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). The PMF model in combination with spatial distribution of six heavy metals, have confirmed that Cd and Zn were predominantly from agricultural sources; Cr and Ni were attributed to natural sources; Pb and Zn were originated from mixed sources of transportation and industry. The Cu was derived from atmospheric deposition. The Multivariate statistical method has qualitatively identified pollution sources, and then combined with quantitative calculation of PMF model. The two methods have verified each other, which has improved feasibility of source apportionment results. This study could provide a reference in preventing and controlling soil pollution effectively from source for local authorities.

АРХАИЧНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА В РОМАНЕ «ВЛАСТЕЛИН КОЛЕЦ: БРАТСТВО КОЛЬЦА» КАК ОСОБЕННОСТЬ ИДИОСТИЛЯ ДЖ.Р.Р. ТОЛКИНА

Statement of the problem. The vocabulary of a particular language is constantly updated, getting rid of redundant words, and simultaneously, enriching with new lexical units. The process of word obsolescence is a complex phenomenon, the result of which may be its gradual disappearance. Apart from sporadic cases of reactivation of passive vocabulary, most of the words from the obsolete vocabulary are gradually forgotten, eventually becoming completely incomprehensible to native speakers. Archaic words belong to the field of vocabulary, which is characterized by mobility and changeable sphere of use in any language. The most vivid manifestation of author’s style is in deviation from the literary norm of the language when the writer actively searches for the new linguistic forms or reinterprets archaic ones. One of the urgent problems in modern linguistics is the writer’s influence on the language he uses as the most important element of his individual style. The language of a literary work as a way of conveying content, is not only correlated, but also connected with this content; the lexicon depends on the content and on the author’s attitude towards it. The purpose of the article is to identify the role of archaisms in the formation of the individual J.R.R. Tolkien’s style on the example of the novel “The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring”. Methodology is as follows: method of linguistic description, component analysis method, methods of lexicographic and contextual analysis. Conclusion. The modern trend of studying individual style of a writer is based on the principle that every literary work has certain specific features which characterize the writer’s style. The analysis of the language material reveals the fact that J. R. R. Tolkien’s individual style dictionary includes a large number of obsolete words as a hallmark of his individual style. The suggested passages clearly show how the writer uses morphological features in combination with poetic and archaic vocabulary to model the represented reality. The motivated selection of certain lexical units is dictated by the content and genre of the work and includes the use of archaizing syntactic structures, the entire spectrum of obsolete vocabulary, poetic words, author’s neologisms.

Метафоризация лексики, принадлежащей концептуальным сферам ИНДУСТРИЯ и КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ (на материале английского биологического научно-популярного дискурса)

The article considers how the conceptual metaphor functions in biological popular science English discourse. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the correlation between the target domain represented by all branches of Biology (biological popular science discourse) and the INDUSTRY and INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domains by examining a plethora of metaphoric expressions constituting them. By using continuous sampling method, as well as methods of conceptual and component analysis, the author considers metaphorical expressions which constitute the source domains. This paper analyses the lexical units from English and American popular science articles on Biology in order to identify the conceptual grounds which underlie the conceptual mappings between the target and source domains. In this paper we combine the approaches of Russian and Western linguistic traditions (Chudinov, Lakoff). The modern approach to metaphor, developed in the beginning of the 20th century and combining the embodied and communicative approaches (B. Hampe), is also examined. The works of the Russian linguists dedicated to the linguistic picture of the world (V. Maslova, N. Zanegina) are covered as well. The data (2 410 metaphorical expressions) confirm that the majority of the secondary meanings developed by the lexemes under analysis show a sharp contrast with their primary (basic) meanings. The obtained results prove that the metaphoric expressions belonging to the INDUSTRY domain seem to be less frequent in comparison to the INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domain, which allows to build up a detailed thesaurus and a large number of contexts. Furthermore, the results help to discover that the most common target domains to describe this type of discourse happen to be cells, fungi, plants and some genetic material. This can be explained by the close attention to the most imperceptible processes that happen on the molecular level.

A deep learning method DCWR with HANet for stock market prediction using news articles

Stock movement prediction is a challenging problem to analyze in both academic and financial research areas. The advancement of deep learning (DL) techniques has grasped the attention of researchers to employ them for predicting the stock market’s future trends. Few frameworks can understand the financial terms in literature, and the volatile nature of stock markets further complicates this process. This paper has tried to overcome the existing challenges by introducing a DL-based framework using financial news articles to forecast the stock market. After performing preprocessing step, the deep contextualized word representation (DCWR) approach is applied for feature extraction. In the next step, the independent component analysis (ICA) method is used for feature reduction. Finally, the resultant features train the hierarchical attention networks (HANet) classifier to predict the stock movements. The proposed scheme is evaluated over the 7 years of data from a publicly available dataset gathered from the Reuter’s website and attained an average prediction accuracy of 92.5% which shows our framework’s robustness.

Distribution and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils at Different Distances and Depths around Three Power Plants in Bijie, Guizhou Province

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) optimally controlled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were investigated. Three representative coal-fired power plants were selected as the research areas in Bijie, Guizhou Province, and 24 soil samples were collected totally from power plants at different depths and at different distances from the point pollution sources (plants). The physicochemical properties and microbial characteristics of the soil from the three power plants were also studied. The results showed that 16 PAHs were detected in all soils of the three power plants, with total concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 12.2 mg kg−1, and that PAHs in the soils were mainly 2, 3 rings with percentages ranging from 42% to 82%. The proportions of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were higher near the contaminated plants. Moreover, since they were easily dispersed further away with atmospheric transfer, the proportions of lighter LMW PAHs were also higher far from the point source, while the proportions of heavier high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were higher at some distance from the point source. In addition, the distribution patterns of PAHs in the soil at different depths were slightly different because the microbial activity in the surface soil at each sampling site was greater than that in the deeper soil, and the leaching behavior of each compound was different. Finally, based on the principal component analysis (PCA) method, coal combustion is not the only source of PAHs in soils from power plants, and vehicle emissions cannot be negligible.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN TEBAL PERKERASAN LENTUR METODE ANALISA KOMPONEN BINA MARGA DENGAN METODE DESAIN PERKERASAN JALAN MDPJ 2017 ( STUDI KASUS : JALAN KURAI MUDIAK LIKI SULIKI )

Road infrastructure development has an important role as a supporter of social and economic activities in the community. However, there are still areas in West Sumatra, one of which is on Road Kurai Mudiak Liki, 50 Regency. Road Kurai is a connecting road between villages in the 50 Regency District which is still in the form of land and has a narrow width. In an effort to improve the condition of the Kurai road, it is necessary to plan for the highway by taking into account the vehicle load, weather, pavement material and soil carrying capacity. The bearing capacity of the subgrade is determined by the value of the California Bearing Ratio which greatly determines the thickness of the pavement layer because it will become the flexible pavement foundation that will be planned. Meanwhile, vehicular traffic, vehicle dimensions and payload will cause a compressive force on the vehicle axle which is supported on the road pavement which is channeled to the subgrade which is also an important reference in determining the thickness of the pavement. This study aims to determine the planning of flexible pavement thickness using the SKBI component analysis method 2.3.26.1987 and the 2017 Road Pavement Design Method No. 02/M/BM/2017 on Road Kurai Mudiak Liki Suliki. To find out which method is stronger for traffic load. The higher the traffic load, the thickness of each layer is important. Based on the calculation results of the two methods, the results obtained in the Component Analysis Method, namely Laston = 11.25 cm, Upper Foundation Layer = 15cm, Lower Foundation Layer = 20cm, and Road Pavement Design Method 2017 obtained calculation results AC-WC = 4 cm, AC-BC4 =6cm, AC-BC or AC Base =7.5cm, CTB3=15cm, Class A Aggregate Foundation=15cm.Keywords: Component Analysis Method, Road Pavement Design Method 2017, Road Kurai Mudiak Liki Suliki

Lockdown Stringency and an Assessment of the Trajectory of COVID-19 Pandemic in India*

Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020, countries across the world have imposed lockdowns to curtail transmission of the disease. The objective of the present article is to use statistical tools to assess how lockdown policies and stringency affected the spread of the pandemic in India. The method of principal component analysis is used for dimensionality reduction and to track the trajectory of the pandemic in the two-dimensional space. The analysis identifies four phases in the trajectory of the pandemic. A composite measure of the pandemic is constructed to see how it correlates with the stringency index. While results show a negative and statistically significant relationship between the composite index of the pandemic and the stringency index over the entire period of the study, the phase-wise analysis gives useful insights. In particular, the phase in which the pandemic index declined even as stringency index declined and the phase of sudden onset of second wave with a consequent increase in stringency measures indicate the need for policies for better management of the pandemic. Tracking new epidemiological variants of the virus and geographically localized stringency measures rather than national level lockdowns are possible ways to balance health and economy.

Perbandingan Konstruksi Perkerasan Lentur Dan Perkerasan Kaku Pada Jalan Gulang-Gulang Dusun Koto Kota Sawah Lunto Sta 0+000 – 0+500 Km

The results of the flexible pavement analysis on Jalan Gulang-Gulang Dusun Koto, Sawahlunto City are based on Component Analysis Method SKBI-2.3.26.1987 are Surface Course (Laston MS 744) 6 cm thick, Base Course (Batu Broken class A) 20 cm thick, Sub base Course (Sirtu Class A) 25 cm thick, while the rigid pavement "AASHTO 1993 method" is a concrete pavement with a thickness of 30 cm and a thin concrete foundation layer (LC) with a thickness of 10 cm. The analysis uses continuous concrete pavement with reinforcement with a plate thickness of 30 cm using shoulders and using D10-20 cm reinforcement for longitudinal and transverse directions. The dowel is installed with D-36 reinforcement with a length of 45 cm, a distance of 30 cm, while the tie bar is installed with D-16 BJTU-24 threaded steel reinforcement with a length of 30 cm. while the tie bar is installed with D-16 BJTU-24 threaded steel reinforcement with a length of 700 mm and a distance of 75 cm. The cost of rigid pavement construction is Rp. 3,039,054,000, - with skinny concrete (LC) specifications of K-175 kg/cm2 and cement concrete layer of K-250 kg/cm2, flexible pavement is Rp.2,910,136,000. shows that flexible pavement can save costs of Rp.128,918,000. With a percentage of 4.24% of the cost of rigid pavement construction. From the results of the comparison of the cost of flexible pavement construction which is cheaper and saves costs

Factors Influencing to Choose Social Entrepreneurship as a Career: A Study on Social Entrepreneurship Students from India

The present research is designed to evaluate factors influencing the decision of youth in India to choose social entrepreneurship as a career option. A sample of 200 students pursuing a master’s in social entrepreneurship was drawn from three Indian universities offering social entrepreneurship courses. Based on literature review and in-depth interview data, 16 measured variables were identified, and a 5-point Likert scale was constructed and validated. The survey data were analysed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The final factor structure extracted four (i.e., personal, social, institutional and other) factors. The study concludes that the state needs to create a conducive environment to motivate students to pursue social entrepreneurship as a career option.