Complimentary Food Research Articles

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLIMENTARY FOOD ON STUNTED CHILDREN

Background: The age of 6-24 months old is a transitional period from breast milk to solid food. It is a critical period where children could easily get malnutrition and infection. The stunting prevalence in Kanigoro Village has surpassed the healthy limit (>20%) and as such, WHO categorized it as a public health nutrition problem. This study figured out the determinant factors of the implementation of complimentary food for breast milk on 6-24 months old stunted children. Methods: This study collected the 5 (five) respondents via purposive sampling methods. The criteria used were the respondents: (1) being 6-24 months old, (2) having the height-for-age z-score value < -2 SD, (3) living in the operational area of the Public Health Center of Saptosari Gunungkidul, and (4) committing to a consensual agreement to be the subjects of the study by submitting a legal informed consent letters. The data of the study were gathered via in-depth interview. The results were then compared to International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) responsive feeding indicators. Results: All of the respondents failed to do the responsive feeding properly and thoroughly. They failed to spoon feed the children, or to help the children eat by themselves, to be patient and to persuade their children to eat, to provide food in safe environment, to make feeding time as also learning time, and to care for the children. The response feeding predisposition factors are the limited time and the respondents’ perception to their children. The enabling factors are the availability and accessibility of resources. The empowering factors are the motivation from family members. Conclusion: It is recommended to involve the results of this study in basic policies formulations of many public health centers. It is expected to help children get better food intake and to optimize their growth.

Pengaruh Pemberian MP-ASI terhadap Tingkat Morbiditas Anak di Indonesia (Analisis Data SDKI Tahun 2017)

The results of the 2017 IDHS show that the level of child morbidity in Indonesia is still quite high with the main symptoms found are ARI, diarrhea, and fever. Meanwhile, 43% of infants do not get breast milk, 48% do not get exclusive breastfeeding and 60% of children receive food not in accordance with WHO recommendations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feeding patterns on the level of child morbidity in Indonesia by analyzing the IDHS data in 2017. The method was a cross-sectional study. The population was women of childbearing age realized in the 2017 IDHS and sample who had children aged = 2 years and having sick during the survey period. The sample was excluded if the children had died or lived with other people and had a history of birth weight <2500 gram. Data analysis using chi-square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. The results showed that the pattern of giving complimentary food (p-value = 0.033 and OR=1.214) influenced the level of child morbidity in Indonesia.

Childhood dietary exposure of aflatoxins and fumonisins in Tanzania: A review

Aflatoxins (AFs) and Fumonisins (FBs) are common contaminants of maize, from secondary metabolites of fungi. Presence of AFs and FBs in maize-based complimentary food is evident in various studies ...

The Acceptance Level of Local Breastfeeding Complimentary Food Formulation

This article does not have an abstract.

The Effect of Nutrition Counseling on Complementary Feeding Practice of Mothers Having Infant Aged 6-12 Month

Nutrition plays an important role in the human life cycle. Nutrition surveillance in the form of Nutritional Status Monitoring in 2016 showed that 38.9% of children under five in Indonesia experienced nutritional problems. One of the efforts to improve the health and nutrition status of the baby is by improving the knowledge and attitude of the mother in giving complimentary food. This study aim is to know the effect of nutrition counseling on feeding practice of mothers having infant aged 6-12 month in pakan rabaa public health center area solok selatan district in 2018.The design of the study was quasi-experimental with the design of the control group pretest-posttest. The sample of this study was 46 experiment group and 46 control group. Sampling was done by Purposive Sampling technique. Data analysis using the chi-square testThe results of the study were the absence of nutritional counseling on knowledge of mothers with p-value 0.361, there was an effect of nutritional counseling on changes in maternal attitudes with p-value of 0,000 and there was also the effect of nutritional counseling on complementary feeding practice with p-value 0.004.The presence of the influence of nutritional counseling on attitudes and practices of complementary feeding. Health workers are expected to be able to spend time giving counseling about complementary feeding practice regularly so that the goal of counseling at the public health center can be achieved.

Quality Evaluation of Maize Based Complimentary Food Supplemented with Garden Peas

The quality of complimentary food made from blends of maize ogi flour and garden pea flour was studied. Five blend ratios and codes of 100:0 (Sample A), 90:10 (Sample B), 80:20 (Sample C). 70:30 (Sample D) and 60:40 (Sample E) were developed for Maize ogi flour and garden pea flour respectively. Proximate compositions, functional and sensory properties of the samples were analyzed using standard methods. The result for the functional properties of the formulated complimentary food samples showed that the bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, swelling index and least gelation concentration ranged between 0.65 g/mL-0.75 g/mL, 1.73 g/g-1.87 g/g, 1.61 g/g-1.78 g/g, 5.97%-8.91%, 1.51 v/v-1.96 v/v and 6.00%-14.00% respectively. The proximate composition result revealed that the moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrate contents were 7.34%-7.96%, 6.24%-12.04%, 1.11%-10.16%, 2.13%-4.27%, 0.66%-1.44% and 64.75%-81.90% accordingly. The sensory evaluation carried out on the formulated samples by the panelists showed that the sample incorporated with 10% garden pea flour was the most preferred in terms of appearance, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability. The study has indeed shown that it is possible to produce a maize based complimentary food supplemented with garden pea flour with up to 40% supplementation level. This will not only improve the macro- and micro-nutrient content, but it will also enhance the functional quality attributes as well. The formulated food product also has low moisture content, which will reduce drastically the proliferation of microorganisms which will ultimately guarantee the shelf life stability of the food. However, further studies should be carried out in exploring processing methods that produces Pea protein hydrolysate from Garden pea grains which can improve the protein content of the maize based complimentary food and help in meeting the protein demands of infants.

Food habits of three species of mudskippers in the Musi River Estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Ridho MR, Patriono E, Sholikah M. 2019. Food habits of three species of mudskippers in the Musi River Estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2368-2374. This study provided understanding of morphometric variation and diet composition of three species of mudskippers, i.e. Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and Periophthalmus chrysospilos. The data obtained can be used for fish cultivation in the future. The relation of weight and length of species B. boddarti, P. schlosseri and P. chrysospilos had a correlation of 72.2%, 98.2%, and 94.5%, respectively with the value of b = 1.474, 3.189, and 2.271, respectively. This suggests that the growth patterns of B. boddarti and P. chrysospilos are allometrically negative, while P. schlosseri is allometrically positive. B. boddarti is classified as a herbivore, the main food of phytoplankton from Bacillariophyceae class with percentage 100%; 80% of Chlorophyceae; 95.6% of Cyanophyceae; 13.33% of Desmidiaceae; 13.33% of Euglenophyceae and 37.78% of Xanthophyceae. P. schlosseri is classified as carnivores, the main food is Uca sp. with IRI of 17.131.45% and complimentary food of Lycosa sp. with IRI of 80.79%. P. chrysospilos is also classified as carnivores with the main food is fish eggs with IRI of 8057.07% and complementary foods of Uca sp. with IRI of 1935.3%.

Infant and young child feeding practice, dietary diversity, associated predictors, and child health outcomes in Bangladesh.

The aim of this study was to explore the association of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices with health and nutritional status among children aged 0-23 months and to investigate the predictors of minimum acceptable diets (MADs) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data. Binary logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between IYCF and child health and to determine the influential predictors for MAD. About 55% mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding; 65% introduced solid, semisolid, or soft foods for their child; and 27% maintained minimum dietary diversity (MDD). About 64% children received recommended minimum meal frequency (MMF) and 23% received recommended MAD. The likelihood of having wasting was .22 times lower for the child who received MDD and MMF, respectively. MDD and MAD were associated with lower probability of experiencing underweight among children (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .73 and AOR= .81, respectively). Early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding were significantly associated with reduction in diarrhea prevalence among young children. The findings of the study generated imperative evidence related to dietary diversity, associated factors, and child health outcomes. Policy should focus on the improvement of IYCF practices and complimentary food diversity by taking initiatives for designing and implementing effective interventions to tackle childhood morbidity.

A comparative study of breast feeding and complimentary food practices in catchment area of urban and rural health centres of Community Medicine Department, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal

Background: Scientific research has clearly proved that breastfeeding provides the most suitable nutrition to the baby, protects against infections, allergies, promotes physical, physiological, motor-mental and psycho-social growth and development. Also it benefits the mother in various ways like reducing anemia and breast and ovarian cancers and helps in fertility control. The study was conducted to assess and compare the knowledge and practice regarding breastfeeding among mothers of infants in urban and rural area.Methods: This community based descriptive cross sectional study on 450 mothers of infant (0-12 completed months) residing in six wards of urban health centre and twenty three villages of block of rural health centre of Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Study was undertaken for the period of 1 year (November 2016 to October 2017). Study participants were interviewed by home visits using semi structured questionnaire.Results: Maximum mothers 40% in rural and 35.1% mothers in urban area age group 21-23 year. 39.1% mothers in rural area provided colostrums to their child compared to 50.6% in urban areas (p=0.0178). In rural area 60% mothers gave breast milk to their child on demand, 25% within 1-2 hours & 15.1% within 2-3 hours. In urban area 80% mothers gave breast milk on demand, 12.8% within 1-2 hours & rest within 2-3 hours.Conclusions: There was significant difference in breastfeeding practices in rural and urban area. Breastfeeding on demand was found to be more in urban area as compared to rural area.

Breastfeeding information seeking behaviour among parents in Mbeya City, Tanzania

Background: Majority of mothers in Tanzania fail to practice effective breastfeeding for various reasons. The objective of this study was to determine breastfeeding- related information seeking behaviour among parents in Mbeya City of Tanzania.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. Parents of infants and children aged between 0-2 years and health care workers were interviewed. Secondary data was collected by using documentary review. Information sought was related to the perceptions of parents towards the usefulness of breastfeeding and breastfeeding practices. The observation method was used to identify and verify the actual available, accessible, and usable breastfeeding information.Results: The key findings suggest that information needs of parents and sources and channels used vary and depended on the time intended to breastfed the child. Mainly, the parents’ needs information on nutritious food, introduction of complimentary food, breast care, and care techniques for when away from babies, frequency and implications of breastfeeding. Friends, relatives, neighbours, health professional were the most commonly sources of breastfeeding information. The majority of parents perceived that access to and usage of breastfeeding information improve breastfeeding rate, decision making, increase awareness and knowledge, and breastfeeding practices.Conclusion: Information seeking behaviour varies from one parent to another hence the varying preferences in informal and formal sources. Increasing accessibility and usability of breastfeeding information is necessary in ensuring that one of the basic human rights is safeguarded

Risk factors for malnutrition among preschool children in rural Karnataka: a case-control study

BackgroundThe prevalence of malnutrition among children in developing countries is very high. As a step towards reducing the prevalence of malnutrition, there is a need to identify the important determinants of malnutrition in the specific population so that preventive and control measures can be implemented.The objective of the study is to determine the risk factors for malnutrition among preschool children in Rural Karnataka, South India.MethodsA case-control study was carried out among preschool children, aged between three to six years, attending the Anganwadi centers and their mothers’ in Udupi district of Karnataka, India. A total of 570 children (190 cases and 380 controls) were selected by multistage cluster sampling technique. A semi-structured risk factors questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for malnutrition among children.ResultsThe majority (45.8 and 45.5%) of the children in the study were in the age group of 3.0 to 4.0 years in case and control groups respectively. There was a slight preponderance of illiterate parents among cases in comparison to the controls. Largely, 87.4% of the children belonged to poor socio-economic status in the case groups compared to 82.4% in the control group. After adjusting for the confounders, underweight was significantly associated with socio-economic status of the parents (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.96), birth weight < 2000 g (aOR: 25, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.59), recurrent diarrhoea (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.56, 4.83), recurrent cold and cough (aOR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.96, 7.67), worm infestation (aOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.38) and prelacteal feed given (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI: 2.27, 5.86).ConclusionParental education, childhood illness, short birth interval, open defecation, type of weaning and complimentary food given to children were some of the significant determinants of underweight that were found in the study. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns alleviating food habits and taboos and promoting birth spacing is the need of the hour for preventing the occurrence of undernutrition among preschool children.

English

Complimentary food is other food in addition to breast milk. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of extrusion cooking screw speed (300, 350 and 400 rpm) and barrel temperature (150, 160, and 170°C) variation on chemical, functional and sensory values of complimentary food made of finger millet in soy bean ratio of 80, 85 and 90% and carrot juice. The incorporation of carrot juice was realized through inbuilt piston type pump to the extruder barrel to maintain the dough moisture at 18% throughout the extrusion process. Proximate compositions were analysed following AOAC procedures. Crude protein was 12.295, 11.623 and 9.984%, oil was 4.927, 3.278 and 3.25%, and carbohydrate was 69.53, 72.14 and 72.98% for the blend ratios of 80, 85 and 90%, respectively, and they were significantly (P<0.01) different with blend ratio variation. Beta-carotene content of the extrudates did not significantly change with extrusion process parameters. The functional properties (water solubility and water absorption indexes) were significantly influenced by barrel temperature and blend ratio (P<0.05). The sensory evaluation of the selected extrudate was performed in seven hedonic scale on quality attributes of aroma, taste, mouth feel, color and overall acceptability. The gruel extruded from 85% finger millet and 15% soybean flour blend, extruded at 150oC barrel temperature and 350 rpm screw speed was selected with superior organoleptic quality. Key words: Complimentary food, carrot, finger millet, soybean, extrusion cooking, functional properties.

Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Stored Maize Grains Consumed by Infants and Young Children in Nigeria.

Maize is a major complimentary food for infants (0–4 years) and young children (5–12 years) in Nigeria. In this study, we assessed the risk of exposure of infants and young children (IYC) to some major mycotoxins in stored maize grains from five agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. The probable daily intake approach was employed to determine exposure to five mycotoxins while the margin of exposure (MOE) and population at risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma approaches were used to characterize the risk of consuming aflatoxin contaminated maize. Infants and young children in the Derived Savannah zone are more exposed to aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone while those in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone are mainly exposed to deoxynivalenol and fumonisins. The mean national MOE for infants and children were 0.12 and 0.3 respectively while the risk of developing primary liver cancer was estimated at 152.7 and 61.1 cancer/year/100,000 population of infants and children, respectively. Infants and young children consuming mycotoxin contaminated maize in Nigeria are therefore vulnerable to the adverse health effects. Mycotoxin contamination of maize is still a challenge in Nigeria; mitigation efforts should target the value chain and stricter tolerable limits should be enforced.

Factors affecting complementary feeding among mothers of under two years children in Darai and Kumal communities of Mangalpur, Chitwan

Complementary feeding for an infant refers to timely introduction of safe and nutritional foods in addition to breast-feeding i.e. clean and nutritionally rich additional foods introduced at about six months of infant age. Complementary feeding strategies encompass a wide variety of interventions designed to improve not only the quality and quantity of these foods but also improve the feeding behaviors. The objective of the study is to assess the factors affecting complementary feeding practices among mothers in Mangalpur, Chitwan. A cross sectional study was carried out to find out the factors affecting complimentary feeding practices among mothers of under two years children in Darai and Kumal Communities in Mangalpur, Chitwan. Altogether 84 respondents were included in this study. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics and those data was analyzed by using the software SPSS (version 20.0). The percentage of Knowledge on complimentary feeding was found as 96.40 and correct practice was 73.80% in the study area. In this study, more than half (58.3%) of the respondent had first child at the age of nineteen or more. 86.90 % of the respondents had knowledge of complementary food and mostly (87.70) practiced lito as complimentary food. Almost all (98.80%) mothers had the knowledge of sarbottam pitho and 79.50% had correct knowledge of preparation. Complementary feeding was practiced correctly by 73.80% mothers

Number needed to eat: pizza and resident conference attendance.

The didactic conference is a common part of the resident education curriculum. Given the demands of clinical responsibilities and restrictions on duty hours, maximising education is a challenge faced by all residency programmes. To date, little research exists with respect to how the provision of complimentary food affects physician and resident conference attendance. The objective of this study was to determine whether complimentary food improves resident arrival times and attendance at educational conferences and, furthermore, to test whether this provision is a potentially cost-effective tool for improving education. A retrospective review of 36 resident educational Friday noon conferences, including 1043 resident arrivals, was performed. Data were analysed for total attendance, arrival times, number needed to eat (NNE) and the percentage of residents arriving on time, and compared between days on which food was and was not provided. Median attendance was 3.7% higher (p=0.04) on days on which food was provided, at a cost of US$46 for each additional resident in attendance. Arrival times were also statistically significantly improved when food was provided, with a median improvement of 0.7minutes (p=0.02) and an 11.0% increase in on-time arrivals (p<0.001). The NNE was 10.6. Complimentary food improves both attendance and arrival times by a small, but statistically significant, degree. The provision of complimentary food can be considered as an incentive for attendance and on-time arrival at didactic educational sessions, although more cost-effective modalities may exist.

The Correlation between Providing Complementary Food and Breast-Feeding with the Growth and Development of Children under the Age of Five Years Old (6-24 months)

A toddler is a group on the stage of human development that is vulnerable to the risk affecting their health specifically about their growth and development. Providing the appropriate nutrition to toddlers during this risky age of 6 to 24 months is crucial in promoting a proper growth and development. The proper nourishment for toddlers at the age of 6 to 24 months includes breast-feeding and complimentary solid foods. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the specific characteristics of a family or a household and the provision of complementary feeding about the growth and development of children (6-24 months) in the village of Curug Cimanggis, Depok. This study used a descriptive correlational, cross-sectional approach using a sample that consisted of 102 children aged 6-24 months, which were collected using a proportional cluster sampling. Based on the Chi Square test, the researchers found no correlation between the provision of complementary feeding with a child’s growth and development. This is because breast-feeding as the source of nourishment is still the major factor that directly influences the growth and development of any toddler between the age of 6-24 months. However, by applying better financial management in conjunction with the ability to modify the practices of how families feed their toddlers, a family may raise and nurture their toddlers so they may grow according to the proper stages of development. The results of this study are expected to serve as an input in improving toddlers’ health care concerning their growth and development by promoting the importance of providing the appropriate complimentary food by the proper guidelines while continuing to breast feed toddlers between the age of 6 to 24 months.

Overweight and obesity: prevention in the first 1,000 days of life

More than 30% of 9-10-year old Italian children are overweight or obese. The American Academy of Pediatrics as well as the Italian Society of Pediatrics proposed some specific targets for both prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. However, consistent evidence suggests that nutrition is the most promising among them. Nutritional intervention may be efficacious at every age but the most sensitive age window is the first 1,000 days of life, i.e., intrauterine period and the first two years after birth. In early life, the delicate phase of anatomic growth and functional development and specialization of the neuroendocrine system that regulates energy balance and body composition may be affected by nutrition. Unfavorable nutrition conditions, lead to a non-physiologic “metabolic programming”, i.e., the maturation of the biochemical pathways regulating metabolism and adiposity, also in a long term perspective. The epigenetic consequences induced by inadequate nutritional exposure makes individuals less resistant to the environmental obesogenic pressure, leading to a morbidity-prone phenotype. What are the nutritional targets in the first 2 years after birth? Prolonged breast feeding and, at weaning, provide complimentary food that are nutritionally adequate and safe. Diet composition should guarantee all macroand micro-nutrients recommended for optimal growth. In particular, it should be avoided the excess of energy, protein and sugar in respect to requirement as well as the shortage of iron, vitamin D, and lipids, especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, an accurate monitoring of weight and length growth should be always provided, to avoid undesirable acceleration of weight growth velocity in respect to length growth velocity, an important risk factor of obesity. Cow milk should be avoided at least in the first 12 months of life. Parents have a high responsibility in educating they children to correct eating behavior and the role of pediatricians to inform and guide parents in this delicate work is crucial.

Pattern of Breast Feeding Practices in a Selected Rural Area of Bangladesh

Background: Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing infants with nutrients for healthy growth and development. Exclusive breastfeeding means the infant receives no solids or liquids apart from breast milk with the exception of vitamins, minerals, or medicines. But improper and lack of practices of breastfeeding give lifetime punishment to the child and also to mother. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess pattern of breast feeding practices in a selected rural area. Methods: It was a cross sectional observational study. A total of 400 subjects were estimated purposively and mothers having children aged between 0-6 months of age was included. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the respondents was 24.4 years. Among mothers more than half (58.5%) of the respondents practiced only breast milk. Combination of breast milk and artificial milk was also practiced by 22.8% respondents. Most of the mother (34.8%) fed breast milk 12-15 times in a day whereas 29.5% mothers fed breast milk to their child according to demand. Practices of other foods besides breast milk were common among 39.3% mothers. Complimentary food with cow’s milk and Suji were practiced by 28.3% mothers. Sex, family member, family type, birth order, mode of delivery, birth attendants were significantly associated with initiation of breast feeding.

Longitudinal associations of nutritional factors with glycated hemoglobin in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study

Improved glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) delays the progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We previously showed that higher baseline intakes of n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and leucine are associated with preserved β cell function 2 y later in youth with T1D. In the current study, we extend this work to explore the longitudinal associations of nutritional factors with Hb A1c in youth with T1D. We included 908 T1D youth with baseline and follow-up Hb A1c measurements. Nutritional factors assessed at baseline were as follows: breastfeeding status and timing of complimentary food introduction; intakes of leucine, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ); and plasma biomarkers for vitamins D and E, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid. We fit linear regression models adjusted for baseline Hb A1c, sociodemographic variables, diabetes-related variables, time between baseline and follow-up visits, saturated fat, physical activity, and for FFQ-derived nutrients, total calories. The vitamin D model was further adjusted for season and body mass index z score. The mean ± SD age and diabetes duration at baseline was 10.8 ± 3.9 y and 10.1 ± 5.8 mo, respectively. A total of 9.3% of participants had poor Hb A1c (value ≥9.5%) at baseline, which increased to 18.3% during follow-up (P < 0.0001). Intakes of EPA (β = -0.045, P = 0.046), leucine (β = -0.031, P = 0.0004), and protein (β = -0.003, P = 0.0002) were significantly negatively associated with follow-up Hb A1c after adjustment for confounders. Intake of carbohydrates was significantly positively (β = 0.001, P = 0.003) associated with follow-up Hb A1c after adjustment for confounders. Several nutritional factors may be associated with Hb A1c during early stages of disease progression in youth recently diagnosed with T1D. In addition to the overall role of major macronutrients such as carbohydrates and protein, leucine and n-3 fatty acid intakes, such as of EPA, may be important for long-term glycemic control.

СТРАТЕГИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ С ПИЩЕВОЙ АЛЛЕРГИЕЙ

Food tolerance development is a key factor in treatment and prevention of food allergy in children. This paper focuses on factors contributing to the tolerance development, immunological mechanisms of food tolerance development, and possibilities of food allergy prevention. The tactics for complimentary food introduction in children with food allergy are also considered. The mechanism of a preventive effect of partially hydrolyzed milk formulas is analyzed. Based on the literature review, the importance of probiotics and prebiotics in food tolerance development is determined. It is shown that better understanding of underlying mechanisms involved in the development of tolerance to staple food may decrease the time needed to achieve remission of a large variety of food allergy in children and individualize the elimination diet.